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Walter Schwimmer EUROPEAN LETTER OF THE ES-CK – EUROPEAN SOCIETY COUDENHOVE-KALERGI Walter Schwimmer EUROPÄISCHER BRIEF VOM 2.5.2019 Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi und der Europarat ein Österreicher propagiert Paneuropa LETTRE EUROPÉENNE DU 2.5.2019 Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi et le Conseil de l’Europe un Autrichien promoteur de la Paneurope EUROPEAN LETTER OF THE 2.5.2019 Richard Coudenhove Kalergi and the Council of Europe an Austrian propagating Pan-Europa DAS PROJEKT EUROPA SICHERN –– ASSURER LE PROJET EUROPE –– GUARANTEE THE PROJECT EUROPE KOMMENTARE AN – COMMENTAIRE Á – COMMENTS TO EUROPEAN-SOCIETY COUDENHOVE-KALERGI Lichtenfelsgasse 7, A-1010 Wien, Tel +43-1-40126-100 [email protected] www.coudenhove-kalergi-society.eu CXVIII EUROPÄISCHER BRIEF DER EG-CK – EUROPA GESELLSCHAFT COUDENHOVE-KALERGI Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi und der Europarat ein Österreicher propagiert Paneuropa Dr. Walter Schwimmer, früherer Generalsekretär des Europarates und internationaler Berater für Europa-Fragen So erstaunlich es klingen mag, aber der Gedanke eines freiwilligen Zusammenschlusses der Staaten und Völker Europas ist kein Kind des 20.Jahrhunderts, sondern taucht seit dem Mittelalter immer wieder auf. So hatte der böhmische König Georg Podiebrad nach dem Fall Konstantinopels die Schaffung einer Gemeinschaft (universitas) des christlichen Europa vorgeschlagen – mit einer Versammlung ständiger Vertreter, einem Rat, einer Beamtenschaft, finanzieller Ausstattung sowie Rechtssetzungs- und Rechtsprechungsbefugnissen. Im Traktat vom ewigen Frieden des Abbé Saint-Pierre werden im Jahre 1713 feste Institutionen einer “europäischen Union” vorgesehen. Und im 19.Jahrhundert wandte sich Victor Hugo 1872 an ,,seine europäischen Landsleute“ mit der Vision einer ,, europäischen Republik”. Von der Vision zur Realutopie wurde der Europagedanke aber nach der Katastrophe des 1.Weltkrieges mit Richard Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi, dem Sohn einer Japanerin und eines österreichischen Diplomaten mit flämischen und griechischen Vorfahren. Zunächst war Coudenhove-Kalergi angetan von den Ideen des amerikanischen Präsidenten Woodrow-Wilson und des von diesem initiierten Völkerbundes, vom dem er aber schließlich schwer enttäuscht war. Stattdessen propagierte er „Pan-Europa“, „Selbsthilfe durch Zusammenschluss Europas zu einem politisch-wirtschaftlichen Zweckverband“. Die einzelnen Schritte, die Coudenhove-Kalergi für „Pan-Europa“ vorschlug, sollten zunächst eine periodisch tagende Paneuropäische Konferenz mit einem Sekretariat sowie vor allem mit Fachausschüssen, zuständig für Fragen wie Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit, Garantien, Abrüstung, Minderheiten, Verkehr, Zölle, Währung, Schulden, Kultur – nicht aber für Grenzfragen - sein. Als zweiter Schritt wollte er einen allgemeinen Vertrag über obligatorische Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit sehen. Außerdem sollten sich die dazu gewillten Staaten auf wechselseitige Grenzgarantien verständigen. Coudenhove-Kalergi war überzeugt, einem derartigen, offenkundig vorteilhaften Friedensverband würden nach und nach sämtliche europäischen Staaten beitreten. Der dritte Schritt wäre dann die allmähliche Schaffung einer Zollunion und eines einheitlichen Wirtschaftsgebietes, eventuell auch von Währungsunionen zunächst im kleineren Kreis . Die “Krönung” des ganzen sollte schließlich die Gründung der Vereinigten Staaten von Europa nach dem Vorbild der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika sein. Europa könne dann anderen Kontinenten und Weltmächten geschlossen gegenübertreten. Mit der von ihm gegründeten und zeitlebens präsidierten Paneuropa-Union gelang es Coudenhove-Kalergi trotz zahlreicher Gegner, Nationalisten bzw. Chauvinisten, Kommunisten, Militaristen, aber auch die damals durch Protektionismus abgeschotteten Industrieunternehmen, viel Zuspruch zu mobilisieren. Seine Ideen wurden u.a. von Aristide Briand, dem Architekten der Locarno-Verträge, der Ehrenpräsident der Paneuropa-Union wurde und vor dem Völkerbund für eine von Coudenhove-Kalergi inspirierte Europäische Assoziation warb, aber auch von Winston Churchill aufgegriffen, der schon 1930 einen Artikel zu “Die Vereinigten Staaten von Europa” veröffentlichte. In Österreich selbst unterstützten trotz der gewaltigen innenpolitischen Spannungen die großen politischen Lager die Paneuropa-Idee, was sich darin manifestierte, dass Bundeskanzler Ignaz Seipel für die Christlich-Sozialen und der erste Staatskanzler der Republik, Karl Renner für die Sozialdemokraten als Präsident und Vizepräsident der österreichischen Sektion fungierten. Doch die Geschichte Europas vor 1939 verlief anders, als der Pazifist und Paneuropäer Coudenhove-Kalergi es sich erträumt hatte und Coudenhove-Kalergi ging nach der Annexion Österreichs ins amerikanische Exil. Von dort nach dem