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The Maritime Dimension of European Security Seapower and the European Union Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics Edited by: Michelle Egan, American University, USA, Neill Nugent, Visiting Professor, College of Europe, Bruges, and Honorary Professor, University of Salford, UK, and William Paterson OBE, University of Aston, UK. Editorial Board: Christopher Hill, Cambridge, UK, Simon Hix, London School of Economics, UK, Mark Pollack, Temple University, USA, Kalypso Nicolaïdis, Oxford UK, Morten Egeberg, University of Oslo, Norway, Amy Verdun, University of Victoria, Canada, Claudio M. Radaelli, University of Exeter, UK, and Frank Schimmelfennig, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland Following on the sustained success of the acclaimed European Union Series, which essen- tially publishes research-based textbooks, Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics publishes cutting edge research-driven monographs. The remit of the series is broadly defined, both in terms of subject and academic disci- pline. All topics of significance concerning the nature and operation of the European Union potentially fall within the scope of the series. The series is multidisciplinary to reflect the growing importance of the EU as a political, economic, and social phenomenon. Titles include: Carolyn Ban MANAGEMENT AND CULTURE IN AN ENLARGED EUROPEAN COMMISSION From Diversity to Unity? Gijs Jan Brandsma CONTROLLING COMITOLOGY Accountability in a Multi-Level System Edoardo Bressanelli EUROPARTIES AFTER ENLARGEMENT Organization, Ideology and Competition Ramona Coman, Thomas Kostera and Luca Tomini (editors) EUROPEANIZATION AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION From Incremental to Structural Change Véronique Dimier THE INVENTION OF A EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT AID BUREAUCRACY Recycling Empire Helene Dyrhauge EU RAILWAY POLICY-MAKING On Track? Theofanis Exadaktylos and Claudio M. Radaelli (editors) RESEARCH DESIGN IN EUROPEAN STUDIES Establishing Causality in Europeanization Jack Hayward and Rüdiger Wurzel (editors) EUROPEAN DISUNION Between Sovereignty and Solidarity Wolfram Kaiser and Jan-Henrik Meyer (editors) SOCIETAL ACTORS IN EUROPEAN INTEGRATION Christian Kaunert and Sarah Leonard (editors) EUROPEAN SECURITY, TERRORISM AND INTELLIGENCE Tackling New Security Challenges in Europe Christian Kaunert and Kamil Zwolski The EU AS A GLOBAL SECURITY ACTOR A Comprehensive Analysis beyond CFSP and JHA Marina Kolb THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE Finn Laursen (editor) DESIGNING THE EUROPEAN UNION From Paris to Lisbon Dimitris Papadimitriou and Paul Copeland (editors) THE EU’s LISBON STRATEGY Evaluating Success, Understanding Failure David Phinnemore THE TREATY OF LISBON Origins and Negotiation Claudia Sternberg THE STRUGGLE FOR EU LEGITIMACY Public Contestation, 1950–2005 Yves Tiberghien (editor) LEADERSHIP IN GLOBAL INSTITUTION BUILDING Minerva’s Rule Liubomir K. Topaloff POLITICAL PARTIES AND EUROSCEPTICISM Amy Verdun and Alfred Tovias (editors) MAPPING EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INEGRATION Richard G. Whitman and Stefan Wolff (editors) THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY IN PERSPECTIVE Context, Implementation and Impact Sarah Wolff THE MEDITERRANEAN DIMENSION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S INTERNAL SECURITY Jan Wouters, Hans Bruyninckx, Sudeshna Basu and Simon Schunz (editors) THE EUROPEAN UNION AND MULTILATERAL GOVERNANCE Assessing EU Participation in United Nations Human Rights and Environmental Fora Ozge Zihnioglu EUROPEAN UNION CIVIL SOCIETY POLICY AND TURKEY A Bridge Too Far? Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–4039–9511–7 (hardback) and ISBN 978–1–4039–9512–4 (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, UK. The Maritime Dimension of European Security Seapower and the European Union Basil Germond University of Lancaster, UK © Basil Germond 2015 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. E-ISBN: 978–1–137–01781–9 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. To Bryony Contents List of Figures and Tables viii Preface ix List of Acronyms xi Introduction 1 1 Seapower and International Relations 5 2 The (Critical) Geopolitics of Seapower 19 3 Naval Forces as Vectors of Seapower 33 4 Beyond National Security – Maritime Power and Forces Projection 51 5 Maritime Security and Safety – Securing, Policing, and Protecting the Seas 73 6 The Elements of the EU’s Seapower 91 7 The Naval and Maritime Dimension of the EU 105 8 The EU’s Geopolitical Discourse 127 9 The EU’s Maritime Frontier: The Concept 143 10 The EU’s Maritime Frontier: The Practice 153 Conclusion: The Future of the EU’s Seapower: Cruising the Seven Seas? 191 Notes 197 Bibliography 199 Index 219 List of Figures and Tables Figures 3.1 Trinity of naval functions 40 3.2 Military subfunctions 41 3.3 Naval strategy as a method 47 4.1 Evolution of the security index and the projection of security 53 5.1 Three components of maritime security 89 6.1 The geographical extent of the EU’s maritime and land borders 92 6.2 SLOCs most relevant to the EU 93 6.3 EU member states’ main overseas naval bases and foreign-hosted facilities 96 8.1 The EU’s projection strategy 139 8.2 The EU’s concentric geopolitics 140 9.1 The EU’s exercise of power via its maritime margins 150 10.1 The EU and the ‘global maritime frontier’ 188 C.1 Maritime security and sustainable development 194 Tables 1.1 The post-Cold War security matrix 13 1.2 The maritime dimension of security and its four components 15 2.1 Geographical factors influencing seapower 20 2.2 Maritime geopolitics subdiscourses 28 4.1 Maritime projection operations 58 6.1 EU–US–China naval assets: quantitative comparison – 2014 95 9.1 The role and security value of the EU’s borders and frontiers 148 viii Preface Eight years ago I was invited by Professor Anne Deighton to present a paper at a conference hosted by the European Union Institute for Security Studies, whose objective was to assess the EU’s global security actorness. My paper, titled ‘The Naval and Maritime Dimension of the European Union’, discussed the importance of seapower for the Union’s security and defence policy. It is fair to say that at the time I was prob- ably the first ever scholar to discuss such a topic; indeed, the Council of the EU had barely mentioned the possible use of naval components during European Security and Defence Policy (now CSDP) opera- tions. My paper was nonetheless well received and I continued on this research path. The subject attracted attention in 2008 when the Council of the EU launched counter-piracy operation Atalanta at the Horn of Africa, which prompted me, in May 2009, to present a paper at the University of Cambridge advocating the need for the EU to define a proper Maritime Security Strategy. This was probably the first time that concrete elements for an EU Maritime Security Strategy were discussed in detail. At the time of writing, the Union has become a rather well-established naval and maritime actor, carrying out counter-piracy and maritime capacity-building operations and actively dealing with maritime safety, fisheries protection, port security, maritime surveillance, and counter- immigration at sea. Its policies, mechanisms and activities related to the maritime domain are now backed by a Maritime Security Strategy, which was eventually adopted by the Council in June 2014. In an age of uncertainties influenced by information technologies and the network- ing of societies, the maritime domain remains the main global lane of communication, which is vital for trade and security. The EU is thus at a crossroads; it has the necessary strategy and mechanisms to become a global maritime security actor (or even a sea Power), but the deci- sion remains in the hands of member states. Will they devote enough resources to enable Europe to act as a true global maritime power? Will they seize the opportunity the EU offers to pool resources, which is the only way for Europe to remain in a position to influence the destiny of the global maritime domain? ix x Preface This book describes the trends in maritime strategy and seapower politics as well as recent developments in the field, at both conceptual and practical levels. It thus aims at providing readers with the necessary tools to make up their mind about the EU’s potential as a global mari- time actor as well as the need for it to become a sea Power.
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