DOCSLIB.ORG

Can Virtual Reality Be Used to Understand Persecutory

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Can Virtual Reality Be Used to Understand Persecutory CAN VIRTUAL REALITY BE USED TO UNDERSTAND PERSECUTORY DELUSIONS? Miriam Fornells-Ambrojo D. Clin. Psy. Thesis (Volume 1), 2007 University College London UMI Number: U591988 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U591988 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 O v e r v ie w This thesis focuses on understanding persecutory delusions from an interpersonal perspective. It is divided into three parts. Part I provides a critical review of the literature on interpersonal processes in paranoia by discussing theoretical approaches and the empirical evidence. The evidence is reviewed in five areas: interpersonal life events, attachment, relational schemas, social cognition and interpersonal behaviour. Part II describes an empirical investigation on persecutory delusions under controlled laboratory conditions. Virtual reality (VR) has previously been used to study paranoid ideation in non-clinical individuals and in individuals at high risk of psychosis. The current study is the first to investigate the applicability of the method to people with current persecutory delusions. Its main aims were to assess the acceptability and safety of using VR with individuals with persecutory delusions and to determine whether they experienced paranoid thoughts in VR. Lastly, part III is a critical appraisal of the research process. The challenges and opportunities of using a novel technology with a clinical population who has severe psychopathology are discussed. The thesis ends with a reflection on how my understanding of paranoia has evolved as a result of conducting this work. 2 T a b l e o f c o n t e n t s Can virtual reality be used to understand persecutory delusions? ..................................1 O verview.................................................................................................................................2 Table of contents ..................................................................................................................3 Tables and figures..................................................................................................................6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 7 Part 1: Literature review .......................................................................................................... 9 The role of interpersonal processes in paranoia: a critical review of theory and evidence .......................................................................................................................................9 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 10 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 11 Theoretical review: Interpersonal processes in current cognitive models of persecutory delusions ..........................................................................................................14 The social environment and psychosis ........................................................................14 Attributions-self-representation cycle (ASRC) model of persecutory delusions 18 The threat anticipation model of persecutory delusions ....................................... 19 An interpersonal theory of the self: poor me and bad me paranoia ................... 21 Evidence on interpersonal processes inparanoia ..........................................................22 Live events....................................................................................................................... 23 Attachment ....................................................................................................................... 26 Beliefs about relatedness, self and others .............................................................. 29 Social cognition and reasoning biases ....................................................................... 40 Interpersonal behaviour ................................................................................................42 Summary and conclusions ................................................................................................. 45 Five questions on interpersonal process in paranoia: summary of the evidence .......................................................................................................................................................... 45 3 Methodological issues .................................................................................................... 48 Conclusions: further research and clinical implications ....................................... 50 References ............................................................................................................................53 Part 2: Empirical paper ...........................................................................................................67 Can virtual reality be used to understand persecutory delusions? ..............................67 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................68 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................69 Virtual reality in the study of paranoia: rationale ..................................................70 Persecutory ideation in virtual reality: findings from the paranoia continuum ............................................................................................................................................ 73 VR research on people with persecutory delusions: the current study .............74 Hypotheses ....................................................................................................................... 76 Method ................................................................................................................................... 77 Participants ......................................................................................................................77 Design and procedure .....................................................................................................78 Measures and m aterials ................................................................................................ 79 Data analysis....................................................................................................................86 Results ................................................................................................................................... 88 Demographic data ...........................................................................................................88 Persecutory delusion group: symptom description ................................................ 