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Oxygen Toxicity During Artificial Ventilation R Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.24.6.656 on 1 November 1969. Downloaded from Thorax (1969), 24, 656. Oxygen toxicity during artificial ventilation R. A. L. BREWIS From the Department of Medicine, University of Manchester Repeated pulmonary collapse and changes suggestive of a severe alveolar-capillary diffusion defect were observed over a period of 20 days in a patient who was receiving artificial ventilation because of status epilepticus. Profound cyanosis followed attempts to discontinue assisted ventila- tion. The Bird Mark 8 respirator employed was found to be delivering approximately 90% oxygen on the air-mix setting and pulmonary oxygen toxicity was suspected. Radiological improvement and progressive resolution of the alveolar-capillary block followed gradual reduction of the inspired concentration over nine days. The management and prevention of this complica- tion are discussed. The inspired oxygen concentration should be routinely monitored in patients receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation, and the concentration should not be higher than that required to maintain adequate oxygenation. The Bird Mark 8 respirator has an inherent tendency to develop high oxygen concentrations on the air-mix setting, and the machine should therefore be driven from a compressed air source unless high concentrations of oxygen are essential. The toxic properties of oxygen have been most many factors probably influence their develop- widely studied in the context of hyperbaric oxy- ment (Lancet, 1967), attention has been increas-copyright. genation, and the tendency to produce convulsions ingly directed towards the role of the inspired at partial pressures in excess of 2 atmospheres has oxygen concentration. Indirect evidence of toxic been well documented (Bean, 1945, 1965; Donald, effects of oxygen has been provided by post- 1947). Between this pressure and about two-thirds mortem studies (Pratt, 1958 ; Cederberg, Hellsten, of an atmosphere partial pressure of oxygen, and Mi6rner, 1965; Nash, Blennerhassett, and tolerance is limited by the effects upon the lung. Pontoppidan, 1967). In 75 patients who hadhttp://thorax.bmj.com/ Laboratory animals may die with severe pul- received artificial ventilation Nash and his col- monary congestion with intra-alveolar exudation leagues demonstrated a clear link between the and haemorrhage during exposure after an interval inspired oxygen concentration and the finding of which is variable between species and is dependent post-mortem histological changes in the lungs upon the partial pressure of oxygen inspired and resembling those seen in experimental animals upon a number of environmental and metabolic dying of oxygen toxicity. Similar changes were factors (Paine, Lynn, and Keys, 1941 ; Bean, 1945, reported in the lungs of a case presented at a conference at the Massachu- 1965). Information concerning the tolerance by clinico-pathological on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected man of sub-convulsive inspired oxygen tensions setts General Hospital (Castleman and McNeely, is scarce. Normal subjects exposed to pure oxygen 1967). This patient had multiple injuries and died at atmospheric pressure develop severe substernal with recurrent pulmonary congestion whilst distress which usually leads to termination of the receiving 85% oxygen by I.P.P.V. exposure after between 48 and 72 hours (Clamann The purpose of the present communication is and Becker-Freyseng, 1939; Ohlsson, 1947; to report the development and suibsequent reversal Dolezal, 1962; Lee, Caldwell, and Schildkraut, of recurrent massive collapse and an apparent 1963). Objectively, a reduction in vital capacity block in alveolar-capillary diffusion in a patient and changes suggestive of impaired alveolar- receiving I.P.P.V. from a respirator which was capillary diffusion have been reported (Comroe, found to be delivering an unexpectedly high con- Dripps, Dumke, and Deming, 1945; Ernsting, centration of oxygen. 1961); normality is usually restored within 48 hours of the end of the exposure. METHODS Pulmonary collapse and congestion have come to be recognized as complications of intermittent Until 20 May 1967 (day 20) blood gas analyses were positive pressure ventilation (I.P.P.V.) and, whilst performed on arterialized capillary blood and Pco2 656 Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.24.6.656 on 1 November 1969. Downloaded from Oxygen toxicity during artificial ventilation 657 was derived using the Astrup technique. Subsequently a new opacity in the right lower lobe. Brochoscopy all blood gas analyses were performed on arterial was performed again on the evening of the fifth day, blood drawn from an indwelling catheter. Arterial but no obstruction was seen. A chest radiograph was oxygen tension (Pao2) was estimated wiith a Clark taken on the following morning and showed partial platinum electrode and Pco2 with a