Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.T65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81842-1 - The Reformation of Rights: Law, Religion, and Human Rights in Early Modern Calvinism John Witte Index More information

Index to biblical sources

Genesis 20:12, 49, 108 2:15, 36 21:7–11, 58 4:13, 57 21:18–32, 58 6:2, 138 22:1–4, 230 6:5, 58 22:28, 109 9:3, 58 23:13, 66 9:23, 109 23:20–23, 58, 66 14:1–9, 52 23:25–31, 58, 66 14:19, 75 28:1–43, 66 16:1, 58 29–30, 58 16:12, 51 33:1–23, 66 18:2, 58 Leviticus 19:6, 58 19:5, 49, 108 20:7, 234 20:9, 58 20:9, 58 25:44, 58 21:14, 58 27:8, 58 22:9, 52 27:30–33, 75 27:1, 58 Numbers 27:3–9, 58 1:20, 58 32:34, 52 3:5–10, 57 33:3, 230 5:8, 75 34:1–3, 51 8:6, 75 34:4, 58 11:1–35, 75 39:11, 56 13:1–30, 75 45:5, 57 18:20–24, 75 50:5–6, 168 18–22, 57 Exodus 28:8–19, 75 1:15–22, 58, 66 30:1–16, 58 6:16–18, 75 31:1–54, 66 7:1–7, 75 36:1–5, 58 10:21–29, 66 Deuteronomy 12:4–14, 66 3:12–20, 57 13:1–59, 75 4-6, 190, 296 15:20, 234 5:4–7, 61 17:8–16, 58 5:8–10, 66 19:6, 234 5:16, 49, 58, 66, 108, 116 19:9–15, 57 5:19, 58 20:1–6, 66 5:23–27, 59 20:3, 58 6:5, 64 20:5–6, 231 10:12–13, 64 20:9, 58 12:19, 75

369

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81842-1 - The Reformation of Rights: Law, Religion, and Human Rights in Early Modern Calvinism John Witte Index More information

370 Index to biblical sources

13:12–17, 66 68:9, 57 15:1–11, 56 69:36, 57 16:18–19, 56 72:4, 58 17:12–13, 66 74:2, 57 17:14–15, 188 81:5, 57 17:14–18, 56 82, 92 17:16–20, 63 82:3, 58 18:1–8, 75 82:6, 48, 93 18:14–18, 56, 63 87:6, 57 19:18, 64 89:19, 57 20:5–8, 58 105:6–11, 44, 57 20:11, 167 112:1, 92 21:10–14, 138 Proverbs 25:5, 287 21:14–17, 58 Isaiah 21:23, 66 2:5, 57 22:25–30, 52 7:1–25, 58 23:9–14, 66 10:1–34, 66 24:1, 257 22:1–25, 57 24:7, 56 26:1–21, 66 25:1–4, 58, 66 41:1–29, 66 25:17–19, 58 42:3, 67 26:16–19, 122 44:1–28, 66 27:11–15, 122 45:1–25, 66 29-30, 190 54:17, 57 29:9–18, 122 55:1, 243 34:1–29, 57 57:1–21, 66 Joshua 58:5, 66 14:13, 57 60:1–23, 66 16:1, 57 Jeremiah 1 Samuel 12:14, 66 8, 56 18:18, 66 8:11–22, 57, 66 22:1–3, 58 10:25, 122 22:13–14, 57 11:6-10, 76 24:10, 57 17, 57 25:7, 66 26:22–25, 66 28:4, 66 2 Samuel 30:9, 60 1:1–4, 116 34:17, 66 1:4, 122 40:1–3, 168 1–4, 63 41:1–3, 58 5:1–3, 188 50:5, 287 1 Kings Ezekiel 1:34–40, 188 1:3, 66 12:1–20, 188 5:11, 66 1 Chronicles 29:17, 49 8:17, 57 2 Chronicles 15:15, 287 13:17–18, 66 Job 16:21, 66 10:16–17, 63 18:5–9, 66 19:26–29, 63 20:18–19, 66 34:138, 63 20:27–28, 66 Psalms 20:34, 66 2:12, 66 20:37, 66 7:6–8, 57 20:39, 66 16:2–3, 66 Daniel 24:1–4, 75 4:1-3 47:7, 57 4:17, 66

Index to biblical sources 371

6:16, 66 6:44, 243 6:21–22, 60 7:37, 243 6:22, 66, 116 8:11, 57 8:11, 66 8:32, 230 9:27, 66 8:32–36, 172 11:41–42, 57 8:33, 57 Hosea 8:36, 230 13:4–5, 66 18:11, 66 13:15, 57 Acts Amos 5:1–11, 49, 101 5:12, 58 5:9, 124 7:16, 66 5:29, 51, 66 8:3–4, 58 9:16, 57 Jonah 2:8–9, 66 13:46, 57 Micah 2:7, 66 15, 101 Habbakuk 2:3, 66 15:4, 66 2:19, 66 15:22, 101, 102 Zephaniah 1:5, 66 17:7, 51, 66 Malachi 22:1, 66 2:1–6, 9, 66 23:5, 109 2:9, 66 Romans 2:14, 16, 138 2:15, 157 2:16, 138 3:30, 57 Sirach 33:20, 167 5:17, 57 Matthew 6:18, 230 5:18, 257 6:22, 230 5:38–41, 50 8:2, 230 5:39, 52, 169 9:12–13, 57 15:4, 49, 108 12:17–19, 50 16:19, 98 12:19, 51, 52 18:15–18, 98 13, 50, 243 18:16, 101 13:1, 50, 124 19:3, 257 13:1–5, 108 19:6, 256 13:1–7, 49 19:9, 257 13:1–9, 124 19:11, 138 13:1–10, 50, 64 21:12–17, 102 13:5, 50 22:21, 108, 238 14:4, 230 Mark 14:5, 230, 243 2:23–28, 163 14:9–10, 243 7:10, 49, 108 14:10, 230 12:17, 108 1 Corinthians 16:16, 243 4:15, 66 Luke 6:12, 167 6:1–5, 163 7:4–6, 168 6:29, 169 7:10, 37, 58 6:29–30, 49 7:11, 58 15:20, 58 7:14, 138 20:25, 108 7:14–15, 50 John 7:15, 258 1:12, 57 7:23, 230, 243 2:4, 66 7:37, 57 3:16; 8:33, 57 8:9, 167 3:29, 58 8:13, 230 4:21–23, 243 9:1–12, 172 5:22, 66 9:11, 138

372 Index to biblical sources

9:19, 243 2 Timothy 10:23, 57 2:2, 234 11:6, 67 5, 138 14:34–36, 49 Titus 2 Corinthians 3:17, 230, 243 1:5–6, 75 Galatians 3:1, 49 2:16, 243 3:10, 67, 75 3:10, 230 Philemon 3:15, 287 9, 66 3:19, 59 13, 66 4:3, 243 17, 66 4:7, 230 Hebrews 4:9–10, 243 2:5, 57, 66 4:26, 243 2:5, 17, 66 5:1, 230 2:17, 57, 66 5:13, 59, 230 2:15, 230 5:13–14, 243 6:12, 57 5:21, 57 7:5–12, 75 Ephesians 7:10, 57 5:6, 66 James 5:21–33, 49 1:18, 57 5:29, 168 1:25, 230 6:1–2, 49, 108 2:12, 230 6:5, 49 1 Peter Philippians 1:14, 61 2:6, 66 2:5–9, 234 2:12, 49 2:9, 218 Colossians 2:13, 49 2:16, 243 2:13–17, 108 2:23, 243 2:16, 62, 230 3:18, 49 5:3, 234 3:22, 49 Jude 1–2, 75 1 Thessalonians, 218 Revelations 2 Thessalonians 3:6, 57 1:6, 234 1 Timothy 3:18, 243 2:12, 75 5:10, 218 3:1, 101 20:6, 218 6:1, 49 22:17, 240, 243

