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AP Biology - Crawford Guided Notes – Chapter 13 Regulation of Gene Expression Mader & Windelspecht 13.1 Prokaryotic Regulation 1. Why do bacteria not need to express their entire complement of enzymes? 2. Define the following: a. Structural genes b. Operons c. Regulator genes d. Promoter e. Operator 3. Explain the differences in the roles of a promoter and operator of an operon. 4. Describe the trp operon’s function. AP Biology - Crawford 5. Describe the function of the lac operon. 6. How is an inducible operon different from a repressible operon? Identify the trp and lac operons as inducible/ repressible. 7. How does cAMP aid in the regulation of the lac operon? / 8. Describe the difference between positive control and negative control of gene expression. AP Biology - Crawford 13. 2 Eukaryotic Gene Expression 1. How are eukaryotic cell differences created when each eukaryotic cell has a complete compliment of genes? 2. Describe each of the five eukaryotic gene expression mechanisms a. Chromatin structure b. Transcriptional control c. Posttranscriptional control d. Translational control e. Posttranslational control Chromatin Structure 3. Describe the relationship of transcription to chromatin accessibility. What makes the chromatin more or less accessible? 4. Compare heterochromatin to euchromatin. 5. What is a Barr body? 6. What is epigenetic inheritance? AP Biology - Crawford Transcriptional Control 1. What are transcription factors? 2. Describe how transcription activators, mediator proteins and enhancers work together in the gene’s promoter region. Posttranscriptional Control 1. Describe, in general, where, and how post-transcriptional control occurs, in regards to introns and exons. 2. What are Small RNA (sRNA)? 3. Describe 3 ways how sRNA can regulate gene expression: a. b. c. AP Biology - Crawford Translational Control 1. When does translational control begin? 2. What determines if and how long the mRNA is active? Posttranslational Control 1. When does posttranslational control begin? 2. What are proteases? 3. How do proteasomes regulate gene expression? 13.3 Gene Mutations 1. What is a gene mutation? 2. Distinguish between spontaneous mutations and induced mutations. 3. Define the following: a. Mutagens b. Carcinogens AP Biology - Crawford c. Point mutations d. Frameshift mutations Mutations Can Cause Cancer 1. What are proto-oncogenes, and when are they active? 2. What are oncogenes? 3. When does carcinogenesis begin? 4. Describe the functions of the following genes, when NOT mutated. a. p 53 b. p 16 c. ras proto-oncogenes 5. Describe how a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene and in proto-oncogenes disrupts the cell cycle. AP Biology - Crawford .

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Zinc Fingers and a Green Thumb: Manipulating Gene Expression in Plants Segal, Stege and Barbas 165
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