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The Geology of Castle Rock, Johnston Terrace, Edinburgh

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The Geology of Castle Rock, Johnston Terrace, Edinburgh The Geology of Castle Rock, Johnstone Terrace, Edinburgh Geology and Landscape Scotland Programme Commissioned Report CR/13/031 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE SCOTLAND PROGRAMME COMMISSIONED REPORT CR/13/031 The Geology of Castle Rock, Johnstone Terrace, Edinburgh M Krabbendam and E A Callaghan The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database rights 2012. Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290. Keywords Castle Rock, Ballagan Formation, basalt. Front cover Castle Rock section above Johnston Terrace, Edinburgh Bibliographical reference KRABBENDAM, M, CALLAGHAN, E A. 2013. The Geology of Castle Rock, Johnstone Terrace, Edinburgh. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/13/031. 27pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. © NERC 2013. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2013 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of our publications is available from BGS shops at British Geological Survey offices Nottingham, Edinburgh, London and Cardiff (Welsh publications only) see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com BGS Central Enquiries Desk Tel 0115 936 3143 Fax 0115 936 3276 The London Information Office also maintains a reference collection of BGS publications, including maps, for consultation. email [email protected] We publish an annual catalogue of our maps and other publications; this catalogue is available online or from any of the Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham BGS shops. NG12 5GG Tel 0115 936 3241 Fax 0115 936 3488 The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of email [email protected] Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the surrounding continental shelf, as well as basic research projects. Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA It also undertakes programmes of technical aid in geology in Tel 0131 667 1000 Fax 0131 668 2683 developing countries. email [email protected] The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council. Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD Tel 020 7589 4090 Fax 020 7584 8270 Tel 020 7942 5344/45 email [email protected] Columbus House, Greenmeadow Springs, Tongwynlais, Cardiff CF15 7NE Tel 029 2052 1962 Fax 029 2052 1963 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB Tel 01491 838800 Fax 01491 692345 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Colby House, Stranmillis Court, Belfast BT9 5BF Tel 028 9038 8462 Fax 028 9038 8461 www.bgs.ac.uk/gsni/ Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1EU Tel 01793 411500 Fax 01793 411501 www.nerc.ac.uk Website www.bgs.ac.uk Shop online at www.geologyshop.com CR/13/031; Version 0.1 Last modified: 2013/08/16 13:54 Foreword This commissioned report is the published product of a study by the British Geological Survey (BGS) to describe a geological section of Castle Rock, Johnston Terrace, Edinburgh, Castle Rock is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and a Geological Conservation Review (GCR) Site. This report was commissioned by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) in conjunction with Historic Scotland (HS), in advance of some work to stabilise part of the section and so partly obscure it. Acknowledgements Staff from Historic Scotland, especially Ian Armstrong and Stewart Mackenzie, are thanked for facilitating access to the section and rope supervisor Stuart Hogarth and his assistant Chris Ross are thanked for their assistance to the authors for roped access to the site. Tim Kearsey, David Millward and Mike Browne (BGS) are thanked for discussions and insights into the Ballagan Formation. Professor John Underhill (University of Edinburgh) is thanked for discussions concerning faulting. i CR/13/031; Version 0.1 Last modified: 2013/08/16 13:54 Contents Foreword ......................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... i Contents .......................................................................................................................................... ii Summary ....................................................................................................................................... iv 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Geological setting ........................................................................................................... 1 2 Geological Description of Section ......................................................................................... 2 2.1 Lithology ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Basalt – Lower Carboniferous intrusive igneous rocks ............................................................... 4 2.1.2 Ballagan Formation – Lower Carboniferous sedimentary rocks ................................................. 5 2.2 Structure: Faulting ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Overall structure .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Main fault .................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Anastomosing fault zone ............................................................................................................. 8 3 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 9 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 19 ii CR/13/031; Version 0.1 Last modified: 2013/08/16 13:54 FIGURES Figure 1 : Overview of geological setting of Castle Rock. ............................................................. 2 Figure 2: Overview of section above Johnston Terrace, annotated with geology. ......................... 4 Figure 3: Sedimentary log of part of Ballagan Formation. ............................................................. 5 Figure 4: Sketch diagram showing overview of fault zone. ............................................................ 7 Figure 5: Basalt within 50 cm of faulted contact, note vesicles and lack of damage (fractures). 10 Figure 6: Basalt; main fault just off photo to the right. Narrow zone of fault-parallel fracture cleavage. ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Figure 7: Top of section, this is part of area to be netted. Sandstone and mudstone beds of Ballagan Formation. ...................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 8: Sandstone bed with cross-bedding. ................................................................................ 11 Figure 9: Sandstone bed with cross-bedding with possible water escape structures. ................... 12 Figure 10: Bedding plane between two sandstone beds. ............................................................... 12 Figure 11: Sandstone bed (c.2 m thick) with cross-bedding and erosional, channelized base. Pebbly at base (see Figure 13). ...................................................................................................... 13 Figure 12: Detail of base of erosional channel in sandstone (c. 2 m thick). Pale grey pebbles are derived from calcareous nodules; black clasts are probably volcanic in origin. ........................... 13 Figure 13: Bedding plane: top of sandstone bed (tilted block). .................................................... 14 Figure 14: Irregular, knobbly surface of enigmatic origin. ........................................................... 14 Figure 15: Subvertical beds of mudstone and sandstone (left), younging to the left. Mudstone layer rich in calcareous, pedogenic nodules, left of hammer. ....................................................... 15 Figure 16: Main fault plane exposed at base of section. Basalt. Fault plane marked by steep fault grooves, c. 1 cm deep. ................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 17: Main fault plane exposed at base of section. ..............................................................
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