Surreptitiously Weakening Cryptographic Systems
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An Advance Visual Model for Animating Behavior of Cryptographic Protocols
An Advance Visual Model for Animating Behavior of Cryptographic Protocols Mabroka Ali Mayouf Maeref1*, Fatma Alghali2, Khadija Abied2 1 Sebha University, Faculty of Science, Department of Computer Science, P. O. Box 18758 Sebha, Libya, Libyan. 2 Sebha University of Libya, Sebha, Libya. * Corresponding author. Tel.: 00218-925132935; email: [email protected] Manuscript submitted February 13, 2015; accepted July 5, 2015. doi: 10.17706/jcp.10.5.336-346 Abstract: Visual form description benefits from the ability of visualization to provide precise and clear description of object behavior especially if the visual form is extracted from the real world. It provides clear definition of object and the behavior of that object. Although the current descriptions of cryptographic protocol components and operations use a different visual representation, the cryptographic protocols behaviors are not actually reflected. This characteristic is required and included within our proposed visual model. The model uses visual form and scenario-based approach for describing cryptographic protocol behavior and thus increasing the ability to describe more complicated protocol in a simple and easy way. Key words: Animation, cryptographic protocols, interactive tool, visualization. 1. Introduction Cryptographic protocols (CPs) mostly combine both theory and practice [1], [2]. These cause protocol complexity describing and understanding. Therefore, separating the mathematical part from the protocol behavior should provide feeling of how the protocol works, thus increasing the ability to describe and to gain confidence in reflecting more complicated information about CPs, as well as to generate interest to know about other more complex protocol concepts. Several researchers realized the use of visual model and animation techniques to reflect the explanation of the learning objectives and their benefits [3]-[11]. -
Email Transport Encryption STARTTLS Vs. DANE Vs. MTA-STS
Email Transport Encryption STARTTLS vs. DANE vs. MTA-STS Delimitation This document deals with the encrypted transport of messages between two email servers. Encryption during transport is crucial for a basic level of security for the exchange of messages. The exchange of messages between an email client and a server or the end-to-end encryption of messages are not covered in this article. If the aim is to create a secure overall system, these aspects should be considered in addition to the recommendations in this article. Initial situation When the first standard for the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (in short: SMTP) was adopted, encryption of the transport was not included. All messages were exchanged as plain text between the servers. They were thus basically readable for anyone who could tap into the data exchange between the two servers. This only changed with the introduction of the SMTP Service Extensions for Extend SMTP (ESMTP for short), which made it possible to choose encrypted transport as an opportunistic feature of data exchange. Opportunistic, because it had to be assumed that not all servers would be able to handle transport encryption. They should only encrypt when it is opportune; encryption is not mandatory. To indicate the basic ability to encrypt to a sending server, it was agreed that the receiving server should send the keyword STARTTLS at the beginning of an ESMTP transport session. STARTTLS STARTTLS can encrypt the transport between two email servers. The receiving server signals the sending server that it is capable of encrypting after a connection is established and in the ESMTP session. -
MTA STS Improving Email Security.Pdf
Improving Email Security with the MTA-STS Standard By Brian Godiksen An Email Best Practices Whitepaper CONTENTS Executive Overview 03 Why Does Email Need Encryption in Transit? 04 The Problem with “Opportunistic Encryption” 07 The Anatomy of a Man-in-the-Middle Attack 08 The Next Major Step with Email Encryption: MTA-STS 10 What Steps Should Senders Take to Adopt MTA-STS? 11 About SocketLabs 12 Brian Godiksen Brian has been helping organizations optimize email deliverability since joining SocketLabs in 2011. He currently manages a team of deliverability analysts that consult with customers on best infrastructure practices, including email authentication implementation, bounce processing, IP address warm-up, and email marketing list management. Brian leads the fight against spam and email abuse at SocketLabs by managing compliance across the platform. He is an active participant in key industry groups such as M3AAWG and the Email Experience Council. You can read more of Brian’s content here on the SocketLabs website. ©2019 SocketLabs 2 Executive The Edward Snowden leaks of 2013 opened many peoples’ eyes to the fact that mass surveillance was possible by Overview intercepting and spying on email transmissions. Today, compromised systems, database thefts, and technology breaches remain common fixtures in news feeds around the world. As a natural response, the technology industry is rabidly focused on improving the security and encryption of communications across all platforms. Since those early days of enlightenment, industry experts have discussed and attempted a variety of new strategies to combat “pervasive monitoring” of email channels. While pervasive monitoring assaults can take many forms, the most prominent forms of interference were man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. -
