DOCSLIB.ORG

The Changing Climate of Development : REDD+ In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Changing Climate of Development : REDD+ In The Changing Climate of Development: REDD+ in Papua New Guinea Patrick Martin A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Law University of New South Wales 2020 Acknowledgements In Melanesia, a person is defined not merely by themselves but by their connection with people and place. This work would not have been possible without the generous contribution and academic input of Professor Cameron Holley and Professor Gary Edmond. All my gratitude to Cameron and Gary for their guidance throughout the thesis and their support and encouragement over the years. A special thanks to Jenny Jarrett. Jenny’s quiet reassuring presence helped in innumerable ways over the years. I am sincerely grateful to everyone at UNSW that has supported me throughout the process. I would also like to express my heartfelt and most profound love for my family. Marcela and Olivia, I am truly grateful for you always being with me during this adventure and for all your love, support and encouragement over the years. I would also like to thank my parents Paul and Aileen for providing a loving and supportive environment that fostered a love of learning. It should also be said how instrumental friends are in all that we do. I want to express my gratitude to all my friends who have helped over the years. To my friends in Papua New Guinea, I am forever in your debt. Your kindness and generosity has been overwhelming. I would like to especially thank Scott, Mat and Blake for all their kind words of encouragement over the years. Capstone Editing provided copyediting and proofreading services, according to the guidelines laid out in the university-endorsed national ‘Guidelines for Editing Research Theses’. i ii iii iv v Contents Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................i List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii List of Boxes ........................................................................................................................ ix List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: The Changing Climate of Development ........................................................... 1 1.1 Key Elements ............................................................................................................... 7 1.1.1 The Development Paradigm ................................................................................... 7 1.1.2 Different Models, Same Paradigm ....................................................................... 12 1.1.3 REDD+................................................................................................................ 16 1.1.4 Rationale for PNG Case Study ............................................................................. 19 1.2 Research Questions .................................................................................................... 21 1.3 Research Contribution ................................................................................................ 23 1.4 Thesis Structure.......................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 2: Climate Mitigation, Deforestation and REDD+............................................. 29 2.1 Climate Mitigation and Deforestation ......................................................................... 29 2.2 The Evolution of REDD+ ........................................................................................... 38 2.3 UNFCCC Negotiations ............................................................................................... 40 2.4 REDD+ Implementation: Learning by Doing ............................................................. 52 2.5 REDD+ Safeguards .................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 3: Framing the Global South .............................................................................. 62 3.1 Post-Development ...................................................................................................... 69 3.2 Key Characteristics of Post-Development Literature................................................... 73 3.2.1 Rejection of the Development Paradigm .............................................................. 73 3.2.2 Engaging Local Indigenous Culture and Knowledge ............................................ 75 3.2.3 Depoliticising Effects of Development ................................................................. 77 3.2.4 Alternatives to Development ................................................................................ 79 3.3 REDD+ Literature ...................................................................................................... 85 Chapter 4: Research Paradigm and Methodology ........................................................... 92 4.1 Research Design, Data Collection and Analysis .......................................................... 94 4.1.1 Research Design .................................................................................................. 94 4.1.2 Data Collection Methods...................................................................................... 96 4.1.3 Prior Theory ........................................................................................................ 98 4.1.4 Interviews ............................................................................................................ 99 4.1.5 Methods of Data Analysis .................................................................................. 106 4.2 Overview of Case Studies......................................................................................... 109 4.2.1 Case A: UNDP FCPF REDD+ Readiness Project............................................... 110 4.2.2 Case B: April Salumei Sustainable Forestry Project ........................................... 111 4.2.3 Case C: FORCERT Community Forest Carbon Project ...................................... 