Index

Acton Lord Dutch revolt and republic, importance of Adams, John, 17, 31 thought to, 150, 154, 155, 171, 199, 203–207 Althusius and Dutch revolt and republic, 155, (See also Dutch revolt and republic) 203, 204 on equality of persons under law, 178 Body of Liberties, influence of, 285 on establishment of Calvinism by state, 173, Calvin and, 39 175, 196–199 Milton and, 275 on family on non-divine nature of government private natural association, marital authority, 39, 314 household as, 184–186 Puritans, admiration for, 277–279 right to family life, 177 on religious liberty and religious pluralism, human nature, symbiotic theory of, 155, 292–293 182–183 on social covenant, 301–302 legal theory of, 156–169 adiaphora, 46, 92, 94 Milton influenced by, 272 An Agreement of the Free People of England, on natural law, 157–160 215–217 Bible, discerned from, 159 Alciatus, Andreas, 42 concordance with biblical and positive law, Alleine, Richard, 290 160–169 Alsted, Johann Heinrich, 289 demonstrative theory of, 155, 165–169 Althusius, Johannes, 8–10, 203–207 marital household as private natural association, theory of, 182–184 association, 184–186 on Bible and moral law, 153 obligations, natural vs. contractual, 179–180 concordance with natural and positive law, positive law and, 160 160–169 religious liberty and, 171 legal theory and biblical law, 151, 156–157 on natural rights, 169, 176–177 natural law discerned from, 159 on political issues (See under politics and the political associations and, 188–192 state) religious liberty derived from, 171 on positive law, 157, 160 resistance to tyranny based on, 200 concordance with biblical and natural law, biographical information, 152 160–169 on church–state relations natural law and, 160 absolute liberty of conscience coupled with rights under, 177–181 limited right of exercise, 171–174 on private rights, 177, 178–180 Calvinism, state establishment of, 173, 175, on procedural rights, 177, 180–181, 202 196–199 on public rights, 177–178 conflicting notions of, 196–199 on religious liberties, 170–176 covenant theory of, 190–192, 201–202, 287 on religious pluralism, 172 on Decalogue, 9 on religious toleration, 173–175, 196 legal theory, 161–163, 164 resistance theory of, 154–155, 200–203 politics and the state, 183 rights doctrine of, 169–181 rights doctrine, 170, 176, 181 Decalogue and, 170, 175

373

374 Index

Althusius, Johannes (cont.) Locke on, 176 life and bodily liberty, 165–169, 175 Milton on, 244 natural rights, 169, 176–177 Augsburg Interim, 106–107, 114 under positive law, 177–181 Augsburg, Religious Peace of, 74, 114, 128, 175 private rights, 177, 178–180 procedural rights, 177, 180–181, 202 Bainton, Roland, 40 public rights, 177–178 balance of powers (See separation and balance of religious liberties, 170–176 powers) social rights, 176–181 Baldus de Ubaldis, 136 on social rights, 176–181 Ball, William, 220 writings of, 152–156 Bancroft, George, 40 Alva, Duke of, 68, 144–145, 146 Baptists, 219, 312, 313 America (See also Puritan New England) Barebones Parliament, 213 Calvinist rights doctrine in, 31, 325–334 Barnard, John, 295 constitutionalism in, 30–32, 318–319 Barth, Karl, 123 Dutch revolt, influence of, 203–204 Batwick, John, 220 Enlightenment view of rights and, 30–32 Baxter, Richard, 220 Kuyper on, 321–329 Belgian provinces, confederation of, 146–147 Milton’s influence in, 275 Benedict, Philip, 18 Native American constitutionalism, 329 benevolence and charity, Puritan valuation of, Ames, William, 289 299 Anabaptists Berckringer, Daniel, 150 antinomianism of, Calvin’s wish to avoid, Bertius, Peter, 150 4–6, 62 Beuterrich, Peter, 146 Beza on, 129 Beza, Theodore, and right of resistance, 6–8, Calvin’s thought compared to, 4, 78 134–141 Milton compared, 272 Althusius influenced by, 153, 154, 201, 205, in Netherlands, 147 207 political unrest sparked by, 52 birth, education, and conversion of, 87 rights doctrine, influence on, 329 Calvin’s resistance theory compared, 114–117 Anglicanism Calvin’s theology of moral law compared, 62 Catholic traditions retained in, 235, 236 complementarity of positive civil and on marriage, 256 ecclesiastical law, 94 Milton’s attacks on, 235–239 contract, freedom of, 130–132, 138–139, 201 state control over religious worship in, 65 dissolution of political covenant, 132 animal rights in Puritan New England, 283 Dutch revolt and republic, 148 Antholz, Heinz, 205 early intimations of, 102–106 anthropology (See human nature) ecclesiology of antinomianism, 4–6, 62, 232–234 early formulation of unitary Christian Antwerp, Religious Peace of, 146 society, 89–94 Apollonius, William, 150 Morely´ and democratic governance of Aretius, Benedict, 169 church, 97–102 Aristotle, 48, 136, 138 religious liberty of church, 96, 128 Arminians, 174, 175, 219, 272 emigration, freedom of, 128, 133 Arminius, Jacob, 1 Geneva, Beza’s authority in, 87 Arras, Union of, 146 heretics and heresy association, freedom of early formulations on, 94–102, 103 Althusius’s association theory, 182–184 mature formulations on, 129 Kuyper on America, 323 influences on Beza, 89, 135–136 Milton on, 270 on law religious liberty, rights necessarily associated complementarity of positive civil and with, 149 ecclesiastical law, 94 atheism and atheists on magistrates, 92–94 Adams on, 293 positive ecclesiastical laws, 91–92 Kuyper on, 323 positive local laws, 90