Krieg zurückgekehrt, fand er neue Initiativen und Bewegungen vor, die ohne seine Mitwirkung entstanden waren, allerdings vielfach auf seinen Ideen aufbauten. Noch einmal ergriff Coudenhove-Kalergi die Initiative, diesmal auf der parlamentarischen Ebene, und gründete die Europäische- Parlamentarier Union, die im September 147 im Schweizer Gstaad ihren ersten Kongress abhielt und stellte die Forderung nach der Schaffung der „Vereinigten Staaten von Europa“ und eines „Europäischen Parlaments“ auf, die in abgeschwächter Form zum Programm des Haager Kongresses führen sollte. Churchill und die Haager Konferenz Inzwischen hatte Winston Churchill (dessen Vereinigtes Königreich Coudenhove-Kalergi wegen seines Empires nicht in Paneuropa vorgesehen hatte) begonnen, eine führende Rolle in der neuen europäischen Vereinigungsbewegung zu spielen. Bereits bei seinem Amtsantritt als „Kriegspremier“ vor seinen Kabinettskollegen und dann öffentlich in einer seiner wöchentlichen Rundfunkansprachen an die Briten im Jahre 1943, also mitten im 2.Weltkrieg, hatte Churchill für die Zeit nach dem Krieg die Schaffung eines Europarates vorgeschlagen. In seiner berühmten Rede vor Züricher Studenten am 19.9.1946, für die er sich mit Coudenhove-Kalergi beraten hatte, führte er wörtlich aus: „Unter und innerhalb dieser weltumfassenden Konzeption (Anm.: der Vereinten Nationen) müssen wir die europäische Völkerfamilie in einer regionalen Organisation neu zusammenfassen, die man vielleicht die Vereinigten Staaten von Europa nennen könnte. Der erste praktische Schritt wird die Bildung eines Europarates sein." Churchill gründete das „United European Movement“, das gemeinsam mit der vom Niederländer Brugmans ins Leben gerufenen „Union Europäischer Föderalisten“ das Internationale Koordinations-Komitee für die Einheit Europas, geleitet von Churchills Schwiegersohn Duncan Sandys, bildete. Dieses Komitee berief für den 5. bis 11.Mai den Europäischen Kongress nach Den Haag ein, an dem mehr als 700 Delegierte, darunter auch der österreichische Paneuropa-Gründer Richard Coudenhove- Kalergi, aus 16 europäischen Ländern teilnahmen. Andere prominente Teilnehmer waren u.a. Léon Blum, Paul Reynaud, Jean Monnet und François Mitterrand, , Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan, Alcide de Gasperi, Konrad Adenauer und Walter Hallstein. Der Kongress stand unter dem Vorsitz von Winston Churchill und forderte die Schaffung eines Europarats, einer Europäischen Beratenden (Parlamentarischen) Versammlung, einer Charta für Menschenrechte und eines Gerichtshofes zu ihrer Überwachung. Die vom Kongress ausgehende Europäische Bewegung legte ihre Vorschläge den Regierungen Belgiens, Frankreichs, Luxemburgs, der Niederlande und des Vereinigten Königreichs vor, die dann gemeinsam mit Dänemark, Irland, Italien, Norwegen und Schweden das Statut einer neuen zwischenstaatlichen europäischen Organisation ausarbeiteten, des Europarates! Die Gründung des Europarates Am 5. Mai 1949 gründeten zehn Staaten im Londoner St.James Palace den Europarat: Belgien, Dänemark, Frankreich, Irland, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Norwegen, Schweden und das Vereinigte Königreich von Großbritannien und Nordirland. Bis 1951 traten Griechenland, die Türkei, Island und die Bundesrepublik Deutschland bei. Bis auf die Kleinstaaten sowie die potentiellen oder realen “Neutralen” Österreich (Beitritt 1956), die Schweiz (1963) und Finnland (1989) waren damit alle demokratischen Rechtsstaaten Europas Anfang der 50er Jahre Mitglied des Europarats. Sein Statut und vor allem seine Befugnisse blieben zwar weit hinter dem zurück, was sich Coudenhove-Kalergi und auch noch der Gstaader Kongress der Europäischen Parlamentarier-Union vorgestellt hatten, aber immerhin wurde dem Europarat im Gründungsstatut die Aufgabe zugewiesen, “eine engere Verbindung zwischen seinen Mitgliedern zum Schutze und zur Förderung der Ideale und Grundsätze, die ihr gemeinsames Erbe bilden, herzustellen”. Die Mitglieder wurden auf die Achtung der Vorherrschaft des Rechts sowie der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten verpflichtet. Erklärung zu den „Europäischen Briefen“: Die "Europäischen Briefe" werden von der Coudenhove-Kalergi Gesellschaft herausgegeben. Sie erscheinen fallweise mit Beiträgen engagierter Europäer und Europäerinnen. Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, mit Wurzeln in mehreren europäischen Ländern, Coudenhove-Kalergi hat bald nach Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs als Gegengewicht zu den totalitären Versuchungen von Faschismus, Nationalsozialismus und Kommunismus die Idee eines vereinten Europas entwickelt, 1923 die Paneuropa-Union gegründet und mit seinen Initiativen maßgeblich zur Schaffung des Europa-Rates 1949 beigetragen. Heute ist die Europäische Union die politische und wirtschaftliche Verwirklichung des europäischen Friedensprojektes. Die Europa-Gesellschaft Coudenhove-Kalergi will
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