111 Chapter 5: PNG and the Melanesia Way ....................................................................... 114 5.1 Melanesia and the Melanesian Way .......................................................................... 115 5.2 Colonisation to Independence ................................................................................... 120 5.3 Development Intervention in PNG............................................................................ 125 5.4 REDD+ Institutional Mechanisms in PNG ............................................................... 132 vi Chapter 6: Participation in REDD+: Rhetoric or Empowerment? ............................... 136 6.1 Participation and Development Theory ..................................................................... 138 6.2 Participation and International Environmental Law .................................................. 141 6.3 Participation and PNG Law ...................................................................................... 144 6.4 Case Studies ............................................................................................................. 146 6.4.1 Case A: UNDP FCPF REDD+ Readiness Project............................................... 147 6.4.2 Case B: April Salumei Sustainable Forestry Project ........................................... 152 6.4.3 Case C: FORCERT Community Forest Carbon Project ...................................... 154 6.5 Analysis ................................................................................................................... 157 6.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 160 Chapter 7: Indigenous Rights and REDD+ .................................................................... 162 7.1 Indigenous Peoples and International Law ................................................................ 164 7.2 Indigenous Peoples and Development ...................................................................... 169 7.3 Indigenous Peoples, Customary Law and Forest Governance in PNG ....................... 172 7.4 Case Studies ............................................................................................................. 176 7.4.1 Case A: UNDP FCPF REDD+ Readiness Project............................................... 177 7.4.2 Case B: April Salumei Sustainable Forestry Project ........................................... 180 7.4.3 Case C: FORCERT Community Forest Carbon Project ...................................... 184 7.5 Analysis ................................................................................................................... 188 7.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 192 Chapter 8: Corruption, Forest Governance and REDD+ .............................................. 193 8.1 Corruption, Illegal Logging and Development .......................................................... 196 8.2 Corruption in PNG ................................................................................................... 203 8.3 Forest Governance
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Examination of Factors That Shape Country Presence on Twitter
    International Journal of Communication 10(2016), 1860–1877 1932–8036/20160005 Which Countries Does the World Talk About? An Examination of Factors That Shape Country Presence on Twitter H. DENIS WU JACOB GROSHEK MICHAEL G. ELASMAR Boston University, USA This study investigates which countries were mentioned most on Twitter during 2013 and what factors—country attributes, communication and economic resources, and contexts—can explain country presence on Twitter. Tweet mentions from 210 countries were derived using full fire hose archival searches. We identify trends that differ from the patterns found in news flow literature. And the results suggest a new era of international communication via Web-based social networks. Although core and semiperiphery countries are mentioned more than periphery countries, mobile phone penetration and sociopolitical instability have reshaped the contours of country images, and only 28% of the 50 most-mentioned countries on Twitter were core countries. This study discusses the implications of evolving social media for traditional news media outlets, world politics, and international relations. Keywords: Twitter, predictor of tweets, world system theory, mobile phone, country size, sociopolitical instability, news flow Information about the world matters to people of the world. The extent to which a country is covered in the media—traditional or social—is extremely important on several dimensions. In the 20th century, communication scholars and policy makers focused on valence and volume of news about each part of the world on the traditional media (MacBride, 1980). Representation of countries in the media is pivotal to how the world is understood as well as to the external recognition and self-identity of a country within the world system (Masmoudi, 1979).
    [Show full text]
  • Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua: Explaining Economic Success Levels
    University of Central Florida STARS HIM 1990-2015 2013 Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua: explaining economic success levels Kevin Negy University of Central Florida Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015 University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIM 1990-2015 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Negy, Kevin, "Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua: explaining economic success levels" (2013). HIM 1990-2015. 1442. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015/1442 COSTA RICA, PANAMA, AND NICARAGUA: EXPLAINING ECONOMIC SUCCESS LEVELS by KEVIN NEGY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in International and Global Studies in the College of Sciences and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2013 Thesis Chair: Dr. Houman Sadri © 2013 Kevin Negy ii Abstract Latin America is a region that has deep roots in Spanish colonialism. Since its independence, many countries in the region have heavily depended on agriculture exports to industrialized states to support their economies. This has led to political theorists to label Latin America as an area full of “periphery” countries that are exploited for resources by “core countries. Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua were not the exception. In recent years, however, a noticeable difference between the economies of the countries has helped Costa Rica and Panama become more successful than Nicaragua, on the basis of GDP, GNI, and other similar measures.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of the Roles of Neighboring Countries in the Foreign Trade of the USA, Germany and Turkey