Index 375

on private contract law and political Morely´ and democratic governance of church, covenant, 130–132 98 universal laws, divine and customary, 90 Mosaic law, Milton on, 227–235 Magdeburg Confession, influence of, 87, polygamy, 97, 233, 258, 259 106–114 “prophet, priest, and king” rhetoric, 112–113, Marian exiles, resistance theory of, 118–122 217, 234, 235, 265, 267, 268 marriage contract and political covenant in Puritan New England, 278, 284, 288, 296, compared, 130–132, 138–139, 201, 250 301 mature formulations of, 122–134 resistance theory Milton influenced by, 222, 272 Calvin on, 116–117 on Morely´ and democratic governance of Magdeburg Confession, 108–111, 123 church, 97–102, 140 obedience to authority, passages apparently on natural law and natural rights, 127, 128–130 encouraging, 108 on Ochino, 97, 140 speech and press, Milton on freedoms of, 264 political covenant theory, 123–133, 137, 201, Bill of Rights, English, 11, 213, 268, 269, 273 287 (See also under politics and the state) bill of rights, Puritan Body of Liberty as, 287 on positive law Bill of Rights, US, 31, 269, 337 complementarity of ecclesiastical law and, bodily liberty, Althusius on right to, 165–169, 176 94 Bodin, Jean, 153, 194 positive ecclesiastical laws, 91–92 Body of Liberties, 280–287, 309 positive local laws, 90 Bohatec, Josef, xii protection of rights of people, ruler’s duty of, Borgeaud, Charles, xii, 39 128, 308 Browne, Robert, 217 religious liberty Browning, Don, 334 of church, 96, 128 Bruck,¨ Gregory, 113 foundational nature of Brunner, Emil, 328 individual liberty of conscience and heresy, Brutus Junius, Stephanus (Philippe DuPlessis 94–102, 103 Mornay), 89, 137, 148 mature formulations on, 128–129, 133, 140 Bryce, James, 319 on Servetus, 89, 94–96, 129, 140 Bucer, Martin, 42, 113, 114, 136, 153, 222, 245, 255, significance of, 134–141 272 speech, freedom of, 129, 133 Buchanan, George, 137, 222, 272 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre and, 6–8, Bude,´ Guillaume, 42 69, 81–87, 103, 122, 129, 132 Bugenhagen, Johannes, 113 stages and means of resistance, 133–134 Buis, Paul, 150 traditional nature of early writings, 87–89 Bullinger, Heinrich, 89, 136, 153, 287 unitary church–state relations, early Bunyan, John, 220 formulations on, 89–94 Burke, Edmund, 205, 329 US Bill of Rights and, 31 Burton, Henry, 220 usurper tyrants distinguished from legitimate Butterfield, Herbert, 321 leaders who become tyrants, 104, 136 voluntary nature of political covenant, 131 Calvin, Gerard, 42 writings of Beza, 88–89 Calvin, John, and foundations of Calvinist biblical sources for rights, 27–29, 331–334, 336 rights theory, 3–6, 39–80 (See also covenants; Decalogue; separate index Althusius influenced by, 153, 154, 198, 205, of biblical sources) 207 Althusius’s use of (See under Althusius, birth, education, and conversion, 42–43 Johannes) on church–state relations, 4, 44, 55, 76, 287 Beza’s use of, 93, 124 covenant theory in, 122, 140 Calvin’s use of, 46, 48, 49, 57 dialectic introduced by, 55 covenant theology, 288 on due process rights, 36 English revolutionary pamphleteers, 215 early formulations of, 42–56 marriage and divorce, Milton’s on, 256–258 ecclesiology of (See under ecclesiology) Milton’s use of, 224, 225, 227–235, 240–241, equity, concept of, 48, 67 243–244, 256–258, 264 on family and marriage, 50, 138

376 Index

Calvin, John, and foundations Calvinist (cont.) on state law, 62–70 on God’s rights, 65, 116–117 subjective rights talk used by, 57, 61 on heretics and heresy theological nature of writings, 40 Servetus and other open heretics, two kingdoms theory of, 43–45, 55, 58, 59, 62, prosecution of, 67 76 spiritual liberty accorded to, 46 two-track system of morality in, 78 historical views of, 39–42 Calvinism on law Althusius on state establishment of, 173, 175, abusive authority, litigation as means of 196–199 dealing with, 52 in Dutch republic on canon law, 45–47, 72 control assumed by, 147 on church law, 70–76 increasing role in revolt, 145–146 church respect for rule of law, 78 ministerial denunciation of Spanish education of, 42–43 spiritual reforms, 144 equity, concept of, 48, 67 totalitarian aspects of, 1 on moral law, 59–62, 78 use of term, 18 natural law and natural rights, 59 Calvinist rights doctrine, xi–xii, 1–3 prominence of law and order in mature alternative influences on development of writings of, 58 rights, 328 property rights, concern with, 57 in America, 31, 325–334 (See also Puritan on state law, 62–70 New England) litigation as means of dealing with abusive Catholic rights doctrine development authority, 52 compared to, 330 Magdeburg Confession, response to, 114–117 constitutional rights and documents magistrates and ministers, political developed from, 2–3 responsibilities of, 52 doctrinal theology and, 331–334 mature formulations of, 56–76 Dutch revolt and republic and (See Althusius, Milton influenced by, 245, 265, 272 Johannes; Dutch revolt and republic) moderation, importance of, 42, 51, 52, 57, 60, in England (see English revolutions; Milton, 67 John) on moral law, 59–62, 78 foundations of (See Calvin, John, and natural law and natural rights, 59 foundations of Calvinist rights theory) New England Puritans influenced by, 280, influence and significance of, 325–334 319 Kuyper on, 325–334 persecution of church by state, no provision methodology of study, 18–20 for, 6, 85 modern rights classifications and, 34–37 on political liberty of individuals, 44, 47–56 religious rights as basis for, 2 on political suffrage, 56 resistance, right of (See Beza, Theodore, and on positive law, 62–70 right of resistance) on religious liberty, 3 resistance theory as critical development in, of church, 56, 75 86–87 church law and individual liberty, 74–75 Cambridge Synod and Platform, 303 differing views on Calvin’s contributions canon law, 26, 45–47, 72, 329 to, 39–42 capital crime in Puritan New England, 278, 282 moral law theory and, 62 Castellio, Sebastian, 47, 69, 89, 94, 97 Servetus and other open heretics, Catholicism (See Roman Catholicism) prosecution of, 67 censorship, Milton on, 260–268 spiritual liberty or liberty of conscience of Chandieu, Antoine de, 89 individuals, 44, 45–47, 74–75, 79 Chaplin, Jonathan, 328 state law and, 62–70 charity and benevolence, Puritan valuation of, on resistance theory, 50–54, 65–66, 87, 114–117 299 Servetus, prosecution of, 67 Charles-Boston Church, Covenant of, 304 significance of, 77–80 Charles I of England, 11, 209–212, 213, 214, 219, single faith in each community, assumption 223–224, 251, 261, 262 of, 6, 85 Charles II of England, 11, 213, 279

Index 377

Charles IX of France, 84 Coke, Edward, 214, 261, 280 Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) and Coligny, Gaspard de, 81, 83, 84, 117 Magdeburg Confession, 106–114 Colloquy of Poissy, 83, 88, 105 Charleston Church Compact, 16 Commandments (See Decalogue) chastity, right to, 176 common law (See law; politics and the state; checks and balances (See separation and balance positive law) of powers) Commonwealth/Protectorate in England, children 212–213, 220 Althusius on private natural associations, communal or social covenant in Puritan New 184–186 England, 294–303 rights in Puritan New England, 283 concubinage, Milton on, 233, 258 church, rights and responsibilities of (See confession, hermeneutics of, 343 ecclesiology) Congregationalism, 241, 280, 303, 314 church–state relations (See also separation of Connecticut (See also Puritan New England) church and state) Fundamental Orders of, 297 Althusius on Watertown absolute liberty of conscience coupled with Covenant-Creed of 1647, 304 limited right of exercise, 171–174 Covenant of 1630, 296 Calvinism, state establishment of, 173 conscience, liberty of (See religious liberty) conﬂicting notions of, 196–199 Constantine (Roman Emperor) and Beza’s early formulations on unitary Christian Constantinianism, 25, 237, 238, 245 society, 89–94 constitutions and constitutionalism Calvin on, 44, 55 American constitutionalism, 30–32, 318–319, early Protestant Reformation views on, 28–29 321–329 establishment of religion collection of scattered common law rights Althusius on state establishment of into single document in Puritan New Calvinism, 173, 175 England, 286–287 Milton on, 238, 244 Massachusetts Constitution (1780), 278, 285, tithing in Puritan New England, 311–314 292, 301–302, 313–314 Milton on, 235–248 tyranny as violation of, 201–202 persecution of church by state contracts (See also covenants; marriage) failure of Calvin to provide for, 6, 85 Althusius on, 179–180, 206 resisting (See resistance, right of) Beza on freedom of, 130–132, 138–139, 201 in Puritan New England, 16–17, 307, Milton on, 223, 240 309–314 in Puritan New England, 283, 290, 293 single faith in each community, Calvin’s rights theory and, 29–32 assumption of, 85 Coornhert, Francis, 148 tithing in Puritan New England, 310–314 Cop, Nicholas, 42 two kingdoms theory Cotton, John, 279, 292, 307, 316, 317 of Calvin, 43–45, 58, 59, 62, 76 Council of Trent, 84, 144, 175, 263 Lutheran origins, 43 Covarruvias, Diego, 169 terms for kingdoms, 44 covenants Cicero, 29, 136 Althusius on, 190–192, 201–202, 287 civil law (See law; positive law) Beza’s theory of political covenant, 123–133, civil rights (See also speciﬁc rights, e.g. speech, 137, 201 freedom of) in Calvin, 287 Althusius on Goodman on, 122 public rights, 177–178 grace, covenant of, 288, 290–291 social rights, 176–181 marriage as, 255 in Geneva, 36 Milton’s acceptance of Calvinist thought on, Milton on, 225, 259–271 223 in Puritan New England, 284 in Puritan New England (See under Puritan civil war, English, 211 New England) Clarus, Julius, 169 Scottish Covenanters, 287 Cleaver, Robert, 249 theology of, 288–289