Severinghaus elec- re-aeration of the left upper lobe and patchy aeration trode (both Radiometer, Copenhagen). Gaseous of the right upper lobe with partial resolution of the oxygen concentrations were measured with a para- opacity in the right lower lobe (Fig. 3). She continued magnetic analyser (Servomex). The ventilator to have frequent convulsions whenever the infusion employed was a Bird Mark 8 respirator which was was interrupted until the seventh day, when she was powered by the hospital oxygen system (line pressure intermittently conscious between seizures which had 60 p.s.i.). It was used on the 'air-mix' setting through- become milder. out and no 'negative phase' was employed. On the seventh day further improvement in the chest radiographic appearances was noted (Fig. 4), for CASE REPORT no apparent reason, but partial collapse of the right upper and part of the left lower lobe persisted. This The patient, a woman aged 33, developed status epi- was more marked,the following day, and by the ninth lepticus after an adjustment of her anticonvulsant day the right upper lobe was once more collapsed therapy, and this persisted despite recommencement and densely opacified and there was consolidation at of the drugs and administration of paraldehyde, intra- the left base (Fig. 5). All areas of opacification had venous diazepam, and two periods of deep chloro- extended by the tenth day, and on the following form anaesthesia. She was admitted to Manchester day numerous fluffy, radially arranged oval shadows, Royal Infirmary on 1 May 1967 (day 1) after 48 0 5-1 cm. in diameter, were evident in the relatively hours of status epilepticus. The seizures were relieved well-aerated regions. Ventilation was not difficult at only temporarily by intravenous diazepam, 10 mg. this stage, the patient was fully conscious and An endotracheal tube was passed after the administra- appeared well, occasionally triggering the machine tion of thiopentone, 0-2 g., and suxamethonium, and ventilating 10 1./min. with a respiratory rate of 50 mg. i.v., and I.P.P.V. using a Bird Mark 8 17/min. and an end-inspiratory pressure setting of respirator was begun. A minute ventilation of 8-5 litres 20 cm. H2O. copyright. was maintained with an end-tidal pressure of 14 cm. I.P.P.V. was continued because severe respiratory water. distress and deep cyanosis accompanied even brief On the morning of the second day a chest radio- interruptions for toilet to the trachea. Bronchoscopy graph was seen to be entirely normal (Fig. 1). For was repeated on the eleventh day and again no 48 hours a constant infusion of thiopentone was bronchial obstruction was seen. A chest radiograph maintained at a rate of approximately 60 mg./hour. the following day showed the reappearance of pockets http://thorax.bmj.com/ The rate was increased briefly if the fits became more of air in the collapsed right upper lobe with per- frequent, and suxamethonium was infused as neces- sistence of the generalized mottling (Fig. 6). On the sary to keep the convulsions to a minimum. Pheno- following day the upper lobe was again seen to be barbitone, sodium phenytoin, and diazepam were collapsed and densely opacified. On the fifteenth day given intravenously, and primidone by nasogastric the right upper lobe was found to be almost com- tube. pletely re-expanded, but there was now patchy On the morning of the fourth day it was noted that opacification of the right lower lobe (Fig. 7). Over the minute ventilation was falling and that a higher four days there was progressive opacification of this end-tidal pressure of 24 cm. water was necessary to area (Fig. 8), and three areas of opacity, 3 to 4 cm. maintain adequate ventilation. At one point the in diameter, appeared in the left lung field. on September 23, 2021 by guest. Protected minute ventilation fell briefly to 3 1./min. and the On the fifteenth day the Pao2 was 160 mm. Hg Pco2 rose to 78 mm. Hg, having been between 39 and whilst on the ventilator. Every morning for the fol- 42 mm. Hg ever since the start of I.P.P.V. lowing three days she was left off the respirator for A chest radiograph taken on the morning of the between 15 and 40 minutes. During the interruption fourth day showed complete collapse-consolidation of the arterial Po2 fell to between 40 and 45 mm. Hg the left lung and of the right upper lobe (Fig. 2). on each occasion. The inspired oxygen concentration Later, during day 4, the pulse rate rose to 140/min. during this period is unknown (a B.O.C. humidifier and tracheostomy was performed. Profound cyanosis delivering 67% oxygen at 10 1./min. was attached to was noted whilst breathing air for short periods at the the tracheostomy tube by a T-tube with a distal limb time of this procedure. Bronchoscopy revealed no of 50 ml.). obstruction or excess of secretions. The jugular venous On day 20 the oxygen concentration of mixed ex- pulse was not elevated and there was no peripheral pired air collected whilst the patient was on the oedema.
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