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About... the Grand-Ducal Family / Information and Press Service of the Luxembourg Government / the Sovereigns of the Grand Duchy GRAND-DUCAL FAMILY About… the Grand-Ducal Family The grand-ducal family has preserved its legitimacy amongst Luxembourg society because it has been able to gain its trust in the most difficult moments: the resistance movement during the Second World War, of which Grand Duchess Charlotte was a central figure, is one of the most significant examples. Through its demeanour, the grand-ducal Grand Duchy family succeeded in transmitting a feeling of unity to the Luxembourg of Luxembourg people which is still one of the key factors of the country’s stability today. Capital: Luxembourg The accession to the throne of the Hereditary Grand Form of Duke Henri on 7 October 2000 represents an impor- government: tant moment in the grand-ducal family’s history. De - constitutional termined to mark his reign with the stamp of conti- monarchy nuity, Grand Duke Henri, the sixth sovereign of the Neighbouring Nassau-Weilburg dynasty, has strengthened, in his countries: manner, the strong link which ties the population to Germany, the reigning House and carried on the style defined Belgium, by his father, combining tradition and modernity. France Area: 2 2,586 km “ Before the representatives of the Population: institutions of the country [...], 502,100 I promise today to all citizens to do inhabitants, my best for the country and all its of which inhabitants.” 216,400 (translated from Lëtzebuergesch) are foreigners Declaration of HRH the Grand Duke on the accession to the throne on 7 October 2000 Population density: 194.1 inhab./km2 TRH the Grand Duke and the Grand Duchess © Cour grand-ducale/Lola Velasco The “birth” of the Grand-Ducal House The European powers met at the Congress of Vienna between 1814 and 1815 to reorganise Europe. It was here that it was decided to create a Kingdom of the Netherlands, of which William of Orange-Nassau be - came sovereign. The Duchy of Luxembourg was given to William I and raised to the rank of Grand Duchy. In theory, the Congress of Vienna made Luxembourg an independent state, but William I essentially governed the Grand Duchy as though it had been the 18th prov- ince of the Netherlands. Luxembourg gained true independence with the 1839 Treaty of London. This Treaty confirmed that the Grand Duchy was sovereign and independent, while simulta- neously being joined in personal union with the King - dom of the Netherlands and becoming a member of the Ger man Confederation. Luxembourg was broken up after the Treaty of London, with the French-speaking King-Grand Duke William I part being given to the Kingdom of Belgium and the German-speaking part forming the independent Grand Duchy. The country’s national identity was formed as it grad- ually acquired independence, and has been strength- ened by the presence in the Grand Duchy of the ruling Grand-Ducal House since 1890. Sovereigns of the The 1783 family pact of the House of Nassau laid down Grand Duchy from that the grand-ducal crown had to pass to the Nassau- Weilburg branch upon the death of the last male 1815 to the present day descendant in the Orange-Nassau line. Thus, when William III of the Netherlands died without leaving a William I 1815-1840 male descendant, the crown of the Grand Duchy passed William II 1840-1849 to Duke Adolf of Nassau, while the eldest daughter of William III 1849-1890 William III, Wilhelmina, succeeded to her father’s throne Henry of the Lieutenant representative in the Netherlands, which was governed by a different Netherlands of the Grand Duke from order of succession from the Grand Duchy. The per- 1850 to 1879 sonal union between Luxembourg and the Netherlands Adolf of Nassau 1890-1905 thus ended with the death of William III. William IV 1905-1912 Grand Duke Adolf of Nassau thus became the founder Marie-Adélaïde 1912-1919 of the national dynasty of Luxembourg in 1890 at the Charlotte 1919-1964 age of 73 and since then his direct descendants have Jean 1964-2000 succeeded to the throne. Henri 2000-... About... the Grand-Ducal Family / Information and Press Service of the Luxembourg Government / www.gouvernement.lu The sovereigns of the Grand Duchy Grand Duke Adolf took the oath before Parliament on 9 December 1890 and made his joyous entry into the City of Luxembourg on 23 July 1891. He became the owner of the ruins of Vianden Castle as well as Berg and Fischbach Castles. He subsequently resided most of the time at Hohenburg Castle in Bavaria and left all political decisions to Paul Eyschen, head of the Lux em- bourg government. The dynasty thus placed itself above politics in the eyes of the people of Luxembourg. His eldest son William IV was appointed lieutenant representative in 1902 and succeeded his father in 1905. During the taking of the oath, Grand Duke William IV asserted that the Grand Duke