378 Index

covenants (cont.) domestic liberty tyranny as constitutional violation of, 201–202 Milton on, 237, 248–259 works, covenant of, 288, 289–290, 294 in Puritan New England, 283, 294 criminal law Donahue, Charles, 24 Althusius on, 180, 181 Donellus, Hugo, 153 English revolutionary pamphleteers on, 216 Dooyeweerd, Herman, 35, 328 in Puritan New England, 282–283 Dorchester First Church Covenant of 1636, Cromwell, Oliver, 213, 220, 248, 273 304–306 Cromwell, Richard, 213 Doumergue, Emile, xii, 39 du Plessis, Lourens, 328 Dalai Lama, 343 due process rights in Calvinist thought, 36 Dalton, Michael, 280 DuPlessis Mornay, Philippe (Stephanus Brutus Daneau, Lambert, 89, 153 Junius), 89, 137 death penalty in Puritan New England, 278, Dutch revolt and republic, 143–150 282 Abjuration, 1581 Act of, 143, 203 Decalogue, 333 Althusius, importance of thought of, 150, 154, Althusius on, 9 (See also Althusius, Johannes) legal theory, 161–163, 164 American Revolution and, 203–204 politics and the state, 183 Calvinists in Netherlands rights doctrine, 170, 176, 181 control assumed by, 147 Beza on, 93, 127, 129, 133, 140 increasing role in revolt, 145–146 Calvin on, 59, 64 ministerial denunciation of Spanish in early Protestant Reformation thought, 29, spiritual reforms, 144 35 confederation, 146–147 inalienable rights granted by God, Goodman’s religious liberty, rights necessarily associated postulation of, 121 with, 149 Milton on, 223, 231 religious toleration in, 145–146, 175 New England Puritans and, 281, 308 resistance, right of, 147–150 religious liberty and, 129, 140 Roman Catholic Church in Netherlands resistance, right of, 86, 116–117, 133 after confederation, 147 Declaration of Independence, US, 203 Inquisition, introduction of, 8, 144, 145 Declaration of the Rights of Man, 30, 340 reorganization of hierarchy, 144 Deists, 293 Tridentine decrees, 144 democratic process Spanish armed invasion under Alva, 144–145 Calvin on church respect for, 79 US Bill of Rights and, 31 ecclesial writings and rights concepts arising out of, Beza on Morely´ and, 97–102 147–150, 213 Milton’s arguments for, 237–238, 240 ecclesiology (See also church–state relations; in Puritan New England, 306, 317–318 separation of church and state) elections, rights regarding Althusius on state establishment of ecclesial democracy, Milton’s arguments Calvinism, 173, 175, 196–199 for, 237–238 of Beza political rights, Milton on, 269 early formulation of unitary Christian in Puritan New England, 284, 317–318 society, 89–94 dialectical method, 205 on Morely´ and democratic governance of Digests of Justinian, 24 church, 97–102 Diggers, 219, 247 religious liberty of church, 96, 128 Dignitatis Humanae, 330 of Calvin, 4–6, 70–76 dignity of human beings, rights predicated on, canon law, 45–47, 72 32–33 democratic process, church respect for, 79 discipline and public virtue in Puritan New doctrinal power of church, 71 England governance of earthly kingdom, church’s ecclesially enforced, 306–307 role in, 58 social covenant and, 300 jurisdictional power of church, 72–73 divorce, Milton on, 237, 248–259 legislative power of church, 71

Index 379

political responsibilities of ministers, 52 Milton and, 11–14, 219–225 (See also Milton, positive law, ecclesiastical law viewed as, 62 John) religious liberty of church, 56, 75 natural law and natural rights, pamphleteers resistance, right of, 50 on, 217 rule of law, church respect for, 78 Presbyterians in England, 213, 219, 238, signiﬁcance of, 78–80 243–244, 247 spiritual liberty or liberty of conscience of “prophet, priest, and king” rhetoric, 217 individuals and, 74–75 religious liberty, 209, 214, 216 democratic governance of church Restoration, 213, 220, 248, 273, 279 Beza on Morely´ and, 97–102 Rump Parliament, 212–213, 216 Milton’s arguments for, 237–238, 240 Star Chamber and Court of High in Puritan New England, 306, 317–318 Commission, 211, 262 in medieval period, 25 US Bill of Rights and, 31 of Milton, 235–248 writings and rights concepts arising out of, positive law, ecclesiastical law as, 62, 91–92 213–220 in Puritan New England Enlightenment church covenants, 303–307 historiography of rights and, 20–22 congregational meetings, 318 inﬂuence on rights doctrine, 329 Congregationalism in, 280, 303, 312 Puritan New England and, 318 cooperation of church and state, 309–314 rights as viewed by standards of, 20–22, democratic governance of church in, 306, 29–32, 341–344 317–318 ephors discipline of congregation in, 306–307 Althusius and, 154, 195 religious liberty of church in, 284 Beza and, 115, 119, 126 separation and balance of powers in church Calvin and, 52 government, 314–318 equality of persons under law religious liberty of church Althusius on, 178 Beza on, 96, 128 English revolutionary pamphleteers on, 217 Kuyper on America, 323 equity, Calvin’s concept of, 48, 67 in Puritan New England, 284, 304 Erastus, Thomas, and Erastianism, 78, 125 spiritual liberty, Calvin on duty of church to establishment of religion respect, 45–47 Althusius on state establishment of Calvinism, 173, 175 Edict of Milan, 25 Milton on, 238, 244 Edict of Nantes, 129, 141, 175 tithing in Puritan New England, 311–314 education, freedom of, 149, 270 L’Estoile, Pierre, 42 Edwards, Thomas, 220 Exeter Covenant (New Hampshire), 298 Eisermann, Johannes, 113 Elazar, Daniel, 205 family elections, rights regarding Althusius on ecclesial democracy, Milton’s arguments for, private natural association, marital 237–238 household as, 184–186 political rights, Milton on, 269 right to family life, 177 in Puritan New England, 284, 317–318 Calvin on, 50, 138 Elizabeth I of England, 120, 175, 261 early Protestant Reformation views on, 28–29 emigration, freedom of, 128, 133, 307 marriage contracts and political covenant, England, Marian exiles from, 118–122, 222 Beza on, 130–132 English revolutions, 11–14, 209–220 Milton on domestic or private liberty, 237 Barebones Parliament, 213 in Puritan New England, 283, 294 civil war, 211 Favre, Antoine, 167 Commonwealth/Protectorate, 212–213, 220, federalism 273 Althusius on, 193–194 Glorious Revolution, 11, 213, 248, 273 Kuyper on America, 324 Long Parliament, 209–212, 221, 250, 259, 262, in Puritan New England, 317 263 Fitzralph, Richard, 27

