How Birds Sing and Why It Matters

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

How Birds Sing and Why It Matters How birds sing and why it matters 273 Chapter 9 Variation in Syringeal Structure Tracheal syrinx , Bronchial syrinx Tracheobronchial syrinx I (Parrot) (Oilbird) (Canary) I I How birds sing and why it matters RODERICK A. SUTHERS 'I 1 I! ! I MT INTRODUCTION briefly to indicate the variety of avian vocal I systems, and to provide a perspective from which I 1 I Songbirds have both an esthetic and a scientific to focus on the oscine songbirds. Readers 1 impact on our lives. Birdsong adds beauty and interested in additional information on songbirds Figure 9.1 Examples of variation in syringeal anatomy. The tracheal parrot syrinx has two syringeal vitality to our environment, The possibility of should consult reviews of this subject (Nowicki muscles and a pair of lateral tympaniform membranes. The bronchial syrinx of the oilbird has one pair of its absence due to increasing levels of & Marler 1988; Suthers 1997, 1999a, b; Gaunt syringeal muscles and a pair of medial and lateral tympaniform membranes in each bronchus. Songbirds environmental toxins, so eloquently described & Nowicki 1998; Doupe 81 Kuhl 1999; Suthers have several pairs of syringeal muscles in their tracheobronchial syrinx. Tr, trachea; ST, sternotrachealis by Rachel Carson (1962) in her goundbreaking ef ale 1999; Goller & Larsen 2002)- muscle; SY SUP, superficial syringeal muscle; SY PROF, deep syringeal muscle; SY VALV, pneumatic valve; LTM, lateral tympaniform me~brane;MTM, medial tympaniform membrane; BCI, first bronchial book, Silent Spring, was a potent factor in cartilage; SY, syringeal muscle; ML, medial labium; LL, lateral labium; SYR, muscles of syrinx. (Oilbird mobilizing public opinion to become better modified after Suthers & Hector 1985; parrot and canary modified after King 1989). stewards of our environment. Scientifically, the highly developed vocal communication of this AN ORGAN FOR SINGING The Respiratory Rhythm group, sharing as it does a number of parallels direction through the syrinx and into the with speech, has made songbirds especially suited The avian vocal organ, the syrinx, is located The timing of vocalization and the tempo of esophagus. After each coo there is a short for the study of complex, learned vocal deep in the chest in an air sac that is connected song begins with the respiratory cycle (Vicario expiration followed by a brief inspiration (Gaunt communication at every level, from its molecular to other air sacs and the lungs. It is present in all 1 991). Expiratory muscles compress the bellows- et al. 1982). biology to its evolution. birds except vultures, but its exact location and like air sacs in the thorax and abdomen, increasing This chapter is about how birdsong is structure varies considerably (King 1989). In respiratory pressure so air flows out through the produced. How do birds generate such a variety some species, including doves, pigeons and syrinx and trachea (Hartley 1990). During song, The Source of Sound of sounds and what vocal gymnastics are required parrots, the syrinx consists of modified rings of a small inspiration called a 'mini-breath' (Calder It is now generally agreed that vocalizations are to produce them?The vocal system is the interface cartilage near the lower end of trachea 1970) is usually taken after each syllable, except generated by airflow-induced oscillation of between the bird's brain and his song. Knowing (Fig. 9.1). at very high syllable repetition rates (Hartley & elements in the wall of the syrinx that convert how it functions, and coming to appreciate its In other species, such as penguins, many owls, Suthers 1989). Inspiratory muscles expand the some of the air's kinetic energy into acoustic limitations as well as its capabilities, is important nightjars, and some cuckoos, the syrinx thorax and abdomen, reducing pressure in the energy. These oscillations are presumably in understanding vocal communication. Birdsong exists as two semisyrinxes located in the primary air sacs and reversing the direction of airflow sustained by interaction between Bernoulli forces is the product of the carefully coordinated activity bronchi (Fig. 9.1). In many birds, however, through the syrinx (Wild et al. 1998). and the inertia of air in the vocal tract, in much of many different muscles. Some of these are including but by no means limited to the oscine Vocalization occurs during expiratory airflow, the same way as are oscillations of human vocal associated with the vocal organ but many belong songbirds, the syrinx is at the junction where aside from rare exceptions when it occurs during folds (Titze 1994; Gardner et al. 200 1). An to other muscle groups such as the respiratory the two primary bronchi join to form the trachea. inspiration, as in the 'wah' sounds of doves (Gaunt alternative mechanism for sound production system and the vocal tract. Together they convert This tracheobronchial syrinx includes modified I et al. 1982), and certain syllables in the songs of based on the principle of an aerodynamic whistle nerve impulses from the brain into