    Comparison of the Roles of Neighboring Countries in the Foreign Trade of the USA, Germany and Turkey Mustafa A. Sancar July 20, 2010 Contents: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 4 USA’s Foreign Trade with her Neighbors and NAFTA’s place in it .......................................................................................... 6 Germany’s Foreign Trade with her Neighbors and EU’s place in it ................................................................................................. 8 Turkey’s Strategy for Developing Foreign Trade with Neighbor Countries and Evolution of Her Performance Since the Year 2000 ........................................................................................ 12 A comparison of all three countries’ foreign trade with their neighbors ....................................................................................... 21 Closing Remarks ............................................................................................ 23 Resources ....................................................................................................... 24 Comparison of the Roles of Neighboring Countries in the Foreign Trade of the USA, Germany and Turkey 3 Introduction: “World trade reached 10 trillion dollars by 2005, which had grown 30 fold ac- cording to 30 years back and 5 fold according to 20 years back”1 says Ali Boğa. This number reached 12.5 trillion dollars by 2009 after decreasing %10.72 ac- cording to the prior
    [Show full text]
  • Violent Extremism in Africa Citizen Perspectives from the Sahel Epicenter and Periphery
    Violent extremism in Africa Citizen perspectives from the Sahel epicenter and periphery By Stephen Buchanan-Clarke and Sibusiso Nkomo Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 74 | July 2021 Introduction The Sahel1 is one of Africa’s most fragile regions and suffers from multiple longstanding and overlapping challenges, including entrenched poverty, underdevelopment, climate risks, and food insecurity. These chronic vulnerabilities have been exacerbated in recent years by the spread of a byzantine network of extremist and armed groups that have instrumentalized simmering local grievances and inter-community tensions to spread across the region’s porous borders. The fall of the Libyan regime in 2011 and the 2012 Tuareg rebellion in northern Mali were the genesis of ongoing instability in the region. Over the past decade, extremist and armed groups have continued to both entrench themselves in northern Mali and expand their operational footprint into Burkina Faso and Niger.2 Collectively, these three countries now constitute the core of the Sahel crisis (Cooke, Sanderson, Johnson, & Hubner, 2016). A variety of bilateral and multilateral military operations in Mali and across the wider Sahel region have been unsuccessful in stemming the violence, and since 2015, the number of terrorist attacks in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger has risen year on year (ACLED, 2019). The deteriorating security situation in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger has generated increasing concern among bordering West African states about the possibility of further regional spillover of conflict into their respective territories (United Nations, 2020a). This paper looks at the impact that violent extremist activity has had on citizens in the Sahel epicenter countries of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger as well as the periphery countries of Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Senegal, the Gambia, and Togo.
    [Show full text]
  • The Recent Paths of the Semiperiphery in the World-System
    Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations e-ISSN 2238-6912 | ISSN 2238-6262| v.7, n.13, Jan./Jun. 2018 | p.10--47 UNDOCKING AND COLLISION: THE RECENT PATHS OF THE SEMIPERIPHERY IN THE WORLD-SYSTEM Maíra Baé Baladão Vieira1 Introduction In the 1970s Immanuel Wallerstein set out to counter the current the- ories that dealt with the unequal development of countries. His proposal, an analysis of the world-system, included the idea that the framework structure of the international environment was composed of three different strata, pe- riphery, semiperiphery and an organic nucleus. Of all the ideas presented by Wallerstein, the semiperiphery is still one of the most controversial concepts of his work. The semiperiphery appears as an important part of the World-system morphology. Unlike the nucleus and the periphery, this stratum gathers cer- tain peculiarities in its functions, the main one being the very maintenance of the system’s equilibrium. In the face of the attribution of vital importance, many approaches have sought complementarities to the seminal idea of sem- iperiphery, as well as tried to construct methods that would make it possible to identify the countries that make up the said structure. This article seeks to retake the relevance of the semiperiphery for the understanding of contemporary international circumstances. Its operation al- lows global data to be aggregated, offering a factual and updated temporary clipping of the most diverse economic and political facets that make up the World-system. In the first section, the most relevant constructs applied to the semiperiphery by Wallerstein and other authors will be resumed, including criticisms of the concept.