380 Index

Fontainebleau, Edict of, 175 Gregory XIII (Pope), 146 Fourteenth Amendment, 337 Greville, Robert, 220 France Grotius, Hugo, 1, 150, 175 Colloquy of Poissy, 83, 88, 105 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, Hamilton, Alexander, 204 340 happiness, Beza on pursuit of, 92 Edict of Nantes, 129, 141 Harrington, James, 220 French Revolution, 1, 327, 340 Hemming, Nicolaus, 154 spread of Calvinism in, 83, 84 Henri II of France, 83 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 69, 81–87, Henry of Navarre, 84 101, 103 Henry VIII of England, 236, 261, 262 Francis I of France, 36, 53–54 heretics and heresy, 1 Free Church tradition, 174, 329, 337 Althusius on, 173–174 free will, Milton on, 226–235 Beza on freedoms (See rights, and specific freedoms, e.g. early formulations, 94–102, 103 religious liberty) mature formulations, 129 French Revolution, 1, 327, 340 Calvin on Friedrich, Carl, 204 Servetus and other open heretics, prosecution of, 67 Gail, Andreas, 169 spiritual liberty accorded to, 46 Gelasius (Pope), 76 Milton on, 244 generational classification of rights, 33–34, in Puritan New England, 278, 291, 300 340 hermeneutics of confession, 343 Geneva (See also Beza, Theodore, and right of hermeneutics of history, 344 resistance; Calvin, John, and foundations of hermeneutics of suspicion, 343 Calvinist rights theory) High Commission, Court of, 211 Beza’s authority in, 87–89, 95–98, 101–103 historical foundations of rights theory, Calvin’s attention to litigation against abusive importance of understanding, 334 authority in, 52 historiography of rights, xi–xii, 20–22, 23 church–state relations in, 4 Hitler, Adolf, 32 jurisdiction of church in, 73 Hobbes, Thomas, 21–32, 319, 329 Morely´ and democratic governance of church Hommes, Hendrick van Eikema, 328 in, 97–102 Hooft, C. P., 150 social and procedural rights in, 36 Hooker, Thomas, 295, 299, 306, 316, 317 Gerson, Jean, 27 Hotman, François, 89, 124, 136, 148, 151 Ghent, Pacification of, 145, 149 human dignity, rights predicated on, 32–33 Gierke, Otto von, xii, 204 human nature Gilby, Anthony, 245 Althusius’s symbiotic theory of, 155, 182–183 Glenn, Charles, 328 Calvinist concept of, 223 Glorious Revolution, 11, 213, 248, 273 Milton on, 223, 226, 269, 273 Godefroy, Denis, 151, 153 in Puritan New England, 294, 315 Goodman, Christopher, 89, 121–122, 136, sin, Calvinist doctrine of, 315, 333–334 222 human rights (See rights) Goodwin, John, 220, 247, 268 Hus, John, 245, 263 Goodwin, Thomas, 220 Hutchinson, Anne, 1, 16, 278, 291 Gouge, William, 250 Goulart, Simon, 89 inalienable rights granted by God, Goodman’s government (See politics and the state) postulation of, 121 grace, covenant of, 288, 290–291 Independent Party in England, 212, 219, 247 grand juries in Puritan New England, 282 Inquisition Grand Privilege of 1477, 148 Milton on, 263 The Grand Remonstrance, 210 in Netherlands, 8, 144, 145 Gratian, 25 Servetus before, 68 Great Awakening, 329 International Covenant on Civil and Political Gregory VII (Pope), 25 Rights, 337

Index 381

International Covenant on Economic, Social, and positive law (See under Althusius, Johannes) Cultural Rights,, 337 procedural rights, 177, 180–181 Ireton, Henry, 220, 247 Beza on (See under Beza, Theodore, and right Irish Rebellion (1641), 212, 213 of resistance) Islam Calvin on (See under Calvin, John, and Beza on, 95, 129 foundations of Calvinist rights theory) Calvin on spiritual liberty accorded to, 46, 47 canon law, 26, 45–47, 72, 329 Castellio’s arguments for individual spiritual codification in Puritan New England, 316 liberty and, 94, 343 criminal law Locke on, 176 Althusius on, 180, 181 Milton on, 244 English revolutionary pamphleteers on, 216 politicization of jihad and, 343 in Puritan New England, 282–283 Qur’anic texts on peace and common good, ius gentium, rights as modern form of, 341 336 in Puritan New England (See under Puritan ius gentium (See also law; positive law) New England) rights as modern form of, 341 rights doctrine influenced by traditions of, 329 Roman law, rights under, 23–25 James I of England, 175, 194, 261 tort law, Althusius on, 180–181 James II of England, 11, 213 Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts (1648), 309 Jefferson, Thomas, 203, 274, 275, 293 L’Estoile, Pierre, 42 Jellinek, Georg, xii Levellers, 212, 219, 247, 268 Jews and Judaism liberalism of Enlightenment, rights as viewed by Althusius on, 173, 174 standards of, 20–22, 341–344 Beza on, 95, 129 libertarianism, 341, 343 Calvin on spiritual liberty accorded to, 46 liberties (See rights, and specific liberties, e.g. Castellio’s arguments for individual spiritual religious liberty) liberty and, 94 licensing of written works, Milton on, 260–268 Kuyper on, 323 life and bodily liberty, Althusius on right to, Locke on, 176 165–169, 176 Milton on, 244 Lilburne, John, 215, 224, 247, 268, 270 Mosaic law, Milton on, 227–235 Little, David, 57 religious belief and origins of rights talk, 336 Locke, John, 138, 139, 155, 175, 248, 274–275 John of Salisbury, 136 Long Parliament, 209–212, 221, 250, 259, 262 John Paul II (Pope), 330 Luther, Martin, 42, 77, 87, 107, 113 Joyous Entry of 1356, 148 Lutheranism Judaism (See biblical sources for rights; Jews and Althusius’s toleration of, 174, 196 Judaism) Calvin influenced by, 42 Junius, Francis, 153 Calvin’s thought compared to, 4, 78 jury trial early Protestant Reformation, rights talk in, Milton on right to, 270 27–29 in Puritan New England, 282, 307 Magdeburg Confession, 87, 106–114 Justinian (Emperor), 24, 166 Biblical citation by, 108–111, 123 Calvin’s response to, 114–117 Kingdon, Robert, 105 as consolidation of Lutheran political Knox, John, 89, 119–121, 136, 137, 222, thought, 136 245 in Netherlands, 147 Kohler,¨ Walter, 39 state control over religious worship in, 65 Kuyper, Abraham, xii, 39, 205, 321–329 Machiavelli, Nicolo, 239, 329 Languet, Hubert, 89 Madison, James, 204, 275 Laud, William, 210, 211 Magdeburg Confession, 87, 106–114 law (See also moral law; natural law; positive law; biblical citation by, 108–111, 123 procedural rights) Calvin’s response to, 114–117 Althusius on, 156–169 as consolidation of Lutheran political natural law (See under Althusius, Johannes) thought, 136

