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Functioning As a Death Receptor for B Cells CCR3 Expression Induced By CCR3 Expression Induced by IL-2 and IL-4 Functioning as a Death Receptor for B Cells Tan Jinquan, Henrik H. Jacobi, Chen Jing, Anders Millner, Eva Sten, Lars Hviid, Liu Anting, Lars P. Ryder, Christian This information is current as Glue, Per S. Skov, Elizabeth Jarman, Kasper Lamberth, of September 28, 2021. Hans-Jørgen Malling and Lars K. Poulsen J Immunol 2003; 171:1722-1731; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1722 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/171/4/1722 Downloaded from References This article cites 78 articles, 43 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/171/4/1722.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 28, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2003 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology CCR3 Expression Induced by IL-2 and IL-4 Functioning as a Death Receptor for B Cells1 Tan Jinquan,2*† Henrik H. Jacobi,† Chen Jing,† Anders Millner,*† Eva Sten,† Lars Hviid,‡ Liu Anting,*† Lars P. Ryder,§ Christian Glue,† Per S. Skov,† Elizabeth Jarman,* Kasper Lamberth,¶ Hans-Jørgen Malling,† and Lars K. Poulsen† We report that CCR3 is not expressed on freshly isolated peripheral and germinal B cells, but is up-regulated after stimulation with IL-2 and IL-4 (ϳ98% CCR3؉). Ligation of CCR3 by eotaxin/chemokine ligand (CCL) 11 induces apoptosis in IL-2- and IL-4-stimulated primary CD19؉ (ϳ40% apoptotic cells) B cell cultures as well as B cell lines, but has no effect on chemotaxis or cell adhesion. Freshly isolated B cells express low levels of CD95 and CD95 ligand (CD95L) (19 and 21%, respectively). Expression is up-regulated on culture in the presence of a combination of IL-2, IL-4, and eotaxin/CCL11 (88% CD95 and 84% CD95L). We therefore propose that ligation of such newly induced CCR3 on peripheral and germinal B cells by eotaxin/CCL11 leads to the Downloaded from enhanced levels of CD95 and CD95L expression. Ligation of CD95 by its CD95L expressed on neigboring B cells triggers relevant death signaling pathways, which include an increase in levels of Bcl-2 expression, its functional activity, and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. These events initiate a cascade of enzymatic processes of the caspase family, culminating in programmed cell death. Interaction between CCR3 and eotaxin/CCL11 may, besides promoting allergic reactions, drive activated B cells to apoptosis, thereby reducing levels of Ig production, including IgE, and consequently limit the develop- http://www.jimmunol.org/ ment of the humoral immune response. The apoptotic action of eotaxin/CCL11 suggests a therapeutic modality in the treatment of B cell lymphoma. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 171: 1722–1731. hemokine receptors are differently expressed on naive (GC)3 in lymph nodes or Peyer’s patches (15). Thymus-expressed and activated inflammatory cells (1). Although many chemokine attracts mouse pre-B cells and pro-B colonies, but not C chemokine receptors can be found on human B cells, in later stages of B cell development (16). such as CCR1 (2), CCR2 (3), CCR6 (4), CCR7 (5), CXCR3 (6), The CCR3 is expressed in humans on eosinophils and basophils ϩ CXCR4 (7), and CXCR5 (8), in general less is known about the (17, 18), on a subset of CD4 T cells (19), and on dendritic cells functions of these receptors and their ligands on B cells. Nonethe- (20). CCR3 expression on T cells requires stimulation with both by guest on September 28, 2021 less, important insights have been gained from several studies. For the Th1 cytokine IL-2 and Th2 cytokine IL-4 (21). Cellular sources instance, stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCL12, a ligand for of the CCR3 ligand eotaxin/chemokine ligand (CCL) 11 are bron- CXCR4, is a potent chemoattractant for both normal and malignant chial epithelial cells, T cells, macrophages, and eosinophils (22). human B cells (9–11). Mice lacking the stromal cell-derived fac- The importance of this chemokine in allergic diseases is widely tor-1/CXCL12 gene or the CXCR4 gene show gross defects in B recognized due to its activation and attraction of eosinophils, ba- cell development (10, 12, 13). CCR7 is important for retaining B sophils, and T cells (19, 21). To date, CCR3 expression on B cells cells in the splenic periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (14). Mice de- and the biological functions of CCR3 ligand eotaxin/CCL11 for ficient for CCR7 display a severely impaired migration of B cells human B cells have not been characterized. to lymph nodes or Peyer’s patches (14). CXCR5 