song. cartilages from both the upper end of each some zebra finches (Goller & Daley 2001). Most was put forth (Gaunt et al. 1982) to explain Less is known about the vocal mechanisms of bronchus and the lower end of the trachea birds sing with their beaks open, but doves and pure tone vocalizations in birds such as doves. non-songbirds, and they will be mentioned only (Fig. 9.1). pigeons coo with their beaks and nares closed. However, this aerodynamic whistle hypothesis Sound is produced during airflow in an expiratory is not supported by the observation of How birds sing and why it matters 273 Chapter 9 Variation in Syringeal Structure Tracheal syrinx , Bronchial syrinx Tracheobronchial syrinx I (Parrot) (Oilbird) (Canary) I I How birds sing and why it matters RODERICK A. SUTHERS 'I 1 I! ! I MT INTRODUCTION briefly to indicate the variety of avian vocal I systems, and to provide a perspective from which I 1 I Songbirds have both an esthetic and a scientific to focus on the oscine songbirds. Readers 1 impact on our lives. Birdsong adds beauty and interested in additional information on songbirds Figure 9.1 Examples of variation in syringeal anatomy. The tracheal parrot syrinx has two syringeal vitality to our environment, The possibility of should consult reviews of this subject (Nowicki muscles and a pair of lateral tympaniform membranes. The bronchial syrinx of the oilbird has one pair of its absence due to increasing levels of & Marler 1988; Suthers 1997, 1999a, b; Gaunt syringeal muscles and a pair of medial and lateral tympaniform membranes in each bronchus. Songbirds environmental toxins, so eloquently described & Nowicki 1998; Doupe 81 Kuhl 1999; Suthers have several pairs of syringeal muscles in their tracheobronchial syrinx. Tr, trachea; ST, sternotrachealis by Rachel Carson (1962) in her goundbreaking ef ale 1999; Goller & Larsen 2002)- muscle; SY SUP, superficial syringeal muscle; SY PROF, deep syringeal muscle; SY VALV, pneumatic valve; LTM, lateral tympaniform me~brane;MTM, medial tympaniform membrane; BCI, first bronchial book, Silent Spring, was a potent factor in cartilage; SY, syringeal muscle; ML, medial labium; LL, lateral labium; SYR, muscles of syrinx. (Oilbird mobilizing public opinion to become better modified after Suthers & Hector 1985; parrot and canary modified after King 1989). stewards of our environment. Scientifically, the highly developed vocal communication of this AN ORGAN FOR SINGING The Respiratory Rhythm group, sharing as it does a number of parallels direction through the syrinx and into the with speech, has made songbirds especially suited The avian vocal organ, the syrinx, is located The timing of vocalization and the tempo of esophagus. After each coo there is a short for the study of complex, learned vocal deep in the chest in an air sac that is connected song begins with the respiratory cycle (Vicario expiration followed by a brief inspiration (Gaunt communication at every level, from its molecular to other air sacs and the lungs. It is present in all 1 991). Expiratory muscles compress the bellows- et al. 1982). biology to its evolution. birds except vultures, but its exact location and like air sacs in the thorax and abdomen, increasing This chapter is about how birdsong is structure varies considerably (King 1989). In respiratory pressure so air flows out through the produced. How do birds generate such a variety some species, including doves, pigeons and syrinx and trachea (Hartley 1990). During song, The Source of Sound of sounds and what vocal gymnastics are required parrots, the syrinx consists of modified rings of a small inspiration called a 'mini-breath' (Calder It is now generally agreed that vocalizations are to produce them?The vocal system is the interface cartilage near the lower end of trachea 1970) is usually taken after each syllable, except generated by airflow-induced oscillation of between the bird's brain and his song. Knowing (Fig. 9.1). at very high syllable repetition rates (Hartley & elements in the wall of the syrinx that convert how it functions, and coming to appreciate its In other species, such as penguins, many owls, Suthers 1989). Inspiratory muscles expand the some of the air's kinetic energy into acoustic limitations as well as its capabilities, is important nightjars, and some cuckoos, the syrinx thorax and abdomen, reducing pressure in the energy. These oscillations are presumably in understanding vocal communication. Birdsong exists as two semisyrinxes located in the primary air sacs and reversing the direction of airflow sustained by interaction between Bernoulli forces is the product of the carefully coordinated activity bronchi (Fig. 9.1). In many birds, however, through the syrinx (Wild et al. 1998). and the inertia of air in the vocal tract, in much of many different muscles. Some of these are including but by no means limited to the oscine Vocalization occurs during expiratory airflow, the same way as are oscillations of human vocal associated with the vocal organ but many belong songbirds, the syrinx is at the junction where aside from rare exceptions when it occurs during folds (Titze 1994; Gardner et al.