382 Index

magistrates, duties of, 52, 92–94 on establishment of religion, 238, 244 Magna Carta, 214, 237, 261, 280, 286, 340 on human nature, 223, 226, 269, 273 Marian exiles, 118–122, 222 influences on, 222, 272 Maritain, Jacques, 335 liberty, theory of, 224–225 marriage Locke influenced by, 248, 274–275 Althusius on private natural associations, on marriage and divorce, 237, 248–259 184–186 on natural law, moral law, and free will, Beza, marriage contracts and political 226–235 covenant compared by, 130–132, 138–139, Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained, 220, 222, 201, 250 271 Calvin on, 138 on polygamy and concubinage, 233, 258, 259 Milton on domestic or private liberty, 237, Presbyterians and, 238, 243–244 248–259 “prophet, priest, and king” rhetoric of, 219, Marshall, Paul, 328 234, 235, 265, 268 Marsilius of Padua, 136 on religious liberty, 13, 224, 226–248, 268 Martyr, Peter (See Vermigli, Peter Martyr) on religious pluralism, 244 Mary I of England, 68, 118, 119 on religious toleration, 244, 246 Mary II of England (See William and Mary) resistance theory, 223–224, 269 Mary of Guise (Regent of Scotland), 118, 119, 120 on separation of church and state, 239, 247 Mascardus, Joseph, 169 significance of, 271–275 Massachusetts (See also Puritan New England) speech and press, freedom of, 221, 259, Constitution (1780), 278, 285, 292, 301–302 260–268 Laws and Liberties of Massachusetts (1648) truth for, 225, 236, 246, 260, 267, 269, 270 Salem writings of, 221 social covenant of 1629, 296 moderation, Calvin’s stress on, 42, 51, 52, 57, 60, witch trials, 278 67 tithing in, 311–314 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron “massacre” as metaphor for censorship, Milton’s de, 163, 205 use of moral law Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day, 69, 81–87, Althusius’s use of Bible and (See under 101, 103 Althusius, Johannes) Mather, Cotton, 1, 279, 295, 306 Calvin on, 59–62, 78 Mather, Increase, 15, 279, 301 Milton on, 226–235 Mather, Richard, 15, 279, 304 Puritan New England, social or communal Maurice, Duke of Saxony, 114 covenants in, 294–303 Mayflower Compact, 16, 296 Morely,´ Jean, 1, 5, 97–102, 103, 140, 218 McDowell, William, 150 Morison, Samuel Eliot, 313 McNeill, John T., 18 Mornay, Philippe DuPlessis (Stephanus Brutus Medici, Catherine de, 83, 84 Junius), 89, 137, 148 medieval period, rights in, 25–27 Mouw, Richard, 328 Melanchthon, Philip, 42, 115 Murray, John Courtney, 329 Mennonites, 147, 174 Muslims (See Islam) Menochius, Jacob, 169 Middle Ages, rights in, 25–27 Nantes, Edict of, 129, 141, 175 Milan, Edict of, 25 Native American constitutionalism, 329 Milton, John, 11–14, 219–220 natural law and natural rights America, influence in, 275 Althusius on (See under Althusius, Johannes) Anglicanism criticized by, 235–239 Beza on, 127, 128–130 antinomianism of, 232–234 Calvin’s moral law, 59 on church–state relations, 235–248 English revolutionary pamphleteers on, 217 on civil or political liberty, 225, 259–271 inalienable rights granted by God, Goodman’s on contracts, 223, 240 postulation of, 121 on domestic or private liberty, 237, 248–259 Milton on, 226–235 ecclesiology of, 235–248 in Puritan New England, 294–303, 308 English revolution and, 11–14, 219–225 neo-Thomism, 329

Index 383

Netherlands (See Dutch revolt and republic) Poissy, Colloquy of, 83, 88, 105 New England Puritans (See Puritan New politics and the state. See also church–state England) relations; civil rights; covenants New Hampshire, Exeter Covenant, 298 Althusius on, 181–184 Nicholas of Cusa, 136 absolute liberty of conscience coupled with Niebuhr, Reinhold, 328 limited right of exercise, 171–174 Nisbet, Robert, 205 association theory, 182–184 Calvinism, state establishment of, 173, Oakes, Urian, 310 175 oath-swearing ritual in Massachusetts church–state relations (See under Constitution (1780), 301 church–state relations) objective understanding of rights, 20–22 covenant theory, 190–192 obligations (See also contracts) governing authority in associations, 183 Althusius on, 179–180 limits on governing authority, 184, 189 rights of people, political ofﬁcials’ duty to positive law (See under positive law) promote, 128 private natural associations (marital Oceana (Harrington), 220 household), 184–186 Ochino, Bernard, 97, 103, 140 private voluntary associations or collegia, Oldendorp, Johann, 113 186–187 Olevianus, Caspar, 151 public or political associations, 187–196 Osiander, Andreas, 113 public rights, 177–178 Otis, James, 275 resistance theory, 154–155, 200–203 Overton, Richard, 209, 215, 217, 247, 259 social rights, 176–181 Owen, John, 220 sovereignty of people, 192–194 tyranny, 200–203 Paciﬁcation of Ghent, 145, 149 Beza on Paine, Thomas, 275 coherent political theory created by, 136 Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained (Milton), duty of ruler to promote rights of people, 220, 222, 271 128, 308 Parker, Henry, 220, 224, 268 marriage contracts and political covenant Parliament (England) compared by, 130–132, 138–139 Barebones Parliament, 213 prosecution of heretics by state, 95–96 free speech viewed as limited to, 261–262 theory of political covenant, 123, 137, 201 Long Parliament, 209–212, 221, 250, 259, 262 unitary society, early formulations on, Rump Parliament, 212–213 89–94 Parma, Duke of, 146–147 Calvin on Peace of Augsburg, 74, 114, 128, 175 church–state relations, 44, 55, 76 Peace of Westphalia, 129, 141, 175 political liberty of individuals, 44 Peasants’ Revolt of 1525, 28, 218 political suffrage, 56 Pennington, Isaac, 220 positive law, 62–70 Perkins, William, 153, 222, 249, 280 federalism persecution of church by state Althusius on, 193–194 Calvin’s lack of provision for, 6, 85 Kuyper on America, 324 resistance to (See resistance, right of) in Puritan New England, 317 persecution of heretics (See heretics and heresy) Kuyper on America, 324 Peter Martyr (See Vermigli, Peter Martyr) law of (See positive law) Petition of Right, 214, 216, 280, 286 Milton on Philip II of Spain, 8, 143–147 church–state relations, 235–248 Pietists, 147, 329 civil or political liberty, 225, 259–271 Plato, 59 modern rights, guarantees of, 338 pluralism in Puritan New England Kuyper on pluralism in America, 322–324 application of natural law in positive law, religious (See religious pluralism) 308 structural pluralism in Puritan New England, civil rights in, 284 277, 288 democratic process, 284, 306, 317–318