Bernhard Esslinger: Cryptool – Cryptography for the Masses
CrypTool Cryptography for the masses Prof. Bernhard Esslinger (presentation layout done with some help from Gonzalo; pictures by pixabay) Cryptography everywhere … In the digital era, we are all cryptography consumers, whether we know it or not. Whenever we use the mobile telephone, withdraw money from an ATM, go shopping to an e-commerce site using SSL, or use a messenger, we are using cryptographic services which protect the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of our data. The world as we know it wouldn’t exist without cryptography. Cryptography challenges education Around all of us perceived as difficult lack of understanding curricula teachers need useful tools Context of Cryptography CrypTool today: 5 products version 1.x http://www.cryptool.org/en/cryptool1 http://www.cryptool.org/en/ct2 https://github.com/jcryptool/ http://www.cryptool-online.org http://www.mysterytwisterc3.org/ CrypTool Portal: website today JCrypTool: User presentation https://github.com/jcryptool/core/wiki/jcryptool_us er_presentation/jcryptool_presentation_en.pdf CrypTool 2: Sample screen CrypTool: founded 1998 like … • Attac, Paris • Google, Menlo Park • CrypTool, Frankfurt CrypTool 1: Two warnings • legal • worrywarts besides the warnings: CT1 still made it Playful learning Serious tool CrypTool can be used to visualize many concepts of cryptology: including digital signatures, symmetric, asymmetric and hybrid encryption, protocols, cryptanalysis, etc. CrypTool 1 package Self-contained Documentation (online help, readme, CTB, presentation; programs later website) Stories CrypTool 1 Self-contained programs Flash animations The Dialogue of the Sisters The Chinese Labyrinth There are two stories included dealing with number theory and cryptography: • In "The Dialogue of the Sisters" the title-role sisters use a variant of the RSA algorithm, in order to communicate securely. -
HTTP2 Explained
HTTP2 Explained Daniel Stenberg Mozilla Corporation [email protected] ABSTRACT credits to everyone who helps out! I hope to make this document A detailed description explaining the background and problems better over time. with current HTTP that has lead to the development of the next This document is available at http://daniel.haxx.se/http2. generation HTTP protocol: HTTP 2. It also describes and elaborates around the new protocol design and functionality, 1.3 License including some implementation specifics and a few words about This document is licensed under the the future. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 This article is an editorial note submitted to CCR. It has NOT license: been peer reviewed. The author takes full responsibility for this http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ article’s technical content. Comments can be posted through CCR Online. 2. HTTP Today Keywords HTTP 1.1 has turned into a protocol used for virtually everything HTTP 2.0, security, protocol on the Internet. Huge investments have been done on protocols and infrastructure that takes advantage of this. This is taken to the 1. Background extent that it is often easier today to make things run on top of HTTP rather than building something new on its own. This is a document describing http2 from a technical and protocol level. It started out as a presentation I did in Stockholm in April 2014. I've since gotten a lot of questions about the contents of 2.1 HTTP 1.1 is Huge that presentation from people who couldn't attend, so I decided to When HTTP was created and thrown out into the world it was convert it into a full-blown document with all details and proper probably perceived as a rather simple and straight-forward explanations. -
Cryptology with Jcryptool V1.0
www.cryptool.org Cryptology with JCrypTool (JCT) A Practical Introduction to Cryptography and Cryptanalysis Prof Bernhard Esslinger and the CrypTool team Nov 24th, 2020 JCrypTool 1.0 Cryptology with JCrypTool Agenda Introduction to the e-learning software JCrypTool 2 Applications within JCT – a selection 22 How to participate 87 JCrypTool 1.0 Page 2 / 92 Introduction to the software JCrypTool (JCT) Overview JCrypTool – A cryptographic e-learning platform Page 4 What is cryptology? Page 5 The Default Perspective of JCT Page 6 Typical usage of JCT in the Default Perspective Page 7 The Algorithm Perspective of JCT Page 9 The Crypto Explorer Page 10 Algorithms in the Crypto Explorer view Page 11 The Analysis tools Page 13 Visuals & Games Page 14 General operation instructions Page 15 User settings Page 20 Command line parameters Page 21 JCrypTool 1.0 Page 3 / 92 JCrypTool – A cryptographic e-learning platform The project Overview . JCrypTool – abbreviated as JCT – is a free e-learning software for classical and modern cryptology. JCT is platform independent, i.e. it is executable on Windows, MacOS and Linux. It has a modern pure-plugin architecture. JCT is developed within the open-source project CrypTool (www.cryptool.org). The CrypTool project aims to explain and visualize cryptography and cryptanalysis in an easy and understandable way while still being correct from a scientific point of view. The target audience of JCT are mainly: ‐ Pupils and students ‐ Teachers and lecturers/professors ‐ Employees in awareness campaigns ‐ People interested in cryptology. As JCT is open-source software, everyone is capable of implementing his own plugins. -
