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Universidade Do Estado De Mato Grosso UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO CAMPUS DE NOVA XAVANTINA PPG - ECOLOGIA E CONSERVAÇÃO PAULO FERNANDES ROGES SOUZA SILVA ASPECTOS DA BIOLOGIA E ECOLOGIA DE DUAS ESPÉCIES SIMPÁTRICAS DE MIROCULIS EDMUNDS 1963 (EPHEMEROPTERA, ​ ​ LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE) EM CÓRREGO DA TRANSIÇÃO CERRADO-AMAZÔNIA Nova Xavantina 2018 1 PAULO FERNANDES ROGES SOUZA SILVA ASPECTOS DA BIOLOGIA E ECOLOGIA DE DUAS ESPÉCIES SIMPÁTRICAS DE MIROCULIS EDMUNDS 1963 (EPHEMEROPTERA, ​ ​ LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE) EM CÓRREGO DA TRANSIÇÃO CERRADO-AMAZÔNIA Dissertação, apresentada à Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, como parte dos requisitos do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação para a obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Frederico Falcão Salles Nova Xavantina Mato Grosso, Brasil Outubro, 2018 2 ______________________________________________________________________ Aspectos da biologia e ecologia de duas espécies simpátricas de Miroculis Edmunds ​ ​ 1963 (Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebiidae) em córrego da transição Cerrado-Amazônia ______________________________________________________________________ Citações e referências bibliográficas apresentadas de acordo com as normas da Revista de Biología Tropical, disponível em <http://www.biologiatropical.ucr.ac.cr> 3 “Dedico esse trabalho a minha família” 4 “Sabedoria e conhecimento são algumas das coisas que não podem ser roubadas” Ana Dias (avó paterna) 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente a Deus, por todas as maravilhas a mim proporcionadas. Depois agradeço a meu orientador Frederico Falcão Salles, por me dar apoio, puxões de orelha, por possibilitar inúmeras experiências: Coletas de campos, aventuras em busca de novas espécies, visitar lugares em busca de aperfeiçoamento como a UFES em São Mateus-ES, participar de simpósios científicos, conviver com pessoas da área entomológica fazendo novos amigos e colegas de profissão etc. Ao Fred só tenho elogios e a felicidade de ter sido seu orientado de mestrado. Agradeço enormemente ao Laboratório de Entomologia de Nova Xavantina (UNEMAT-NX) e principalmente a Helena Soares Ramos Cabette, por tudo que me propiciou: Sugestões, apoio logístico, uma coorientadora literalmente. Não poderia deixar de mencionar a ajuda de vários amigos de mestrado e de laboratório seja de Nova Xavantina ou São Mateus, com destaque a Bethania O. de Resende uma companheira de coletas, de laboratório, uma pessoas que desejo levar para vida toda como uma amiga de mais alta estima que tenho. Agradeço a Tathiana Guerra Sobrinho (UFES) e Luiz Fernando Duboc da Silva (UFES) por suas contribuições na qualificação e auxílio nas análises. Os mesmo agradecimentos a Elidiomar Ribeiro da Silva, Cesar Nascimento Francischetti e Maria Inês da Silva membros da minha defesa. Agradeço a minha família pelo apoio, ajuda nos momentos de sufoco e necessidade, mas agradeço principalmente por acreditarem em mim. A CAPES pela bolsa de mestrado pelo apoio financeiro. Ao PPG em Ecologia e Conservação, 6 SUMÁRIO Resumo 6 Abstract 7 Introdução 8 Objetivo geral 11 Objetivo específico 11 Material e Métodos 11 Área de estudos 11 Coleta dos dados 12 Análise de dados 14 Biomassa e produtividade secundária 14 Ciclo de vida 15 Razão Sexual 15 Alimentação 16 Fecundidade 16 Resultados e Discussão 17 Classes de tamanho 17 Biomassa e Produtividade Secundária 17 Ciclo de vida 20 Razão Sexual 22 Alimentação 22 Fecundidade 24 ​ Conclusão 26 Referências Bibliográficas 27 7 Resumo Biologia populacional apresenta uma pequena minoria dos trabalhos sobre ecologia de insetos aquáticos neotropicais, principalmente para ordem Ephemeroptera, onde famílias como Leptophlebiidae apresentam poucas espécies estudadas por tal ramo de pesquisa. O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar os aspectos da biologia populacional e do ciclo de vida de duas espécies simpátricas de Miroculis (Ephemeroptera: ​ Leptophlebiidae). O estudo foi realizado a partir de coletas mensais, durante um ano, em um córrego no município de Nova Xavantina-MT, na transição entre os biomas Cerrado e Floresta Amazônica. Para determinar o número de coortes e o ciclo de vida foi utilizado o sistema de classes de tamanho da teca alar. Estimativas da biomassa e produtividade secundária foram feitas por suas equações específicas, utilizando peso seco e classes de tamanho. A razão sexual foi obtida através da identificação do número de machos e fêmeas. Alimentação e aspectos de fecundidade de ovos foram feitos por análises microscópicas, método esse usado para identificação dos grupos de itens alimentares e contabilização do números de ovos nas classes de tamanho das ninfas. Miroculis yulieae apresentou 7 classes de tamanho e Miroculis sp. 6 classes de tamanho, ​ ​ ambas com intervalo