Figure 8-1 Layout Equipment and Tools. Delmar/Cengage Learning

3 2 1 0

Tape measure String line level Clinometer

Eyepiece level

Dumpy level Laser plane level

Carpenter’s or builder’s level Transit Electronic measurement Delmar/Cengage Learning.

Tool ©

Figure 8-1 Layout equipment and tools. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-2 Determining slope by holding a level board from the high point and measuring from the bottom of the board to the low point. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-3 Using a clinometer to measure the angle of a slope. 5'

Project area

Construction stakes Project location placed same distance to be staked and direction from 5' project location Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-4 Staking with offsets to reduce restaking time. A. Measure the distance to unknown point from known Points A and B. B. Draw arcs for both distance A and B. Unknown point is where arcs intersect.

20' 20' Known B point B Unknown C point C

23' 23'

Known A point A Basemap Step A Step B Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-5 Locating objects using triangulation. 5' 2" 4' 2" 5' 1" 5' 5' 4' 0"

3' 4' 11" 11"

4' 3' 10" 5' 10"

4' Hold tapes at beginning and second points. Where 4' on tape from beginning point and 5' on tape from second point intersect, a right angle is formed.

90∞

Beginning Second point Measure 3' point Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-6 Using a 3,4,5 triangle to turn right angles. Stretch tapes from each point. Where equal measurements cross a right angle is formed

90∞

Measure equal distance from center line Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-7 Layout of a perpendicular line using the triangler method. Equal diagonal measurements indicate object is square Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-8 Checking for square using diagonal measurements. Tape Desired measure curve

Rotate desired measurement Anchor end of tape with screwdriver Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-9 Layout of curves using a large screwdriver anchored at the center point and swinging a tape measure to mark the correct radius. Mark the radius as the tape is moved. Extend line from Mark angle point radius point through Mark radius point angle point the distance of the radius. Mark the ending point Turn right angle and Radius point extend line Measure Measure curve radius distance angle

Beginning point Straight line (tangent) of curve A. B.

New tangent New curve would at right angle begin at ending point Ending point to 2nd line Anchor tape measure at Ending point radius point Radius with screwdriver point

Curve

Beginning point Swing tape from beginning point to ending point, marking curve as you C. move D. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-10 Locating radius points and marking a radius for curves. END OF CURVE NEXT CURVE CHORD RADIUS RADIUS POINT

BEGINNING OF CURVE

PLAN VIEW

ARC SWUNG END OF CURVE, FOR RADIUS WHERE CHORD MEASUREMENT AND RADIUS ARC INTERSECT TAPE LAID OUT TAPE LAID OUT ALONG RADIUM ALONG CHORD RADIUS POINT BEGINNING POINT OF CURVE Delmar/Cengage Learning.

PERSPECTIVE VIEW ©

Figure 8-11 Using radii and chords to lay out circles. A. Proposed improvements C. Locate baseline in field

Tree Wall Baseline

Scale Beginning point

B. Locate improvements on plan D. Locate improvements in the field

Wall end

Tree Beginning point Baseline Tree Wall Wall end center

Baseline Wall center Measurements at right angle to baseline Wall end Wall end Beginning point Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-12 Using a baseline to locate improvements in the field. Stakes

Project boundary

Nails to hold stringlines Cross pieces

Stringline Stakes above boundary

Project boundary

Figure 8-13 Constructing batterboards. (A) Install posts outside the project edges and straddling the boundaries. (B) Attach cross pieces and lines marking project boundaries. Height of the cross pieces can be set to project elevations if you want to locate boundaries and elevations with the same batterboards. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-14 Leveling a survey instrument. Always turn the leveling screws in opposite directions. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-15 Focusing a survey instrument. Use caution not to bump the instrument out of level. 4.2 6.1

A B C 8.4

Y Benchmark 98 96 100 Elevation: 100.0 Elev. 98.0 Elev. 96.0

Surveyors Notes: Point Backsite H.I. Foresite Elevation BM 4.2 (A) 104.2 100.0 6.1 (B) 98.1 8.4 (C) 95.8

Readings on surveyor’s rod

4.2 6.1 8.4

H.I. A 104.2 B Level viewing plane C

Benchmark X Elevation: 100.0 Elev. 98.1 Y

Benchmark 100.0 Elev. 95.8 Backsite A + 4.2 Height of instrument 104.2

Foresite B – 6.1 Elevation of point X 98.1 (H.I. – Foresite B) (104.2 – 6.1 = 98.1)

Figure 8-16 Performing elevation calculations. The surveyor’s notes and calculations are shown above the figure. Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-17 Cut markings on a grade stake. This stake shows a cut of 1.6 feet below existing grade (existing grade is indicated by the markings at the bottom of the stake). Delmar/Cengage Learning. ©

Figure 8-18 Flagging of proposed plantings to review placement.