Malicious Cryptography: Kleptographic Aspects
Malicious Cryptography: Kleptographic Aspects Adam Young1 and Moti Yung2 1 Cigital Labs [email protected] 2 Dept. of Computer Science, Columbia University [email protected] Abstract. In the last few years we have concentrated our research ef- forts on new threats to the computing infrastructure that are the result of combining malicious software (malware) technology with modern cryp- tography. At some point during our investigation we ended up asking ourselves the following question: what if the malware (i.e., Trojan horse) resides within a cryptographic system itself? This led us to realize that in certain scenarios of black box cryptography (namely, when the code is inaccessible to scrutiny as in the case of tamper proof cryptosystems or when no one cares enough to scrutinize the code) there are attacks that employ cryptography itself against cryptographic systems in such a way that the attack possesses unique properties (i.e., special advantages that attackers have such as granting the attacker exclusive access to crucial information where the exclusive access privelege holds even if the Trojan is reverse-engineered). We called the art of designing this set of attacks “kleptography.” In this paper we demonstrate the power of kleptography by illustrating a carefully designed attack against RSA key generation. Keywords: RSA, Rabin, public key cryptography, SETUP, kleptogra- phy, random oracle, security threats, attacks, malicious cryptography. 1 Introduction Robust backdoor attacks against cryptosystems have received the attention of the cryptographic research community, but to this day have not influenced in- dustry standards and as a result the industry is not as prepared for them as it could be. -
Tamper-Evident Digital Signatures: Protecting Certification Authorities
Tamper-Evident Digital Signatures: Protecting Certification Authorities Against Malware Jong Youl Choi Philippe Golle Markus Jakobsson Dept. of Computer Science Palo Alto Research Center School of Informatics Indiana Univ. at Bloomington 3333 Coyote Hill Rd Indiana Univ. at Bloomington Bloomington, IN 47405 Palo Alto, CA 94304 Bloomington, IN 47408 Abstract The threat of covert channels (also called subliminal channels) was first studied by Simmons [18, 19] and later We introduce the notion of tamper-evidence for digi- by, among others, Young and Yung [23, 24]. These authors tal signature generation in order to defend against attacks show how an attacker may leak bits of the private signing aimed at covertly leaking secret information held by cor- key in covert channels present in the randomized key gen- rupted signing nodes. This is achieved by letting observers eration or signing algorithm. For the sake of concreteness, (which need not be trusted) verify the absence of covert let us consider the RSA-PSS signature scheme (known as channels by means of techniques we introduce herein. We RSA's Probabilistic Signature Scheme [7]) as an example. call our signature schemes tamper-evident since any de- The message encoding scheme of RSA-PSS specifies that viation from the protocol is immediately detectable. We the hash of the message to be signed be concatenated with demonstrate our technique for the RSA-PSS (known as a random octet string known as a “salt”. A malicious im- RSA’s Probabilistic Signature Scheme) and DSA signature plementation of RSA-PSS may choose bits of the private schemes and show how the same technique can be ap- key for the salt, instead of a value produced by the pseudo- plied to the Schnorr and Feige-Fiat-Shamir (FFS) signature random number generator. -
A Matter of Security, Privacy and Trust
A matter of security, privacy and trust: A study of the principles and values of encryption in New Zealand Michael Dizon Ryan Ko Wayne Rumbles Patricia Gonzalez Philip McHugh Anthony Meehan Acknowledgements This study was funded by grants from the New Zealand Law Foundation and the University of Waikato. We would like to express our gratitude to our project collaborators and members of the Advisory Board – Prof Bert-Jaap Koops (Tilburg University), Prof Lyria Bennett Moses (UNSW Sydney), Prof Alana Maurushat (Western Sydney University), and Associate Professor Alex Sims (University of Auckland) – for their support as well as feedback on specific parts of this report. We would also like to thank Patricia Gonzalez, Joseph Graddy, Philip McHugh, Anthony Meehan, Jean Murray and Peter Upson for their valuable research assistance and other contributions to this study. Michael Dizon, Ryan Ko and Wayne Rumbles Principal investigators December 2019 Executive summary Cybersecurity is crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being of the general public, businesses, government, and the country as a whole. New Zealand has a reasonably comprehensive and well-grounded legal regime and strategy for dealing with cybersecurity matters. However, there is one area that deserves further attention and discussion – encryption. Encryption is at the heart of and underpins many of the technologies and technical processes used for computer and network security, but current laws and policies do not expressly cover this significant technology. The principal objective of this study is to identify the principles and values of encryption in New Zealand with a view to informing future developments of encryption- related laws and policies. -