    [Show full text]
  • Path from the (Semi)Periphery to the Core: on the Role of Socio-Cultural Factors
    IES Proceedings 1.1 (November 2002) Path from the (Semi)Periphery to the Core: On the Role of Socio-Cultural Factors Borut Roncevic, [email protected] University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 1. Go West! Redefining relationships in Europe After the collapse of communism, the 1990s have indeed been the years of profound changes not only in Eastern Europe, but also in the continent as a whole. In dealing with changes related with the post-communist transition, most researchers focus on the issues of transforming political, economic and social arrangements in countries eastward form what was popularly termed the iron curtain. These ‘internal’ processes, as well as their successes and failures, are well documented. 1 The focus of this paper is not in these changes themselves. Instead, it attempts to see these ‘internal’ processes in the wider context of the changing relations between countries in the European continent, also with regard to current processes of European integration. In past decades the positioning of countries in Europe has been remarkably simplistic and can most easily be captured with the well- known East-West divide. This divide has been so strong that it rendered all other divisions both on east and west part of this divide almost irrelevant, even in those cases where the situation was indeed not that straightforward. This oversimplification perpetuated and is still echoed in current debates, both in optimistic accounts of ‘returning to Europe’ (Antiol et al, 1997), visions of ‘reconnecting the southern flanks’ (Cviic, 2000), as well as in less favourable accounts of unfavourable transition ‘from eastern empire to western hegemony’ (Janos, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Concern in Global Perspective: Exploring Relations
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lund University Publications - Student Papers ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Exploring relations between core-periphery, vulnerability, environmental problems, post-materialism and environmental concern Degree of Master of Science (Two Years) in Human Ecology: Culture, Power and Sustainability (30 ECTS) CPS: International Master’s Programme in Human Ecology Human Ecology Division Department of Human Geography Faculty of Social Sciences Lund University Author: Jeroen Mutsaers Supervisor: Maria Andrea Nardi Term: Spring 2015 Department: Human Geography and the Human Ecology Division Address: Sölvegatan 10, 223 62 Lund, Sweden Telephone: 046-222 17 59 Supervisor: Maria Andrea Nardi Title and Subtitle: Environmental concern in global perspective: Exploring relations between core-periphery, vulnerability, environmental problems, post-materialism and environmental concern Author: Jeroen Mutsaers Examination: Master’s thesis (two year) Term: Spring Term 2015 Abstract: Objective: Within the literature there has not been a coherent answer to the question what influences environmental concern. Previous research have found partial explanations but have not looked at the underlying relations In this study I will look at the connection between (1) core-periphery, (2) vulnerability, (3) environmental problems and (4) post-materialism on (5) environmental concern. Including the underlying relationship between them. Method: Data is used from the World Values Survey, WorldRiskReport and Environmental Performance Index to calculate country averages. A factor analysis is used to validate the reliability of environmental concern. The correlations are tested between the five variables. Followed by a structural equation modeling with two models, one with and one without core-periphery.
    [Show full text]
  • Dialogues on Development: Dependency
    Dialogues on Development Volume I: Dependency Cover design: Minh Van 2017 This project was conducted under the aegis of the Economic Development Working Group of the Young Scholars Initiative (YSI) of the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET). www.ineteconomics.org/education/young-scholars-initiative ISSN: 2472-6966 External reviewers Many thanks to our external reviewers, Farzana Chowdry and Raymond Xu. Copy editing We are grateful to the members of the YSI community who volunteered to copy-edit this project. These are: Paige Barclay, Florian Carl, Woody Wong Espejo, Aabid Firdausi M.S., Professor Sachin Ghai, Edwin Diaz Gonzalez, Nabila Islam, Clarrise Ng May Kymm and Sibanengi Ncube. Table of Contents The Interviewees i The Editors i Preface ii Introduction: Why Should We Discuss Dependency Theory Today? vi 1. A Dependency Pioneer 12 Samir Amin 2. Dependency Theory: Its Enduring Relevance 18 Adebayo O. Olukoshi 3. The Relevance of Dependent Development Then and Now 27 Peter Evans 4. Whither Dependency Theory? 34 Sabelo Ndlovu-Gatsheni 5. The Caribbean Plantation Economy and Dependency Theory 42 Rex McKenzie 6. A Theoretical Revolution in Time and Space 49 Ramón Grosfoguel 7. The Informal Empire of London 60 Andy Higginbottom 8. The Political Economy of Africa and Dependency Theory 67 Patrick Bond 9. Dependency Theory Today 72 Miguel Angel Centeno 10. The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same 79 Ian Taylor 11. Dependency Theory Is Alive in Different Guises 86 Matías Vernengo 12. Dependency Theory and Chinese Special Economic
    [Show full text]
  • South Korea, Egypt and Wallerstein's World System Analysis