is beyond and above political parties. Health problems led him to name his wife, Marie-Anne de Bragance, first lieutenant Grand Duke Adolf (1817-1905) representative, then regent in 1908. Having had six daughters by his marriage, he had foreseen that succes- sion might be problematic upon his death. On 16 April from the opposition of the time, which demanded her 1907, Parliament approved the new family statute es - abdication in Parliament following the revolutionary tablished by William IV. This provision obtained force of unrest in January 1919. law on 10 July 1907. In accordance with the terms of this statute, his eldest daughter, Princess Marie-Adélaïde, In order to save the dynasty, the President of the gov- was declared heir to the throne. Grand Duke William IV ernment Émile Reuter convinced Grand Duchess died on 25 February 1912. Marie-Adélaïde to abdicate in favour of her younger sister Charlotte. She entered the Carmelite order in Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde was the first sov- Mo de na in Italy and died in 1924 in the family castle ereign born on Luxembourg soil since John the Blind in at Hohenburg. 1296. She took the oath on 18 June 1912. Two years later, on 2 August 1914, German troops invaded the Grand Grand Duchess Charlotte came to the throne Duchy. The government protested against the violation in difficult times. During her taking of the oath on of Luxembourg’s neutrality, but renounced any oppo- 15 January 1919 before a delegation of Parliament, she sition to the German war machine in order to protect asserted her desire to remain above politics. Her posi- the interests of the Luxembourg people. Until the lib- tion was strengthened by the results of a political ref- eration on 11 November 1918, the German occupant left erendum held on 28 September 1919 in which 77.8 % intact all the structures of the Luxembourg state. The of the Luxembourg people voted to keep the dynasty German occupation was limited to military aspects. under Grand Duchess Charlotte. During the taking of the oath in Parliament, Grand Her marriage to Prince Félix of Bourbon-Parma in Lux- Duchess Marie-Adélaïde asserted her interest in polit- embourg on 6 November 1919 contributed to anchoring ical and social affairs. Heavily influenced by her Catholic the Grand-Ducal House more firmly in the hearts of education and convinced she was sovereign by the grace the Luxembourg people. Six children were born of this of God, she claimed the right to intervene in political marriage: Jean (1921), Élisabeth (1922), Marie-Adélaïde matters. Although she never went beyond the limits set (1924), Marie-Gabrielle (1925), Charles (1927) and Alix by the Constitution, she attracted too much resentment (1929). About... the Grand-Ducal Family / Information and Press Service of the Luxembourg Government / www.gouvernement.lu Charlotte encouraged the Luxembourg resistance. Her attitude strengthened the people’s spirit of unity. An enthusiastic crowd greeted her upon her return on 14 April 1945, seeing her as a symbol of the country’s resistance. On 28 April 1961, Grand Duchess Charlotte desig- nated her eldest son, Jean, lieutenant representative and on 12 November 1964 she abdicated in his favour. She retired to Fischbach Castle where she died on 9 July 1985. Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg, duke of Nassau, prince of Bourbon-Parma, was born at Berg Castle in Luxembourg on 5 January 1921. He spent most of his childhood at Berg Castle. His primary and secondary education took place in Luxembourg, and completed at Ampleforth College in Yorkshire, Great Britain. The crown prince came of age on 5 January 1939, after which he bore the title of Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg as heir presumptive to the crown of the Grand Duchess Charlotte (1896-1985) Grand Duchy. © Édouard Kutter Upon the German invasion on 10 May 1940, the He - The revision of the Constitution in 1919 redefined the red itary Grand Duke left Luxembourg with his family crown’s prerogatives. It declared the nation sovereign and the government. In Québec, he took courses in law and limited the sovereign’s powers. and political science at Laval University. In November 1942 he joined the British Army as a volunteer in the The interwar period was marked in particular by Irish Guards, where he gained the rank of lieutenant Luxembourg’s entry into the League of Nations on in 1943 and was promoted to officer in 1944. On 16 December 1920 and the creation of the Belgo- 10 September 1944, he crossed the Luxembourg bor - Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) in 1921. Luxem- der with the American troops that liberated the Grand bourg faced up to the world economic crisis. The gov- Duchy. He reached Luxembourg City in the afternoon, ernment headed by Joseph Bech initiated a diligent where he was greeted with wild enthusiasm.
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