de 1 mm. As espécies apresentaram ciclo de vida multivoltino, M. ​ yulieae apresentou 12.463 mg/m2 de biomassa e 0.3777g.m−2 ano−1 (CPI:75) de ​ ​ ​ 2 produtividade secundária máxima e Miroculis sp apresentou 7.103 mg/m de​ biomassa e ​ ​ ​ 0.1906 g.m−2 de produtividade secundária. A razão sexual identificada foi de duas ​ fêmeas para cada macho para ambas as espécies. Quanto à alimentação, foram identificados cinco tipos de itens alimentares: matéria orgânica amorfa, matéria inorgânica, fragmentos vegetais e algas, sendo que apenas Miroculis sp. apresentou o ​ grupo fungos. Miroculis yulieae apresentou em média 485 ovos, com início de ​ desenvolvimento na quinta classe de tamanho, já em Miroculis sp. o início do processo ​ ​ de desenvolvimento se deu a partir da quarta classe de tamanho, com valor médio de 134 ovos. Palavra-chave: Ciclo de vida, Biomassa, Produtividade secundária, Razão sexual. 8 Abstract Population biology presents a small minority of works on the ecology of neotropical aquatic insects, mainly in Ephemeroptera, where families like Leptophlebiidae presents few species studied by this branch of research. The objective of this study was to characterize the aspects of population biology and life cycle of two sympatric species of Miroculis (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae). The study was carried out from monthly collections, during a year, in a stream in the municipality of Nova Xavantina-MT, in the transition between the Cerrado and Amazonian Biomes. To determine the number of cohorts and the life cycle, the forewing pad length class system was used. Estimates of biomass and secondary productivity were made by their specific equations, using dry weight and size classes. Sex ratio was obtained by identifying the number of males and females. Feeding and egg fecundity aspects were done by microscopic analysis, a method used to identify groups of food items and to account for the numbers of eggs in nymphs of different classes. Miroculis yulieae presented 7 size classes and Miroculis sp. ​ ​ 6 classes with a range of 1 mm. The species presented multivoltine life cycle. Miroculis ​ yulieae presented 12,463 mg / m2 of biomass and 0.3777gm-2 year-1 (CPI: 75) of maximum secondary productivity, while and Miroculis sp. presented 7,103 mg / m2 of ​ biomass and 0.1906 gm-2 of secondary productivity. The sex ratio was two females for each male for both species. Regarding food, four types of food items were identified for both species: amorphous organic matter, inorganic matter, plant fragments and algae. An additional group, fungi, was found exclusively for Miroculis sp. Miroculis yulieae ​ ​ presented on average 485 eggs, with development beginning in the fifth class of size, in Miroculis sp. the beginning of the development process was at the fourth class of size, with average value of 134 eggs. Keyword: Life cicle Biomass, Secondary productivity, Sex ratio. 9 Introdução Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos, principalmente os insetos aquáticos, são organismos que habitam diversos tipos de substratos e que vivem em corpos d’água continentais. São altamente utilizados em estudos de avaliação ambiental (bioindicadores), ciclagem de nutrientes, caracterização de fauna (Shimano et al., 2010). Tais organismos podem ocorrer em ambientes lênticos e lóticos (Merritt & Cummins, 1996), representam um alimento importante para outros insetos, peixes, aves, morcegos e constituem indicadores valiosos de degradação ambiental, produtividade primária e secundária, decomposição e uma série de outros processos ecológicos (Wallace & Webster, 1996). A composição e a diversidade de espécies destes insetos podem ser influenciadas por vários fatores, como tipo de substrato, disponibilidade de material alóctone, sazonalidade, fluxo de água, temperatura, distúrbios e interações bióticas (Shimano et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2013; Lima & Pamplin, 2016; Martynov, 2016). A ordem Ephemeroptera apresenta cerca de 4.000 espécies em todo mundo, com uma distribuição que compreende quase todo o globo com exceção de algumas ilhas oceânicas e a Antártica (Salles et al., 2004; Barber-James et al., 2008). Na América do Sul já foram identificadas mais de 450 espécies distribuídas em 14 famílias (Domínguez et al., 2006; Domínguez et al., 2009; Mariano & Polegatto, 2011). O Brasil apresenta cerca de 380 espécies que continuam a aumentar devido ao aumento do esforço taxonômico e trabalhos de biomonitoramento (Salles et al., 2004; Salles et al., 2018). Evolutivamente a ordem Ephemeroptera representa uma das primeiras linhagens de insetos alados, tendo sua origem há aproximadamente 290 milhões de anos (final do Carbonífero) (Barber-James et al., 2008). Compreendem insetos de tamanho pequeno a médio, anfibióticos, com fase aquática longa (até dois anos em ambientes temperados) e fase adulta alada curta (de poucas horas até dois dias)
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