    South Korea, Egypt and Wallerstein’s World System Analysis Written by Terence Fernandes This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. As such, it may contain some conversion errors and/or missing information. For all formal use please refer to the official version on the website, as linked below. South Korea, Egypt and Wallerstein’s World System Analysis https://www.e-ir.info/2013/12/23/south-korea-egypt-and-wallersteins-world-system-analysis/ TERENCE FERNANDES, DEC 23 2013 South Koreans use the term ‘the Miracle at the Han River’ to describe their economic growth since the Korean War. In the 1960s, South Korea’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita equalled that of poorer countries in Africa and Asia. Today, it’s GDP at official exchange rate (OER) is US $1.151 trillion, ranking it as the world’s 12th largest [1] economy; its unemployment sits at 3.2%; and, its Human Development (HDI) ranks 12th in the world (US 2013). Indeed, why wouldn’t such a growth trajectory take on a supernatural descriptor? What’s more, in the 1960s few could have predicted such an ascent given that the Republic of Korea (ROK) lacked an abundance of natural resources, land mass or population size – frequently used indicators to forecast power potential (Organski 1968, 340). This has led researchers to question why South Korea was able to grow at such a remarkable pace, while other potential risers were not. For instance, Egypt, with a larger abundance of profitable natural resources, a larger land mass and nearly twice the population size, has had sluggish growth during that same time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of Core-Periphery Structures in the European Union: a Complexity Perspective
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Gräbner, Claudius; Hafele, Jakob Working Paper The emergence of core-periphery structures in the European Union: A complexity perspective ZOE Discussion Papers, No. 6 Provided in Cooperation with: ZOE. institute for future-fit economies, Bonn Suggested Citation: Gräbner, Claudius; Hafele, Jakob (2020) : The emergence of core- periphery structures in the European Union: A complexity perspective, ZOE Discussion Papers, No. 6, ZOE. Institut für zukunftsfähige Ökonomien, Bonn This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/224134 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ www.econstor.eu Growth, Prosperity and the environment: Integrating environmental and social indicators into QUEST The Emergence of Core-Periphery Structures in the European Union: a Complexity Perspective Claudius Gräbner, Jakob Hafele ZOE Discussion Papers | No.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning from Dependency and World System Theory: Explaining Europe's Failure in the 'Lisbon Process' Arno Tausch and Alma
    ALTERNATIVES: Turkish Journal of International Relations Vol.9, No.4, 3-90, Winter 2010 Learning from Dependency and World System Theory: Explaining Europe’s Failure in the ‘Lisbon Process’ Arno Tausch * and Almas Heshmati ** Abstract The current paper investigates the cross-national relevance of Latin American ‘dependencia theory’ for five dimensions of development (democracy and human rights, environment, human development and basic human needs satisfaction, gender justice, redistribution, growth and employment) on a global scale and tries to confront the very basic pro-globalist assumptions of the ‘Lisbon process’, the predecessor of the ongoing EU-2020 strategy, which was the policy target of the European leaders since the EU’s Lisbon Council meeting in March 2000 to make Europe the leading knowledge-based economy in the world with a ‘Latin American perspective’. A realistic and politically useful analysis of the ‘Lisbon process’ has to be a ‘Schumpeterian’ approach. First, we analyze the ‘Lisbon performance’ of the world economy by multivariate, quantitative means, looking into the possible contradictions that might exists between the dependent insertion into the global economy and other goals of the ‘Lisbon process’. Dependency from the large, transnational corporations, as correctly predicted by Latin American * Visiting Professor of Economics,Corvinus University, Budapest and Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Innsbruck University, Austria. E-mail: [email protected] . Opinions expressed by Dr. Tausch in this contribution are exclusively those expressed in his capacity as visiting/adjunct professor at Hungarian and Austrian Universities and do not or do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Austrian government. Original language: English.
    [Show full text]
  • BRICS' Implications on International Business and World Governance
    International Affairs and Global Strategy www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online) Vol.65, 2018 BRICS’ Implications on International Business and World Governance, “Indictment of the Relations Established Between the Center and the Periphery” Thierry Nshimiyimana PhD candidate in international relations Abstract BRICS countries are set to alter the current structures and norms of global governance in two ways. First, the world semi-periphery that includes the BRICS becomes new and competitive partners of the core and the periphery. As such, the old trade relations that existed between the core and the periphery change, to the detriment of the core countries. Second, and most importantly, the semi-periphery for historical reasons and other convictions, they are committed to infrastructure development in the periphery. Infrastructure developments projects in the periphery countries will, as argued in this paper, in the medium to long term lead to industrialization of the periphery countries. The impact of that industrialization will be that those countries will not continue to export raw material to the core and import finished goods. They will use the raw material to feed their infant industries. Ultimately that new relationship will result in empowered countries in the periphery and weakened countries of the core, a power relationship that will become the foundation for the establishment of new structures and norms of global governance. This paper maintains that the BRICS will meaningfully impact the current contested Eurocentric system of world governance and will play a significant role in establishing new structures and norms that will guide future world governance, if the block grows stronger.
    [Show full text]