Recommended publications
  • Management of Racing Pigeons
    37_Racing Pigeons.qxd 8/24/2005 9:46 AM Page 849 CHAPTER 37 Management of Racing Pigeons JAN HOOIMEIJER, DVM Open flock management, which is used in racing pigeon medicine, assumes the individual pigeon is less impor- tant than the flock as a whole, even if that individual is monetarily very valuable. The goal when dealing with rac- ing pigeons is to create an overall healthy flock com- posed of viable individuals. This maximizes performance and profit. Under ideal circumstances, problems are pre- vented and infectious diseases are controlled. In contrast, poultry and (parrot) aviculture medicine is based on the principles of the closed flock concept. With this concept, prevention of disease relies on testing, vaccinating and a strict quarantine protocol — measures that are not inte- gral to racing pigeon management. This difference is due to the very nature of the sport of pigeon racing; contact among different pigeon lofts (pigeon houses) constantly occurs. Every week during the racing season, pigeons travel — confined with thou- sands of other pigeons in special trucks — to the release site. Pigeons from different lofts are put together in bas- kets. Confused pigeons frequently enter a strange loft. In addition, training birds may come into contact with wild birds during daily flight sessions. Thus, there is no way to prevent exposure to contagious diseases within the pop- ulation or to maintain a closed flock. The pigeon fancier also must be aware that once a disease is symptomatic, the contagious peak has often already occurred, so pre- ventive treatment is too late. Treatment at this point may be limited to minimizing morbidity and mortality.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic Relationships and Biogeography of the Tracheophone Suboscines (Aves: Passeriformes)
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (2002) 499–512 www.academicpress.com Systematic relationships and biogeography of the tracheophone suboscines (Aves: Passeriformes) Martin Irestedt,a,b,* Jon Fjeldsaa,c Ulf S. Johansson,a,b and Per G.P. Ericsona a Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden b Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden c Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Received 29 August 2001; received in revised form 17 January 2002 Abstract Based on their highly specialized ‘‘tracheophone’’ syrinx, the avian families Furnariidae (ovenbirds), Dendrocolaptidae (woodcreepers), Formicariidae (ground antbirds), Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds), Rhinocryptidae (tapaculos), and Conop- ophagidae (gnateaters) have long been recognized to constitute a monophyletic group of suboscine passerines. However, the monophyly of these families have been contested and their interrelationships are poorly understood, and this constrains the pos- sibilities for interpreting adaptive tendencies in this very diverse group. In this study we present a higher-level phylogeny and classification for the tracheophone birds based on phylogenetic analyses of sequence data obtained from 32 ingroup taxa. Both mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclear genes (c-myc, RAG-1, and myoglobin) have been sequenced, and more than 3000 bp were subjected to parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses. The phylogenetic signals in the mitochondrial and nuclear genes were compared and found to be very similar. The results from the analysis of the combined dataset (all genes, but with transitions at third codon positions in the cytochrome b excluded) partly corroborate previous phylogenetic hypotheses, but several novel arrangements were also suggested.
    [Show full text]
  • Parrot Brochure
    COMMON MEDICAL PROPER HOUSING COMPANION DISEASES PARROTS: 1.) Nutritional deficiencies - A variety of ocular, nasal, respiratory, reproductive LARGE & SMALL and skin disorders caused by chronically improper diets. 2.) Feather picking - A behavioral disorder, sometimes secondary to a primary medical problem, where the bird self-mutilates by picking out its own Maecenas feathers. It is most often due to depression from lack of mental Proper housing for a macaw and other large birds stimulation or companionship and more Finding the right parrot cage for your feathered commonly seen in larger species. friend depends on the size and needs of your Purchasing your pet birds only in pairs bird. For example, while a parakeet needs a can help prevent this disorder smaller cage that can sit on a counter-top or from developing." table; the macaw needs a HUGE cage practically 3.) Bumblefoot - All caged birds are the size of a small room! It is always safest to “go susceptible to developing “bumblefoot" big.” Avoid galvanized metal wiring due to the or pododermatitis. This disease manifests potential for lead poisoning, and clean the itself as blisters and infections of the feet substrate on the bottom of the cage daily to caused by dirty perches or perches that weekly. Birds are messy creatures that love to are all the same size, shape and made of dive into their food bowls! Perches should vary the same material. i.e. smooth wood. in size, shape and material; including various How best to care for these diverse woods, sand paper and cloth. Clean perches and colorful birds and to ensure regularly to prevent diseases of the feet.