The Legacy of Export-Grade Cryptography in the 21St Century
The legacy of export-grade cryptography in the 21st century Nadia Heninger University of Pennsylvania October 6, 2016 International Traffic in Arms Regulations April 1, 1992 version Category XIII--Auxiliary Military Equipment ... (b) Information Security Systems and equipment, cryptographic devices, software, and components specifically designed or modified therefore, including: (1) Cryptographic (including key management) systems, equipment, assemblies, modules, integrated circuits, components or software with the capability of maintaining secrecy or confidentiality of information or information systems, except cryptographic equipment and software as follows: (i) Restricted to decryption functions specifically designed to allow the execution of copy protected software, provided the decryption functions are not user-accessible. (ii) Specially designed, developed or modified for use in machines for banking or money transactions, and restricted to use only in such transactions. Machines for banking or money transactions include automatic teller machines, self-service statement printers, point of sale terminals or equipment for the encryption of interbanking transactions. ... Timeline of US cryptography export control I Pre-1994: Encryption software requires individual export license as a munition. I 1994: US State Department amends ITAR regulations to allow export of approved software to approved countries without individual licenses. 40-bit symmetric cryptography was understood to be approved under this scheme. I 1995: Netscape develops initial SSL protocol. I 1996: Bernstein v. United States; California judge rules ITAR regulations are unconstitutional because \code is speech" I 1996: Cryptography regulation moved to Department of Commerce. I 1999: TLS 1.0 standardized. I 2000: Department of Commerce loosens regulations on mass-market and open source software. Commerce Control List: Category 5 - Info. -
A Critique of the Digital Millenium Copyright Act's
THINKPIECE ACRITIQUE OF THE DIGITAL MILLENIUM COPYRIGHT ACT’S EXEMPTION ON ENCRYPTION RESEARCH: IS THE EXEMPTION TOO NARROW? VICKY KU I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 466 II. PART I: WHAT IS ENCRYPTION RESEARCH? ABRIEF HISTORY470 III. PART II: OVERVIEW OF SECTION 1201(A)(1) OF THE DMCA474 A. WHAT DOES IT SAY?.................................................... 474 B. WHAT WAS ITS INTENDED PURPOSE? .......................... 474 C. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF 1201(G)? ........................... 475 IV.PART III: IMPACT OF SECTION 1201(G) OF THE DMCA ON ENCRYPTION RESEARCH .................................................. 485 A. WHO IN THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY HAS BEEN AFFECTED? .................................................................................. 485 V. PART IV: PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE DMCA.................. 488 VI.CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 489 Jointly reviewed and edited by Yale Journal of Law & Technology and International Journal of Communications Law & Policy. Author’s Note. 466 YALE JOURNAL OF LAW &TECHNOLOGY 2004-2005 ACRITIQUE OF THE DIGITAL MILLENIUM COPYRIGHT ACT’S EXEMPTION ON ENCRYPTION RESEARCH: IS THE EXEMPTION TOO NARROW? VICKY KU Section 1201(g) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is offered as an exemption for encryption research.1 However, the drafting of the exemption contradicts the purpose of copyright legislation under the terms of the Constitution, which is based upon the idea that the welfare -
Analysis and Implementation of the Messaging Layer Security Protocol
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by AMS Tesi di Laurea Alma Mater Studiorum · Universita` di Bologna CAMPUS DI CESENA Dipartimento di Informatica - Scienza e Ingegneria Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria e Scienze Informatiche Analysis and Implementation of the Messaging Layer Security Protocol Tesi in Sicurezza delle Reti Relatore: Presentata da: Gabriele D'Angelo Nicola Giancecchi Anno Accademico 2018/2019 Parole chiave Network Security Messaging MLS Protocol Ratchet Trees \Oh me, oh vita! Domande come queste mi perseguitano. Infiniti cortei d'infedeli, citt`agremite di stolti, che v'`edi nuovo in tutto questo, oh me, oh vita! Risposta: Che tu sei qui, che la vita esiste e l’identit`a. Che il potente spettacolo continua, e che tu puoi contribuire con un verso." - Walt Whitman Alla mia famiglia. Introduzione L'utilizzo di servizi di messaggistica su smartphone `eincrementato in maniera considerevole negli ultimi anni, complice la sempre maggiore disponi- bilit`adi dispositivi mobile e l'evoluzione delle tecnologie di comunicazione via Internet, fattori che hanno di fatto soppiantato l'uso dei classici SMS. Tale incremento ha riguardato anche l'utilizzo in ambito business, un contesto dove `epi`ufrequente lo scambio di informazioni confidenziali e quindi la necessit`adi proteggere la comunicazione tra due o pi`upersone. Ci`onon solo per un punto di vista di sicurezza, ma anche di privacy personale. I maggiori player mondiali hanno risposto implementando misure di sicurezza all'interno dei propri servizi, quali ad esempio la crittografia end-to-end e regole sempre pi`ustringenti sul trattamento dei dati personali.