89 Factors associated with persecutory delusions ...................................................... 91 Is it feasible to use virtual reality with people with persecutory delusions?. 93 Persecutory ideation in VR: group differences ........................................................97 Factors associated with VR persecution .................................................................. 98 Persecutory ideation in VR: Thematic analyses .................................................... 100 Discussion .............................................................................................................................104 Negative schemas and reasoning biases in persecutory delusions ...................105 4 Paranoid thoughts in VR: a similar experience for both groups? ......................107 Are non-clinical participants too paranoid in VR? ................................................108 People with persecutory delusions: No biases in appraising a neutral VE? ..110 Implications ................................................................................................................... 113 References ..........................................................................................................................114 Part 3: Critical Appraisal ......................................................................................................124 The joys and perils of working with a new technology ........................................... 125 Using a new technology with people with persecutory delusions: concerns. 126 Designing a virtual environment to investigate paranoia................................... 130 My understanding of paranoia after the virtual reality project: .......................... 131 more questions than answers..........................................................................................131 References ..........................................................................................................................134
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Effect of Delusion and Hallucination Types on Treatment
    Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 2016;29:29-35 Research / Araştırma DOI: 10.5350/DAJPN2016290103 The Effect of Delusion and Esin Evren Kilicaslan1, Guler Acar2, Sevgin Eksioglu2, Sermin Kesebir3, Hallucination Types on Ertan Tezcan4 1Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Treatment Response in Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Izmir - Turkey 2Istanbul Erenkoy Mental Health Training and Research Schizophrenia and Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey 3Uskudar University, Istanbul Neuropsychiatry Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey Schizoaffective Disorder 4Istanbul Beykent University, Department of Psychology, Istanbul - Turkey ABSTRACT The effect of delusion and hallucination types on treatment response in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder Objective: While there are numerous studies investigating what kind of variables, including socio- demographic and cultural ones, affect the delusion types, not many studies can be found that investigate the impact of delusion types on treatment response. Our study aimed at researching the effect of delusion and hallucination types on treatment response in inpatients admitted with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Method: The patient group included 116 consecutive inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder according to DSM-IV-TR in a clinical interview. Delusions types were determined using the classification system developed by Gross and colleagues. The hallucinations were recorded as auditory, visual and auditory-visual. Response to treatment was assessed according to the difference in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores at admission and discharge and the duration of hospitalization. Results: Studying the effect of delusion types on response to treatment, it has been found that for patients with religious and grandiose delusions, statistically the duration of hospitalization is significantly longer than for other patients.
    [Show full text]
  • Traumatic Shame Memories and Development of Paranoid Ideations
    University of Texas at Tyler Scholar Works at UT Tyler Psychology and Counseling Theses Psychology and Counseling Summer 8-24-2020 Traumatic Shame Memories and Development of Paranoid Ideations Anwesha Maitra University of Texas at Tyler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uttyler.edu/psychology_grad Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons, Counseling Commons, and the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Maitra, Anwesha, "Traumatic Shame Memories and Development of Paranoid Ideations" (2020). Psychology and Counseling Theses. Paper 11. http://hdl.handle.net/10950/2665 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology and Counseling at Scholar Works at UT Tyler. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychology and Counseling Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholar Works at UT Tyler. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TRAUMATIC SHAME MEMORIES AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARANOID IDEATIONS by ANWESHA MAITRA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Clinical Psychology Department of Psychology and Counseling Dennis Combs, Ph. D., Committee Chair College of Education and Psychology The University of Texas at Tyler August 2020 The University of Texas at Tyler Tyler, Texas This is to certify that the Master's Thesis of ANWESHA MAITRA has been approved for the thesis requirement on July 15th, 2020 for the Clinical Psychology, M.S Degree Approvals: Thesis Chair: Dennis Combs, Ph.D. Member: Sarah Sass, Ph.D. Member: Eric Stocks, Ph.D. Chair, Department of Psychology © Copyright by Anwesha Maitra 2020 All rights reserved Acknowledgement I would like to thank my professors Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Prevalence & Pattern of Psychotic Features in Patients With
    IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 20, Issue 6 Ser.6 (June. 2021), PP 44-51 www.iosrjournals.org A Study of Prevalence & Pattern of Psychotic Features in Patients with Bipolar Mood Disorder Riddhi M. Thacker1, Chirag A. Kundalia2, Mukesh J. Samani3 1, 2, 3 = Department of Psychiatry, P.D.U Govt. Medical College & Hospital, Rajkot. Abstract: Background: Mood disorders are best considered as syndromes consisting of cluster of sign and symptoms that represent a marked departure from a person’s habitual functioning and tend to recur, often in periodic or cyclical fashion. Manic and mixed episodes represent the hallmark of what was once termed ‘Manic-depressive psychosis’ and is currently termed Bipolar I Disorder. Psychotic features are especially prevalent phenotype in Bipolar Disorder and it generally represents a more severe form of illness. Depending upon their appropriateness to the mood, can be mood-congruent or mood-incongruent and can be present in both manic and depressive phase. Impact of psychotic features on the natural history of Bipolar Disorder is determined by multiple factors like age at onset, life events, familiality, etc and can also affect the outcome. Aim and Objectives: 1. To evaluate prevalence and pattern of psychotic features in patients with Bipolar Mood Disorder during the active phase of the current episode. 2. To assess correlation of various socio- demographic factors, age at onset of illness and family history of psychiatric illness with presence of psychotic features in Bipolar Mood Disorder.3. To study relationship between presence of psychotic features and severity of mood symptoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychosis in Children and Adolescents
    PSYCH TLC DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY DIVISION OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS FOR MEDICAL SCIENCES PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE Psychosis in Children and Adolescents Written by: Jody L. Brown, M.D. Assistant Professor D. Alan Bagley, M.D. Chief Resident Department of Psychiatry Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Initial Review by: Laurence Miller, M.D. Clinical Professor, Medical Director, Division of Behavioral Health Services Arkansas Department of Human Services Initially Developed: 1-31-2012 Updated 3-31-2014 by: Angela Shy, MD Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Work submitted by Contract # 4600016732 from the Division of Medical Services, Arkansas Department of Human Services 1 | P a g e Department of Human Services Psych TLC Phone Numbers: 501-526-7425 or 1-866-273-3835 The free Child Psychiatry Telemedicine, Liaison & Consult (Psych TLC) service is available for: Consultation on psychiatric medication related issues including: . Advice on initial management for your patient . Titration of psychiatric medications . Side effects of psychiatric medications . Combination of psychiatric medications with other medications Consultation regarding children with mental health related issues Psychiatric evaluations in special cases via tele-video Educational opportunities This service is free to all Arkansas physicians caring for children. Telephone consults are made within 15 minutes of placing the call and can be accomplished while the child and/or parent are still in the office. Arkansas Division of Behavioral Health Services (DBHS): (501) 686-9465 http://humanservices.arkansas.gov/dbhs/Pages/default.aspx 2 | P a g e Table of Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Defensive Function of Persecutory Delusion and Discrepancy Between Explicit and Implicit Self-Esteem in Schizophrenia: Study Using the Brief Implicit Association Test
    Journal name: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment Article Designation: Original Research Year: 2015 Volume: 11 Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment Dovepress Running head verso: Nakamura et al Running head recto: Discrepancy between explicit and implicit self-esteem in schizophrenia open access to scientific and medical research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S73906 Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Defensive function of persecutory delusion and discrepancy between explicit and implicit self-esteem in schizophrenia: study using the Brief Implicit Association Test Mitsuo Nakamura1 Background: If delusions serve as a defense mechanism in schizophrenia patients with paranoia, Tomomi Hayakawa2 then they should show normal or high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem. However, Aiko Okamura3 the results of previous studies are inconsistent. One possible explanation for this inconsistency is Mutsumi Kohigashi4 that there are two types of paranoia, “bad me” (self-blaming) paranoia and “poor me” (non-self- Kenji Fukui1 blaming) paranoia. We thus examined implicit and explicit self-esteem and self-blaming tendency Jin Narumoto1 in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. We hypothesized that patients with paranoia would show lower implicit self-esteem and only those with non-self-blaming paranoia 1 Department of Psychiatry, Graduate would experience a discrepancy between explicit and implicit self-esteem. School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Methods: Participants consisted of patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder 2Gojouyama Hospital, Nara, Japan; recruited from a day hospital (N=71). Participants were assessed for psychotic symptoms, using 3Yashio Hospital, Saitama, Japan; the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and self-blaming tendency, using the brief COPE.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 2 Paranoid and Delusional Disorder
    UNIT 2 PARANOID AND DELUSIONAL DISORDER Structure 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Concept of Paranoia 2.2.1 Definition of Paranoia 2.2.2 Characteristic Features of Paranoia 2.2.3 Symptoms of Paranoia 2.2.4 Kinds of Paranoia 2.3 Causes of Paranoia 2.3.1 Homosexual Fixation 2.3.2 Feelings of Inferiority 2.3.3 Emotional Complex 2.3.4 Personality Type 2.3.5 Heredity 2.3.6 Biological 2.3.7 Environmental / Psychological 2.3.8 Dysfunctional Cognitive Processing 2.3.9 Medical Causes 2.3.10Associated Mental Illnesses 2.3.11Substance Abuse 2.4 Delusional Disorder 2.4.1 Characteristic Features 2.4.2 Types of Delusional Disorder 2.4.3 Delusions of Grandeur 2.4.4 Motivated or Defensive Delusions 2.5 Delusions and Other Disorders 2.6 Treatment Approaches to Paranoia and Delusional Disorder 2.6.1 Treatment and Cure 2.6.2 Psychoanalytic Method 2.6.3 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) 2.6.4 Drug Therapy 2.6.5 Combining Pharmacotherapy with Cognitive Therapy 2.6.6 Psychotherapy 2.6.7 Prognosis of Paranoia and Delusional Disorder 2.7 Let Us Sum Up 2.8 Unit End Questions 2.9 Suggested Readings and References 2.0 INTRODUCTION This unit deals with paranoia and delusional disorder. We start with the concept of paranoia, define paranoia and describe the characteristic features of the same. Then we 2 1 Schizophrenia and Other delineate the symptoms of paranoia and the kinds of paranoia that are obtained in this Psychotic Disorders disorder.