384 Index

politics and the state (cont.) Althusius on, 177, 180–181, 202 duty of officials to promote rights of English revolutionary pamphleteers on, 216 people, 308 Geneva, social and procedural perpetual reformation, ensuring, 309 (“second-generation”) rights in, 36 political or governmental covenant, Milton on right to jury trial, 270 307–309 in Puritan New England, 282–283, 307 separation and balance of powers, 314–318 Star Chamber and Court of High separation/cooperation of church and state Commission, 211, 262 in, 309–314 tyranny as violation of, 202 social or communal covenant, 294–303 property rights town meetings, 318 Althusius on, 176, 179 resistance theory (See resistance, right of) Calvin’s concern with, 57 rights of people, political officials’ duty to in Puritan New England, 283 promote, 128 “prophet, priest, and king” rhetoric, 112–113, 217 separation and balance of powers (See Protectorate/Commonwealth in England, separation and balance of powers) 212–213, 220 sovereignty of people, Althusius on, 192–194 Protestant Reformation (See Pollock, Robert, 289 Reformation/reformation) polygamy Prynne, William, 220 Milton on, 233, 258, 259 public or political associations, Althusius on, Ochino on, 97 187–196 (See also under politics and the state) Ponet, John, 89, 118–119, 222, 245 public rights (See civil rights) positive law public virtue and discipline in Puritan New Althusius on, 157, 160 England concordance with biblical and natural law, ecclesially enforced, 306–307 160–169 social covenant and, 300 natural law and positive law, 160 Puritan New England, 14–18, 277–279 rights under positive law, 177–181 benevolence and charity, valuation of, 299 Beza on Body of Liberties, 280–287 complementarity of positive civil and church–state relations in, 307 ecclesiastical law, 94 civil rights in, 284 positive ecclesiastical laws, 91–92 codification of laws in, 316 positive local laws, 90 collection of scattered common law rights Calvin on, 62–70 into single document, 286–287 ecclesiastical law as, 62, 91–92 contracts in, 283, 290 in Puritan New England, 308 covenant theory in, 16–17, 277, 287–288 Presbyterians church covenants, 303–307 in England, 213, 219, 238, 243–244 church–state relations, 309–314 in Scotland (See Scotland) grace, covenant of, 288, 290–291 press, freedom of, 259, 260–266, 268 people, covenants of liberty binding, 294 Preston, John, 289, 291 political or governmental covenant, priesthood, universal (“prophet, priest, and 307–309 king” rhetoric), 112–113, 217, 234, 235, 265, 268 religious liberty and liberty of covenant, Prince, Thomas, 215 288–294 private natural associations (marital household), social or communal covenants, 294–303 Althusius on, 184–186 works, covenant of, 288, 289–290, 294 private rights democratic process in, 284, 306, 317–318 Althusius on, 177, 178–180 discipline and public virtue Milton on domestic or private liberty, 237, ecclesially enforced, 306–307 248–259 social covenant and, 300 Puritan New England, rights of women, domestic liberty in, 283, 294 children, and servants in, 283 ecclesiology in (See under ecclesiology) private voluntary associations or collegia, foundational rights and rights documents, Althusius on, 186–187 279–288 procedural rights heretics and heresy in, 278, 291, 300

Index 385

historical assessment of, 277–279 Althusius on, 170–176 human nature in, 294, 315 as basis for Calvinist rights doctrine, 2 influences on, 280 Beza on (See under Beza, Theodore, and right law in of resistance) codification of laws in, 316 Calvin on (See under Calvin, John, and ecclesial discipline, 306–307 foundations of Calvinist rights theory) moral law of social or communal Catholic and Calvinist development covenants, 294–303 compared, 330 natural law, 294–303, 308 of church positive law, 308 Beza on, 96, 128 procedural rights in, 282–283, 307 Kuyper on America, 323 rights doctrine influenced by traditions of, in Puritan New England, 284, 304 329 conscience, liberty of, 171–174, 246 separation/cooperation of church and state Decalogue and, 129, 140 in, 309–314 Dutch Revolt and, 145–146, 149 Massachusetts Constitution (1780), 278, 285, Edict of Milan and, 25 292 emigration, freedom of, 128 perpetual reformation, call for, 309 English revolutions and, 209, 214, 216 politics and the state in (See under politics and exercise, liberty of, 171–174, 246 the state) of heretics (See heretics and heresy) procedural rights in, 282–283 Kuyper on America, 322, 323 religious liberty in, 284, 288–294, 304 in Magdeburg Confession, 110 religious pluralism in, 277, 286, 293 Milton on, 13, 224, 226–248, 268 royal charters of colonies, 279–280 pluralism (See religious pluralism) separation and balance of powers in, 314–318 in Puritan New England, 284, 288–294, 304 separation of church and state in, 285, 307 resistance originally viewed as, 86 significance of, 318–319 rights necessarily associated with, 149 structural pluralism in, 277, 288 tolerance (See religious toleration) tithing, 311–314 Religious Peace of Augsburg, 74, 114, 128 town meetings in, 318 religious persecution (See heretics and heresy) US Bill of Rights and, 31 religious pluralism Pym John, 220 Althusius on, 172 Beza’s early formulations on unitary Christian Quakers, 278, 293 society, 89–94 Qur’anic texts on peace and common good, 336 Calvin’s failure to imagine state of, 6, 85 Kuyper on America, 322, 323 Ramus, Peter, 54, 101, 153, 169 Milton on, 244 Ranters, 219 in Puritan New England, 277, 286, 293 Reformation/reformation Servetus on, 103 freedom of speech and press as critical to religious toleration continuation of, 265–266 Althusius on, 173–175, 196 Milton on, 245, 265–266 in early modern Europe generally, 174–176 Puritan New England, perpetual reformation Milton on, 244, 246 in, 309 in Netherlands, 145–146, 175 rights in, 77 reputation, right to, 177 Reformed Church (See Calvinism) resistance, right of religion Althusius on, 154–155, 200–203 establishment of Beza’s development of (See Beza, Theodore, Althusius on state establishment of and right of resistance) Calvinism, 173, 175 Bible as source for Milton on, 238, 244 Calvin on, 116–117 tithing in Puritan New England, 311–314 Magdeburg Confession’s citation of, role in rights norms, 334, 336–339 108–111, 123 role of rights in, 335, 339–344 obedience to authority, passages apparently religious liberty (See also church–state relations) encouraging, 108

386 Index

resistance, right of (cont.) modern cultivation after World War II, Calvin on, 50–54, 65–66, 87, 114–117 336–337 Calvinist rights theory, as critical as modern form of ius gentium, 341 development in, 86–87 modern Protestant view of, 22 constitutional violation, tyranny as, 201–202 objective vs. subjective understanding of, Decalogue and, 86, 116–117, 127, 133 20–22 (See also subjective understanding of Dutch revolt and republic, 147–150 rights) Goodman on, 121–122 political officials’ duty to promote, 128 individual resistance premodern origins of, 23 Beza on, 133 Protestant Reformation and, 27–29, 77 Calvin’s opposition to, 52, 114–117 Puritan foundational rights and rights in Magdeburg Confession, 112–113 documents, 279–288 Marian exiles’ encouragement of, 118–122 religion and Knox on, 119–121 role of religion in rights norms, 334, Luther on, 107, 113 336–339 in Magdeburg Confession, 106–114 role of rights in religion, 335, 339–344 magistrates and ministers, Calvin on political in Roman law, 23–25 responsibilities of, 52 Robinson, Henry, 220, 268 Marian exiles on, 118–122 Robinson, John, 268 Milton on, 223–224, 269 Roman Catholicism Ponet on, 118–119 Althusius on, 173, 174 procedural violation, tyranny as, 202 Anglican retention of traditions from, 235, religious right, initially viewed as, 86 236 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre and, 6–8, Beza on, 129 69, 81–87, 132 canon law, Calvin on, 45–47, 72 Restoration in England, 213, 220, 248, 273, 279 Inquisition Ricoeur, Paul, 343 Milton on, 263 rights (See also specific classifications and types, in Netherlands, 8, 144, 145 e.g. procedural rights, religious liberty) Servetus before, 68 alternative influences on development of, 328 legalism of, Calvin’s wish to avoid, 4 Althusian (See under Althusius, Johannes) Locke on, 176 biblical sources for, 27–29 Marian exiles, 118–122 Calvinist (See Calvinist rights doctrine) on marriage, 255 of church (See ecclesiology) Milton on, 244–245 collection of scattered common law rights in Netherlands (See under Dutch revolt and into single document in Puritan New republic) England, 286–287 rights doctrine and, 329, 330 Dutch revolt and republic, writings arising Trent, Council of, 8, 84, 144, 175, 263 out of, 147–150 two swords theory, 58 English revolution, writings arising out of, Vatican II, 330, 343 213–220 Roman law, rights under, 23–25 Enlightenment view of, 20–22, 29–32, Root and Branch Petition, 210 341–344 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 29, 39, 138, 204 generational theory of, 33–37, 340 Rump Parliament, 212–213, 216 God’s rights, Calvin on, 65, 116–117 Rutherford, Samuel, 1, 137, 220, 224, 232, 247, historical foundations, importance of, 334 250, 272 historiography of, xi–xii, 20–22, 23 human dignity, predicated on, 32–33 Sabine, George, 40 inalienable rights granted by God, Goodman’s St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 6–8, 69, 81–87, postulation of, 121 101, 103, 122, 129, 132, 213 Kuyper on liberty in America, 322–324 Salem, Massachusetts libertarianism and, 341, 343 social covenant of 1629, 296 in medieval period, 25–27 witch trials, 278 Milton’s theory of liberty, 224–225 Salmasius, 224 modern classifications of, 33–37, 340 Saltmarsh, John, 220, 247