    [Show full text]
  • Nest Density and Success of Columbids in Puerto Rico ’
    The Condor98:1OC-113 0 The CooperOrnithological Society 1996 NEST DENSITY AND SUCCESS OF COLUMBIDS IN PUERTO RICO ’ FRANK F. RIVERA-MILAN~ Department ofNatural Resources,Scientific Research Area, TerrestrialEcology Section, Stop 3 Puerta. de Tierra, 00906, Puerto Rico Abstract. A total of 868 active nests of eight speciesof pigeonsand doves (columbids) were found in 210 0.1 ha strip-transectssampled in the three major life zones of Puerto Rico from February 1987 to June 1992. The columbids had a peak in nest density in May and June, with a decline during the July to October flocking period, and an increasefrom November to April. Predation accountedfor 8 1% of the nest lossesobserved from 1989 to 1992. Nest cover was the most important microhabitat variable accountingfor nest failure or successaccording to univariate and multivariate comparisons. The daily survival rate estimates of nests constructed on epiphytes were significantly higher than those of nests constructedon the bare branchesof trees. Rainfall of the first six months of the year during the study accounted for 67% and 71% of the variability associatedwith the nest density estimatesof the columbids during the reproductivepeak in the xerophytic forest of Gulnica and dry coastal forest of Cabo Rojo, but only 9% of the variability of the nest density estimatesof the columbids in the moist montane second-growthforest patchesof Cidra. In 1988, the abundance of fruits of key tree species(nine speciescombined) was positively correlatedwith the seasonalchanges in nest density of the columbids in the strip-transects of Cayey and Cidra. Pairwise density correlationsamong the columbids suggestedparallel responsesof nestingpopulations to similar or covarying resourcesin the life zones of Puerto Rico.
    [Show full text]
  • Commercial Members
    Commercial Members ABC Pets, Humble, TX, www.abcbirds.com Graham, Jan, El Paso, TX, [email protected] Adventures In Birds & Pets Inc, Houston,TX, [email protected] Great Companions Bird Supplies, Warren, MN, American Racing Pigeon Union, Oklahoma City, OK www.greatcompanions.com Angelwood Nursery, Woodburn, OR, [email protected] Hawkins, Connie, Larwill, IN, [email protected] Animal Adventure Inc, Greendale, WI, www.animaladventurepets.com Hidden Forest Art Gallery, Fallbrook, CA, www.gaminiratnavira.com Animal Genetics Inc./Avian Biotech, Tallahassee, FL, Hill Country Aviaries, LLC, Dripping Springs, TX, [email protected] www.hillcountryaviaries.com Avey Incubator, Llc, Evergreen, CO, [email protected] Hobo’s Parrot-Dise, Clarence, NY, [email protected] Avian Adventures Aviary, Novato, CA, Hopper, Verleen, Spring, TX, [email protected] www.avianadventuresaviary.com Innovative Inclosures, Fallbrook, CA Avian Resources, San Dimas, CA Intl Fed Of Homing Pigeon Fanciers, Hicksville, NY, www.ifpigeon.com Avianelites, New Holland, IL, [email protected] Jewelry & Gifts, Antioch, CA, [email protected] Aviary Of Naples & Zoological Park, Naples, FL, [email protected] Jo’s Exotic Birds, Ltd., Kenosha, WI, www.jos-exoticbirds.com Bailey, Laura Santa Ana, CA, [email protected] Johnson, Cynthia, Mehama, OR, [email protected] Beach, Steve, Camp Verde, AZ, [email protected] Jungle Talk And Eight In One, Moorpark, CA, Bell’s Exotics, Inc, Wrightsville, GA, www.bellsexotics.com [email protected] Berkshire Aviary,
    [Show full text]
  • The Puerto Rican Parrot—A Story of an Amazing Rescue
    THE PUERTO RICAN PARROT- A STORY OF AN AMAZING RESCUE By Alan Mowbray1 HISTORY Five hundred and twelve years ago, on his second voyage to the New World, Christopher Columbus dropped anchor off the Caribbean island he named San Juan Bautista. He and his crew of Spanish explorers saw white sand beaches bordered by high mountains covered with lush forests. They were warmly greeted by the native Taino inhabitants who gave them gifts of gold nuggets they had plucked from the island’s rivers. Hundreds of noisy bright-green parrots with beautiful white-ringed eyes swooped overhead. The Taino called these birds “Higuaca.” At the beginning of the sixteenth century, Spanish colonists estimated that there were nearly a million of these beautiful birds living in the island’s forests. Today there are less than thirty Amazona vittata living in the wild on the island we now know as Puerto Rico. Although there are future plans to expand the wild population to other locations on the island, at the moment, the 28, 000 acre (19, 650 hectare) Caribbean National Forest, known locally as El Yunque, is the sole remaining forest habitat where the few surviving wild Puerto Rican parrots find trees with cavities suitable for nesting and seeds and fruits to forage. Amazona vittata’s near disappearance is not unique. Of the three parrot species that inhabited U.S. territory at the turn of the twentieth century, all but one, the Puerto Rican Parrot became extinct by the 1940’s. There are 332 known psittacine (parrot) species. Approximately 31 of them are of the Neotropical Amazona genus that inhabits central and South America and the Caribbean islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Passerines: Perching Birds