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Health Diagnosis Codes
    Mental Health Diagnosis Codes ICD-10 CODE DESCRIPTION F03.90 Unspecified dementia without behavioral disturbance F03.91 Unspecified dementia with behavioral disturbance F20.0 Paranoid schizophrenia F20.1 Disorganized schizophrenia F20.2 Catatonic schizophrenia F20.3 Undifferentiated schizophrenia F20.5 Residual schizophrenia F20.81 Schizophreniform disorder F20.89 Other schizophrenia F20.9 Schizophrenia, unspecified F21 Schizotypal disorder F22 Delusional disorders F23 Brief psychotic disorder F24 Shared psychotic disorder F25.0 Schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type F25.1 Schizoaffective disorder, depressive type F25.8 Other schizoaffective disorders F25.9 Schizoaffective disorder, unspecified F28 Other psychotic disorder not due to a substance or known physiological condition F29 Unspecified psychosis not due to a substance or known physiological condition F30.10 Manic episode without psychotic symptoms, unspecified F30.11 Manic episode without psychotic symptoms, mild F30.12 Manic episode without psychotic symptoms, moderate F30.13 Manic episode, severe, without psychotic symptoms F30.2 Manic episode, severe with psychotic symptoms F30.3 Manic episode in partial remission F30.4 Manic episode in full remission F30.8 Other manic episodes F30.9 Manic episode, unspecified F31.0 Bipolar disorder, current episode hypomanic F31.10 Bipolar disorder, current episode manic without psychotic features, unspecified F31.11 Bipolar disorder, current episode manic without psychotic features, mild F31.12 Bipolar disorder, current episode manic without
    [Show full text]
  • Need for an Antipsychotic in a Case of Infective Insanity Between Siblings – a Therapeutic Approach
    International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences 2018; 3(2): 18-21 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijpbs doi: 10.11648/j.ijpbs.20180302.11 ISSN: 2575-2227 (Print); ISSN: 2575-1573 (Online) Need for an Antipsychotic in a Case of Infective Insanity Between Siblings – A Therapeutic Approach Vimalanathane Panneerselvam, Sivabalan Elangovan * Department of Psychiatry, SRM Medical College & Research Centre, Tamilnadu, India Email address: *Corresponding author To cite this article: Vimalanathane Panneerselvam, Sivabalan Elangovan. Need for an Antipsychotic in a Case of Infective Insanity Between Siblings – A Therapeutic Approach. International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences . Vol. 3, No. 2, 2018, pp. 18-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpbs.20180302.11 Received : May 25, 2018; Accepted : June 8, 2018; Published : July 5, 2018 Abstract: BACKGROUND: Shared Delusional Disorder is not uncommon and has been included in formal diagnostic classification systems. However, it is not frequently diagnosed. This is a case of a 21 year old female, unmarried, who presented to our OPD with prominent psychotic symptoms, particularly a fixed belief that she was being followed by someone for the last six years. Her elder sister, who was close to her emotionally also developed persecutory delusion of similar content within one year of its onset in the younger sister. Thus when they first presented to the OPD, both sisters had similar type of psychotic presentation. After separation of both sisters, psychotic symptoms improved in elder sister within one month. CONCLUSION: Shared Delusional disorder is not uncommon. The risk of induced delusion is more among those who have high emotional bonding and it disappears following separation of each other.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychopathology of Delusion of Control According to Subjective Experience
    rev colomb psiquiat. 2018;47(4):221–228 www.elsevier.es/rcp Original article The Psychopathology of Delusion of Control According to Subjective Experience Marco Fierro a,∗, Ana María Hernández a, John Malcolm b a Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá, Colombia b York University, Toronto, Canadá article info abstract Article history: Background: Delusion of control, including thought insertion, occurs in 20% of patients Received 5 November 2016 with schizophrenia. However little is known of its psychopathology, and studies involving Accepted 20 February 2017 patients are scarce. Available online 1 April 2017 Aims: To explore the subjective experience of patients with delusion of control and to pro- pose a psychopathological explanation based on empirical evidence. Keywords: Methods: Qualitative exploratory study of 7 patients (6 with schizophrenia and 1 with Delusion schizophreniform disorder). A phenomenologically-oriented semi-structured interview was Delusion of control used. Alien control Results: Delusion of control is not an isolated and pure symptom; it is always immersed in the Thought insertion context of a persecutory delusion and other psychiatric symptoms. The patient experiences Schizophrenia partial control, i.e. the control is never complete. In all cases, it is possible to trace the history Phenomenology of the narrative formation of delusion of control from its origins in persecutory delusions Subjective experience and other concomitant symptoms. Conclusions: The delusion of control is a narrative resulting from the joint presence of a per- secutory delusion and other psychiatric symptoms. For the patient, the delusion of control is the narrative of the elaborate expression of the meaning of the anomalous experience. Delusion of control is a narrative variety of persecutory delusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Altered Threat and Safety Neural Processing Linked to Persecutory Delusions in Schizophrenia: a Two-Task Fmri Study