Index 387

sanctuary rights in Puritan New England, 284 Spengler, Lazarus, 113 Schaff, Philip, 322 spiritual liberty (See religious liberty) Schele, R. H., 150 Spiritualists, 174 Schookius, Martinus, 150 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 6–8, Scotland 69, 81–87, 101, 103, 122, 129, 132, Covenanters, 287 213 English revolutions and Scottish Stalin, Joseph, 32 Presbyterians, 210 Star Chamber, 211, 262 Knox, John, 89, 119–121, 136, 137, 222, state (See politics and the state) 245, 272 Stoker, H. G., 328 Mary of Guise (Regent) and Marian exiles, Storkey, Alan, 328 118, 119 Strafford, Thomas, Earl, 210, 211 Second Vatican Council, 330, 343 Strauss, Danie, 328 Selden, John, 160, 255, 280 Strauss, Leo, 21–23 Seneca, 29, 59 structural pluralism in Puritan New England, separation and balance of powers, 333 277, 288 Adams on, 293 Suarez, Francisco, 27 Althusius on, 194–195, 196 subjective understanding of rights in Puritan New England, 314–318 in Althusius, 156 sin, Calvinist doctrine of, 315, 333–334 in Beza, 139–140 separation of church and state (See also in Calvin, 57, 61 church–state relations) objective rights vs., 20–22 Calvin on, 41, 76 suffrage Kuyper on America, 323 ecclesial democracy, Milton’s arguments for, Milton on, 239, 247 237–238 in Puritan New England, 285, 307, political rights, Milton on, 269 309–314 in Puritan New England, 284, 317–318 tithing in Puritan New England, 311–314 Summenhart, Conrad, 27 Separatist Party in England, 212, 219 symbiotic theory of human nature in Althusius’s servants’ rights in Puritan New England, 283 writings, 155 Servetus, Michael, 1, 5 Beza on, 89, 94–96, 129, 140 Talmon, J. L., 1 Calvin on, 39, 56, 67–70 Ten Commandments (See Decalogue) on religious pluralism, 103 Thielecke, Helmut, 328 sexual rights, 176 Thomism and neo-Thomism, 329 sin, Calvinist doctrine of, 315, 333–334 Tierney, Brian, 25, 330 Skillen, James, 328 tithing in Puritan New England, 311–314 Skinner, Quentin, 113 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 322 social contract theory (See contracts) Toleration Act of 1689, 213, 248, 273, 279 social or communal covenant in Puritan toleration of religion (See religious toleration) New England, 294–303 Tolosanus, Peter Gregory, 153 social rights (See civil rights) tort law, Althusius on, 180–181 society and politics (See politics and totalitarian aspects of Calvinism, 1 the state) town meetings in Puritan New England, 318 sovereignty of people, Althusius on, 192–194 Trent, Council of, 8, 84, 144, 175, 263 Spanish Inquisition Triglandus, Jacob, 150 Milton on, 263 Troeltsch, Ernst, 40 in Netherlands, 8, 144, 145 truth in Milton’s theory of liberty, 225, 236, 246, Servetus before, 68 260, 267, 269, 270 speech, freedom of Tu rk s (See Islam) Beza on, 129, 133 two kingdoms theory continuation of reformation and, 265–266 of Calvin, 43–45, 55, 58, 59, 62, 76 Milton on, 221, 259, 260–268 Lutheran origins, 43 religious liberty, rights necessarily associated terms for kingdoms, 44 with, 149 two swords theory, 58, 76

388 Index

tyranny Walaeus, Antonius, 150 Althusius on, 200–203 Walwyn, William, 215, 247, 268, 270 Puritan New England’s safeguards against, Ward, Nathaniel, 14, 31, 281, 286 314–318 Watertown, Connecticut resisting (See resistance, right of) Covenant-Creed of 1647, 304 usurper tyrants distinguished from legitimate Covenant of 1630, 296 leaders who become tyrants, 104, 136 Weber, Max, xii, 36 Weir, David, 305 Union of Arras, 146 Wesembecke, Matthaeus, 169 United Nations, rights declarations of, 32, 337 Westminster Confession, 231, 280, 290 United Provinces (See Dutch revolt and republic) Westphalia, Peace of, 129, 141, 175 United States (See America; Puritan New Whigs, 329 England) Whitford, David M., 106 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 32, 337, Wildman, John, 220 340 Willard, Samuel, 15, 279, 291, 308, 309, universal priesthood (“prophet, priest, and 315 king” rhetoric), 112–113, 217, 234, 235, 265, William and Mary (William III and 268 Mary II of England), 11, 213 Utrecht, Union of, 146, 203 William of Ockham, 27 William of Orange, 8, 145, 148, 203 van der Vyver, Johan, 35, 328 Williams, Elisha, 31, 279, 292 van Velthuyzen, Lambert, 150 Williams, Roger, 1, 16, 220, 247, 259, 278, Vane, Henry, the Elder, 220 291 Vane, Henry, the Younger, 220 Winstanley, Gerrard, 220, 247 Vasak, Karel, 340 Winters, Peter, 205 Vatican II, 330, 343 Winthrop, John, 1, 15, 31, 277, 279, 286, 294, Vazquez,´ Fernando, 27, 153, 169 295, 299, 304, 310, 316, 317 Velthuyzen, Lambert van, 150 Wise, John, 279, 295, 303 Vermigli, Peter Martyr, 89, 136, 222, 245 witch trials in Salem, 278 Viret, Pierre, 89, 136, 222 Woldering, Henk, 328 Virginia Declaration of Rights Wolterstorff, Nicholas, 328 Vitoria, Francisco de, 27 women (See also family; marriage) Voetius, Gisbertus, 150, 186 Puritan New England, rights in, 283 Voetius, Johannes, 150 works, covenant of, 288, 289–290, 294 Voetius, Paulus, 150 World War II and modern cultivation of rights, von Gierke, Otto, xii, 204 336–337 voting rights Wycliffe, John, 27, 222, 245, 263 ecclesial democracy, Milton’s arguments for, 237–238, 240 Zagorin, Perez, 40 political rights, Milton on, 269 Zanchius, Jerome, 153, 230 in Puritan New England, 284, 317–318 Zweig, Stefan, 40 Vroom, Hendrik, 328 Zwingli, Ulrich, 136, 245, 265 Vyver, Johan van der, 35, 328 Zylstra, Bernard, 328