is necessary for A considerable amount of data was derived from genomic, B cell homeostatic trafficking into follicles (15). Disruption of structural, and functional studies on the role of chemokine recep- CXCR5 gene leads to loss of B cell follicles and germinal center tors and their ligands in both normal physiology (e.g., organogen- esis, hemopoiesis, angiogenesis, and physiological lymphocyte trafficking) and pathophysiology, such as coreceptors for HIV en- try and the pathological distribution of leukocytes in chronic in- *Biological Allergy Research, Hørsholm, Denmark; †Laboratory of Medical Aller- flammation (23). A major role of chemokine receptors and their gology, Allergy Clinic, ‡Center of Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious ligand playing is leukocyte traffic and recruitment to sites of in- Diseases, and §Laboratory of Tissue Typing, Department of Clinical Immunology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; and ¶Institute of Medical Anat- flammation (24). It was reported that activation of cell surface omy, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark CXCR4 induced programmed cell death of human peripheral ϩ Received for publication August 23, 2002. Accepted for publication June 18, 2003. CD4 T cells, malignant T cells, and CD4/CXCR4 transfectants The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page (25). The interaction between HIV R5 Env and CCR5 activated the charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance Fas pathway and caspase-8 as well as triggering Fas ligand pro- with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. duction, ultimately causing CD4ϩ T cell death (26). However, no 1 C.J. is supported by a generous grant from Hovedstadens Sygehusfællesskab, Den- mark. E.S. is supported by BioRisk project under Danish Medical Research Council. C.G. is supported by the Danish Environmental Research Program, 1998–2001. This work was partially supported by Danish Allergy Research Center and the National Science Foundation of China (39870674). 3 Abbreviations used in this paper: GC, germinal center, CCL, chemokine ligand; 2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Tan Jinquan, Biological Allergy CD95L, CD95 ligand; C.I., chemotactic index; MCNC, migrating cell on negative Research, ALK-Abello´A/S, Bøge Alle´6-8, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark. E-mail control; MCP, monocyte chemotactic protein; MIP, macrophage-inflammatory pro- address: [email protected] tein; PI, propidium iodide. Copyright © 2003 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/03/$02.00 The Journal of Immunology 1723 study has looked at the function of chemokine receptors in the ously described (31). To semiquantitatively estimate CCR3 mRNA, visu- programmed B cell death. alized bands were scanned using Gene Tools densitometry (SYNGENE, In this study, we report that CCR3, expressed on IL-2- and IL- Cambridge, U.K.). 4-stimulated peripheral and germinal B cells and on several B cell Blot assays lines, is a death-promoting receptor when triggered by its ligand For mRNA detection (Northern blot), 5 ␮g of total RNA obtained from eotaxin/CCL11. Eotaxin/CCL11 via CCR3 promotes the apoptosis each sample was electrophoresed under denaturing conditions, followed by of these cells by increasing levels of CD95 and CD95 ligand blotting onto Nytran membranes, and cross-linked by UV irradiation, as (CD95L) expression. Ligation of CD95 and CD95L on neighbor- previously described (32). CCR3 cDNA probe, labeled by ␣-[32P]dCTP, was obtained by PCR amplification of the sequence mentioned above from ing cells consequently triggers relevant death signaling pathways, ϩ which include either an increase in the level of Bcl-2 expression or total RNA from CD3 T cells. The membranes were hybridized overnight with 1 ϫ 106 cpm/ml of 32P-labeled probe, followed by intensively wash- in its functional activity. This in turn triggers the release of cyto- ing before being autoradiographed. For protein detection (Western blot), chrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. These events the cells were lysed in lysis buffer (0.4% Nonidet P-40, 150 mM NaCl, 50 initiate the cascade of enzymatic events of the caspase family, mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM sodium vanadate, 0.1 mM PMSF, and 2 ␮g/ml of which lead to a programmed suicide cell death. leupeptin and apoprotein, pH 8.0), as previously described (27, 33). Ly- sates were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 min at 4°C. Protein concentra- tion was measured by Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA) protein assay.
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