    3.9 Orders 9: Passerines – perching birds - Atlas of Birds uncorrected proofs 3.9 Atlas of Birds - Uncorrected proofs Copyrighted Material Passerines: Perching Birds he Passeriformes is by far the largest order of birds, comprising close to 6,000 P Size of order Cardinal virtues Insect-eating voyager Multi-purpose passerine Tspecies. Known loosely as “perching birds”, its members differ from other Number of species in order The Northern or Common Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) The Common Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) was The Common Magpie (Pica pica) belongs to the crow family orders in various fine anatomical details, and are themselves divided into suborders. Percentage of total bird species belongs to the cardinal family (Cardinalidae) of passerines. once thought to be a member of the thrush family (Corvidae), which includes many of the larger passerines. In simple terms, however, and with a few exceptions, passerines can be described Like the various tanagers, grosbeaks and other members (Turdidae), but is now known to belong to the Old World Like many crows, it is a generalist, with a robust bill adapted of this diverse group, it has a thick, strong bill adapted to flycatchers (Muscicapidae). Its narrow bill is adapted to to feeding on anything from small animals to eggs, carrion, as small birds that sing. feeding on seeds and fruit. Males, from whose vivid red eating insects, and like many insect-eaters that breed in insects, and grain. Crows are among the most intelligent of The word passerine derives from the Latin passer, for sparrow, and indeed a sparrow plumage the family is named, are much more colourful northern Europe and Asia, this species migrates to Sub- birds, and this species is the only non-mammal ever to have is a typical passerine.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix, French Names, Supplement
    685 APPENDIX Part 1. Speciesreported from the A.O.U. Check-list area with insufficient evidencefor placementon the main list. Specieson this list havebeen reported (published) as occurring in the geographicarea coveredby this Check-list.However, their occurrenceis considered hypotheticalfor one of more of the following reasons: 1. Physicalevidence for their presence(e.g., specimen,photograph, video-tape, audio- recording)is lacking,of disputedorigin, or unknown.See the Prefacefor furtherdiscussion. 2. The naturaloccurrence (unrestrained by humans)of the speciesis disputed. 3. An introducedpopulation has failed to becomeestablished. 4. Inclusionin previouseditions of the Check-listwas basedexclusively on recordsfrom Greenland, which is now outside the A.O.U. Check-list area. Phoebastria irrorata (Salvin). Waved Albatross. Diornedeairrorata Salvin, 1883, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 430. (Callao Bay, Peru.) This speciesbreeds on Hood Island in the Galapagosand on Isla de la Plata off Ecuador, and rangesat seaalong the coastsof Ecuadorand Peru. A specimenwas takenjust outside the North American area at Octavia Rocks, Colombia, near the Panama-Colombiaboundary (8 March 1941, R. C. Murphy). There are sight reportsfrom Panama,west of Pitias Bay, Dari6n, 26 February1941 (Ridgely 1976), and southwestof the Pearl Islands,27 September 1964. Also known as GalapagosAlbatross. ThalassarchechrysosWma (Forster). Gray-headed Albatross. Diornedeachrysostorna J. R. Forster,1785, M6m. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci. Paris 10: 571, pl. 14. (voisinagedu cerclepolaire antarctique & dansl'Ocean Pacifique= Isla de los Estados[= StatenIsland], off Tierra del Fuego.) This speciesbreeds on islandsoff CapeHorn, in the SouthAtlantic, in the southernIndian Ocean,and off New Zealand.Reports from Oregon(mouth of the ColumbiaRiver), California (coastnear Golden Gate), and Panama(Bay of Chiriqu0 are unsatisfactory(see A.O.U.