    Altered threat and safety neural processing linked to persecutory delusions in schizophrenia: a two-task fMRI study The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Perez, David L., Hong Pan, Daniel S. Weisholtz, James C. Root, Oliver Tuescher, David B. Fischer, Tracy Butler, et al. 2015. “Altered Threat and Safety Neural Processing Linked to Persecutory Delusions in Schizophrenia: a Two-Task fMRI Study.” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 233 (3) (September): 352–366. doi:10.1016/ j.pscychresns.2015.06.002. Published Version 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.06.002 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:37308777 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Psychiatry Manuscript Author Res. Author Manuscript manuscript; Author available in PMC 2016 September 30. Published in final edited form as: Psychiatry Res. 2015 September 30; 233(3): 352–366. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.06.002. Altered threat and safety neural processing linked to persecutory delusions in schizophrenia: a two-task fMRI study David L. Pereza, Hong Pana,b, Daniel S. Weisholtza,c, James C. Rootd, Oliver Tueschere,f, David B. Fischera, Tracy Butlerg, David R. Vagoa, Nancy Isenbergh,
    [Show full text]
  • Grandiose Delusions: a Review and Theoretical Integration of Cognitive and Affective Perspectives
    Clinical Psychology Review 31 (2011) 684–696 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinical Psychology Review Grandiose delusions: A review and theoretical integration of cognitive and affective perspectives Rebecca Knowles ⁎, Simon McCarthy-Jones, Georgina Rowse University of Sheffield, UK article info abstract Article history: Grandiose delusions (GDs) are found across a wide range of psychiatric conditions, including in around two- Received 24 August 2010 thirds of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder, half of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, as well as in Accepted 23 February 2011 a substantial proportion of patients with substance abuse disorders. In addition, over 10% of the healthy Available online 5 March 2011 general population experience grandiose thoughts that do not meet full delusional criteria. Yet in contrast to other psychotic phenomena, such as auditory hallucinations and persecutory delusions, GDs have received Keywords: little attention from researchers. This paper offers a comprehensive examination of the existing cognitive and Grandiose ‘ ’ Grandeur affective literature on GDs, including consideration of the evidence in support of delusion-as-defence and ’ Delusion emotion-consistent models. We then propose a tentative model of GDs informed by a synthesis of the Bipolar available evidence designed to be a stimulus to future research in this area. As GDs are considered to be Mania relatively resistant to traditional cognitive behavioural techniques, we then discuss the implications of our Schizophrenia model for how CBT may be modified to address these beliefs. Directions for future research are also Psychosis highlighted. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................. 685 2. What are grandiose delusions? ..................................................... 685 3. The epidemiology of grandiose delusions and beliefs ..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Paranoia As Defence Model of Persecotory Delusions: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    This is a repository copy of The paranoia as defence model of persecotory delusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/141780/ Version: Supplemental Material Article: Murphy, P., Bentall, R.P., Freeman, D. et al. (2 more authors) (2018) The paranoia as defence model of persecotory delusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 5 (11). pp. 913-929. ISSN 2215-0366 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30339-0 Article available under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND) licence. This licence only allows you to download this work and share it with others as long as you credit the authors, but you can’t change the article in any way or use it commercially. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Supplementary Appendix to: Murphy, P., Bentall, R.P., Freeman, D., O’Rourke, S, Hutton, P. The paranoia as defence model of persecutory delusions: A systematic review and meta- analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018; published online Oct 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30339-0 1 Content of Supplementary Appendix A.
    [Show full text]