Annual Report 1972
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Strategic Maneuvering and Mass-Market Dynamics: the Triumph of VHS Over Beta
Strategic Maneuvering and Mass-Market Dynamics: The Triumph of VHS Over Beta Michael A. Cusumano, Yiorgos Mylonadis, and Richard S. Rosenbloom Draft: March 25, 1991 WP# BPS-3266-91 ABSTRACT This article deals with the diffusion and standardization rivalry between two similar but incompatible formats for home VCRs (video- cassette recorders): the Betamax, introduced in 1975 by the Sony Corporation, and the VHS (Video Home System), introduced in 1976 by the Victor Company of Japan (Japan Victor or JVC) and then supported by JVC's parent company, Matsushita Electric, as well as the majority of other distributors in Japan, the United States, and Europe. Despite being first to the home market with a viable product, accounting for the majority of VCR production during 1975-1977, and enjoying steadily increasing sales until 1985, the Beta format fell behind theVHS in market share during 1978 and declined thereafter. By the end of the 1980s, Sony and its partners had ceased producing Beta models. This study analyzes the key events and actions that make up the history of this rivalry while examining the context -- a mass consumer market with a dynamic standardization process subject to "bandwagon" effects that took years to unfold and were largely shaped by the strategic maneuvering of the VHS producers. INTRODUCTION The emergence of a new large-scale industry (or segment of one) poses daunting strategic challenges to innovators and potential entrants alike. Long-term competitive positions may be shaped by the initial moves made by rivals, especially in the development of markets subject to standardization contests and dynamic "bandwagon" effects among users or within channels of distribution. -
Historical Development of Magnetic Recording and Tape Recorder 3 Masanori Kimizuka
Historical Development of Magnetic Recording and Tape Recorder 3 Masanori Kimizuka ■ Abstract The history of sound recording started with the "Phonograph," the machine invented by Thomas Edison in the USA in 1877. Following that invention, Oberlin Smith, an American engineer, announced his idea for magnetic recording in 1888. Ten years later, Valdemar Poulsen, a Danish telephone engineer, invented the world's frst magnetic recorder, called the "Telegraphone," in 1898. The Telegraphone used thin metal wire as the recording material. Though wire recorders like the Telegraphone did not become popular, research on magnetic recording continued all over the world, and a new type of recorder that used tape coated with magnetic powder instead of metal wire as the recording material was invented in the 1920's. The real archetype of the modern tape recorder, the "Magnetophone," which was developed in Germany in the mid-1930's, was based on this recorder.After World War II, the USA conducted extensive research on the technology of the requisitioned Magnetophone and subsequently developed a modern professional tape recorder. Since the functionality of this tape recorder was superior to that of the conventional disc recorder, several broadcast stations immediately introduced new machines to their radio broadcasting operations. The tape recorder was soon introduced to the consumer market also, which led to a very rapid increase in the number of machines produced. In Japan, Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, which eventually changed its name to Sony, started investigating magnetic recording technology after the end of the war and soon developed their original magnetic tape and recorder. In 1950 they released the frst Japanese tape recorder. -
Annual Report 1988
Sony Corporation is one of the world's leading manufacturers of audio and video equipment, televisions, and such products as micro floppydisks, disk drives, and semi conductors used in consumer electronics. Keenly aware of the interrelated nature of software and hardware, Sony is also bol stering its presence in the audio and video software markets. A strong commitment to research and development has helped the Company build a worldwide reputation as a pacesetter in the electronic equipment industry. Having also garnered recognition as one of Japan's most international corpo rations by manufacturing in the markets where its products are sold, Sony is cur rently strengthening global systems for other corporate functions, from manage ment to R&D. Contents 1 Financial Highlights 2 To Our Shareholders 5 Review of Operations 6 Video Equipment 9 Audio Equipment 12 Televisions 14 Other Products 19 Financial Review 2 3 Quarterly Financial and Stock Information On the cover: "My First Sony,': 2 4 Five-Year Summary of Selected Financial Data 2 5 Composition of Net Sales by Area and Product a new series of audio equip Group ment for music-loving children, 2 6 Consolidated Balance Sheet was introduced in the United 2 8 Consolidated Statement of Income and Retained States in 1987. Featuring imagi Earnings native designs and based on 2 9 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Financial Sony's belief that children's Position audio products should also be 30 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 3 9 Report of Independent Public Accountants of the highest quality, this new 40 Principal Subsidiaries and Affiliated Companies concept in audio equipment has 4 2 Investor Information proven popular with both 4 3 Board of Directors children and their parents. -
Annual Report 1989
Sony Corporation is one of the world's leading manu facturers of audio and video equipment, televisions, and such products as micro floppydisks, disk drives, and semiconductors used in consumer electronics. Keenly aware of the interrelated nature of software and hardware, Sony is also bolstering its presence in the audio and video software markets through the CBS Records group. A strong commitment to research and development has helped the Company build a world wide reputation as a pacesetter in the electronic equipment industry. Having also garnered recognition as one of japan's most international corporations by manufacturing in the markets where its products are sold, Sony is currendy strengthening global systems for other corporate functions, from management to R&D. Contents 1 Financial Highlights 2 To Our Shareholders 5 Review of Operations 6 Video Equipment 9 Audio Equipment 12 Televisions 15 Other Products 18 Record Business 20 Board of Directors 21 Financial Review 25 Quarterly Financial and Stock Information 26 Five-Year Summary of Selected Financial Data 2 7 Composition of Net Sales by Area and Product Group 28 Consolidated Balance Sheets 30 Consolidated Statements of Income and Retained Earnings Front cover: These grandparents are enjoying a video of 31 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. their grandson filmed with Sony's Bmm Handycam. And 32 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements with a Video Walkman, an album of vivid, moving images 43 Report of Independent Accountants beyond description can be enjoyed anyNme and anywhere 44 Principal Subsidiaries and Affiliated Companies (picture simulated). 46 Investor Information Financial Highlights Sony Corporation and consolidated subsidiaries · Year ended March 31 Operating Results Thousands of Millions of yen U.S. -
Growth of Sony and Structural Evolution of Organizational System
(21) -21一 Growth of Sony and Structural Evolution of Organizational System M励丘μηεH48EG4閲 I lntroduction od of this explanation is important. Because a an As fbr a worldwide excellent company, nobody entrepreneur is certainly formed the top man- will at least find the name of Sony at the present agement in the organizational hierarchy and the period. In Sony, the town-street factory in Japan serious responsibility is assumed, the business established needless to say by Masaru Ibuka organization is a cooperative system and bring and Akio Morita is a company that expanded not any domination of innovation of activity if even to Sony in the world only at less than half it is not an energies of teamwork with fluctua- acentury. For instance, a gross proceeds in fis- tion of the cooperative system and the evolution cal year 1997 reach fbr about 5.6 trillion yen, and of timely structure. When the semiautonomy the world largest manufacturer in the electron- (fluctuation)at all levels of multilayer system of iCS SeCtiOn 1). hierarchy is secured in principle and maintained Then, what is the mainspring of the growth of through the structural evolution by the action Sony?Surely, it is thought that one powerful ex- of a synergetic selfcatalysis, the cooperative sys- planation is in the innovation activity as the ex- tem with energies truly achieved. This is, that is, pression of entrepreneurspirit(unternehmerisch an explanation based on the dynamics of selfor・ Spiritualitat)that the leader of an Australian ganization through the activity with fluctuation -
THE MIT JAPAN PROGRAM _____ 1N -Z a '
THE MIT JAPAN PROGRAM _____ 1N -z a ' .. Science, Technology, Management 0 4 1J_ %I--, STRATEGIC MANEUVERING AND MASS-MARKET DYNAMICS: THE TRIUMPH OF VHS OVER BETA Michael A. Cusumano, Yiorgos Mylonadis, and Richard Rosenbloom Massachusetts Institute of Technology MITJP 91-68 Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology ------ ___l__l.....__x__-_____ I ___ 1 DISTRIBUTED COURTESY OF THE MIT JAPAN PROGRAM Science . Technology . Management Room E38-754 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cantmbridge, MA 02139 (617) 253-2839 Copyright 1992 The MIT Japan Program STRATEGIC MANEUVERING AND MASS-MARKET DYNAMICS: THE TRIUMPH OF VHS OVER BETA Michael A. Cusumano, Yiorgos Mylonadis, and Richard Rosenbloom Massachusetts Institute of Technology MITJP 91-)8 -(Ii--·--_--- I ---- __ ABSTRACT This article deals with the diffusion and standardization rivalry between two similar but incompatible formats for home VCRs (video- cassette recorders): the Betamax, introduced in 1975 by the Sony Corporation, and the VHS (Video Home System), introduced in 1976 by the Victor Company of Japan (Japan Victor or JVC) and then supported by JVC's parent company, Matsushita Electric, as well as the majority of other distributors in Japan, the United States, and Europe. Despite being first to the home market with a viable product, accounting for the majority of VCR production during 1975-1977, and enjoying steadily increasing sales until 1985, the Beta formatfell behind the VHS in market share during 1978 and declined thereafter. By the end of the 1980s, Sony and its partners had ceased producing Beta models. This study analyzes the key events and actions that make up the history of this rivalry while examining the context -- a mass consumer market with a dynamic standardization process subject to "bandwagon" effects that took years to unfold and were largely shaped by the strategic maneuvering of the VHS producers. -
Strategic Maneuvering and Mass-Market Dynamics: the Triumph of VHS Over Beta Author(S): Michael A
The President and Fellows of Harvard College Strategic Maneuvering and Mass-Market Dynamics: The Triumph of VHS over Beta Author(s): Michael A. Cusumano, Yiorgos Mylonadis, Richard S. Rosenbloom Source: The Business History Review, Vol. 66, No. 1, High-Technology Industries (Spring, 1992), pp. 51-94 Published by: The President and Fellows of Harvard College Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3117053 . Accessed: 30/03/2011 11:52 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=pfhc. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The President and Fellows of Harvard College is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Business History Review. -
Retro Media: Memory (And Memories) Lost -- University at Buffalo Libraries
Retro Media: Memory (and Memories) Lost Introduction Audio Media Visual Images/Photography Audio-Visual Computer Data Questions for the Future Preservation and Migration Webliography (Bibliography) Exhibit Acknowledgements Take a Video Tour of the Exhibit Introduction The past 120 years saw some of the most rapid changes in how we record, collect, and use audio, visual, and now digital information. The pace creates in its wake, a long list of obsolete technologies, some of which, still exist, but for which equipment and storage technologies are not always available. This exhibit reflects this light-speed, developing technology world with a selection of media formats. Audio Media Music as a Family Activity I come from a musical family that had both a large 78 rpm and 33 rpm collection. Before headphones were common place and well before portable, individual music players, listening to records was a family activity. We sit down in front on the big console record player (about 6-7 feet long) and listen with an occasional comment. I learned a lot about music just be listening together and discussing what we had just heard.—A. Ben Wagner, Science & Engineering Library Timeline 1877 – Thomas Edison’s phonograph – first audio recording device with immediate playback. 1925 – 78 RPM Shellac Record 1930 – 33 RPM Vinyl Record 1947 – ¼” Reel-to-Reel Tape 1949 – 45 RPM Vinyl Record 1964 – Compact Cassette Tapes (possibly 1966) 1965 – Eight Track Tapes 1969 – Microcassette Tapes 1980 – Audio Compact Discs Disc Records (78, 33, 45 RPM) Microcassette tapes ¼” Reel-to-Reel Tape Audio Compact Discs Compact Cassette Tapes Minidisks Eight Track Tape Vinyl/Shellac Records The vinyl record is a type of gramophone record that was most commonly used for mass-produced music recordings. -
Annual Report 1977
SONY ANNUAL REPORT 1977 Sony Corporation TOKYO. JAPAN HIGHLIGHTS For the years ended October 31 Thousands of U.S. dollars) ( except per share amounts 1977 1976 Net sales: Domestic $ 813,762 $796,138 Overseas 1, 294,671 1, 135,229 Total .. 2,108,433 1,931,367 Income before income taxes . 267,137 267,350 Income taxes 137,462 148,471 Net income. 144,342 127,892 Per Depositary Share. 67 . 59 Notes: 1. Each Depositary Share represents 1 share of Common Stock. Per share amounts are based on the average number of shares outstanding during each period, adjusted for all stock distributions. 2. U.S. dollar amounts are translated from yen at the approximate rate of ¥240= U.S. $1, the Tokyo foreign exchange market rate as of December 16, 1977, as described in Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. U.S. dollar amounts for fiscal 1976 have also been stated using the same rate. TO THE HOLDERS OF SONY DEPOSITARY SHARES: Reflecting the excellent acceptance of the company's "Beta max" home video system and other videotape equipment, Sony estab lished record highs for both con solidated net sales and net income during the fiscal year ended Octo ber 31, 1977. Masaru lbuka, Akio Morita, Chairman Kazuo Iwama, President Honorary Chairman and and Chief Executive Officer Chief Operating Officer Consolidated net sales for fiscal1977 were $2,108,433,000, an increase of 9.2 percent above net sales of $1,931,367,000 for fiscal 1976. Consolidated net income for fiscal 1977 was $144,342,000, an increase of 12.9 percent above net income of $127,892,000 for fiscal 1976. -
Historical Development of Magnetic Recording and Tape Recorder 3 Masanori Kimizuka
Historical Development of Magnetic Recording and Tape Recorder 3 Masanori Kimizuka ■ Abstract The history of sound recording started with the "Phonograph," the machine invented by Thomas Edison in the USA in 1877. Following that invention, Oberlin Smith, an American engineer, announced his idea for magnetic recording in 1888. Ten years later, Valdemar Poulsen, a Danish telephone engineer, invented the world's first magnetic recorder, called the "Telegraphone," in 1898. The Telegraphone used thin metal wire as the recording material. Though wire recorders like the Telegraphone did not become popular, research on magnetic recording continued all over the world, and a new type of recorder that used tape coated with magnetic powder instead of metal wire as the recording material was invented in the 1920's. The real archetype of the modern tape recorder, the "Magnetophone," which was developed in Germany in the mid-1930's, was based on this recorder.After World War II, the USA conducted extensive research on the technology of the requisitioned Magnetophone and subsequently developed a modern professional tape recorder. Since the functionality of this tape recorder was superior to that of the conventional disc recorder, several broadcast stations immediately introduced new machines to their radio broadcasting operations. The tape recorder was soon introduced to the consumer market also, which led to a very rapid increase in the number of machines produced. In Japan, Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, which eventually changed its name to Sony, started investigating magnetic recording technology after the end of the war and soon developed their original magnetic tape and recorder. In 1950 they released the first Japanese tape recorder. -
Making a Technology of Consciousness in the Long 1960S
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2015 The Revolution Will Be Videotaped: Making a Technology of Consciousness in the Long 1960s Peter Sachs Collopy University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Communication Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Collopy, Peter Sachs, "The Revolution Will Be Videotaped: Making a Technology of Consciousness in the Long 1960s" (2015). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1665. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1665 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1665 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Revolution Will Be Videotaped: Making a Technology of Consciousness in the Long 1960s Abstract In the late 1960s, video recorders became portable, leaving the television studio for the art gallery, the psychiatric hospital, and the streets. The technology of recording moving images on magnetic tape, previously of use only to broadcasters, became a tool for artistic expression, psychological experimentation, and political revolution. Video became portable not only materially but also culturally; it could be carried by an individual, but it could also be carried into institutions from the RAND Corporation to the Black Panther Party, from psychiatrists’ officeso t art galleries, and from prisons to state-funded media access centers. Between 1967 and 1973, American -
Akio Morita – the Leadership Style
Case Study Akio Morita – The Leadership Style KBS Kumar Innovation and miniaturization have been two unbeatable characteristics of Sony Corp., which were imbibed under the visionary leadership of Akio Morita. Akio Morita played an instrumental role in positioning Sony as a global leader in electronic goods. He also played an important role in improving relations between US and Japan after World War II. This case narrates the leadership style of Akio Morita—the paradigmatic hero, and its lessons to the academia and practicing executives. Introduction Late Akio Morita, former Chairman and CEO of Sony Corp., played a momentous role in founding, developing and expanding the company (Sony Corp.) through his impeccable leadership qualities. He co-founded Sony with Masaru Ibuka in the year 1946 in a dilapidated building. Under his leadership, Sony became a global market leader in electronic goods. By dint of Morita’s innovative inclination and his urge to provide a better product to the consumer, Sony became the product leader in the global industry. In 1982, the International Council of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences1, felicitated Morita with the Directorate Award, for his contribution to the broadcast industry for well over three decades. Within a span of 20 years since its inception, i.e., in 1970, Sony became the first Japanese firm on New York Stock Exchange.2 Akio Morita has been called a paradigmatic hero of post-war Japan. He reconciled the two incongruous views of the world (Japanese and American)—one that came naturally, while the other had to be acquired. Morita was a charismatic leader with a gift of incandescence.