    [Show full text]
  • TAS Trinidad and Tobago Birding Tour June 14-24, 2012 Brian Rapoza, Tour Leader
    TAS Trinidad and Tobago Birding Tour June 14-24, 2012 Brian Rapoza, Tour Leader This past June 14-24, a group of nine birders and photographers (TAS President Joe Barros, along with Kathy Burkhart, Ann Wiley, Barbara and Ted Center, Nancy and Bruce Moreland and Lori and Tony Pasko) joined me for Tropical Audubon’s birding tour to Trinidad and Tobago. We were also joined by Mark Lopez, a turtle-monitoring colleague of Ann’s, for the first four days of the tour. The islands, which I first visited in 2008, are located between Venezuela and Grenada, at the southern end of the Lesser Antilles, and are home to a distinctly South American avifauna, with over 470 species recorded. The avifauna is sometimes referred to as a Whitman’s sampler of tropical birding, in that most neotropical bird families are represented on the islands by at least one species, but never by an overwhelming number, making for an ideal introduction for birders with limited experience in the tropics. The bird list includes two endemics, the critically endangered Trinidad Piping Guan and the beautiful yet considerably more common Trinidad Motmot; we would see both during our tour. Upon our arrival in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago’s capital, we were met by the father and son team of Roodal and Dave Ramlal, our drivers and bird guides during our stay in Trinidad. Ruddy Ground-Dove, Gray- breasted Martin, White-winged Swallow and Carib Grackle were among the first birds encountered around the airport. We were immediately driven to Asa Wright Nature Centre, in the Arima Valley of Trinidad’s Northern Range, our base of operations for the first seven nights of our tour.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Evolution of the Broadbills (Eurylaimidae) and Asities (Philepittidae) Based on Morphology
    The Auk 110(2):304-324, 1993 PHYLOGENY, BIOGEOGRAPHY, AND EVOLUTION OF THE BROADBILLS (EURYLAIMIDAE) AND ASITIES (PHILEPITTIDAE) BASED ON MORPHOLOGY RICHARD O. ?RUM Museumof Natural Historyand Departmentof Systematicsand Ecology, Universityof Kansas,Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA ABsTRACT.--Phylogeneticanalysis of syringealmorphology and two osteologicalcharacters indicatesthat the broadbills (Eurylaimidae)are not monophyletic,but consistof four clades with successivelycloser relationships to the Madagascanasities (Philepittidae). An analysis of thesedata combined with hindlimb myologycharacters described by Raikow(1987) yields the sameresult. The sistergroup to Philepittaand Neodrepanisis the African broadbill Pseu- docalyptomena.The sistergroup to this cladeincludes all of the Asian broadbills,except the monophyleticgenus Calyptomena. The African genusSmithornis is the sistergroup to all other broadbillsand asities.A biogeographicanalysis indicates that the Madagascanendemics share a most-recentbiogeographic connection with the central African genusPseudocalyptomena. Phylogeneticassociations between transitions in bill morphologyand diet indicatethat bill morphologieshave evolved both in associationwith evolution of frugivory and nectarivory, and in apparentresponse to intrinsicfactors within the contextof frugivorousand insectiv- orousdiets. A phylogeneticclassification of the broadbillsand asitiesis proposedin which all broadbillsand asitiesare placed in five subfamiliesof the Eurylaimidae,and the separate family Philepittidae is abandoned.Received
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use
    Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Islands Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 6 IUCN - The World Conservation Union IUCN Species Survival Commission Role of the SSC The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is IUCN's primary source of the 4. To provide advice, information, and expertise to the Secretariat of the scientific and technical information required for the maintenance of biologi- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna cal diversity through the conservation of endangered and vulnerable species and Flora (CITES) and other international agreements affecting conser- of fauna and flora, whilst recommending and promoting measures for their vation of species or biological diversity. conservation, and for the management of other species of conservation con- cern. Its objective is to mobilize action to prevent the extinction of species, 5. To carry out specific tasks on behalf of the Union, including: sub-species and discrete populations of fauna and flora, thereby not only maintaining biological diversity but improving the status of endangered and • coordination of a programme of activities for the conservation of bio- vulnerable species. logical diversity within the framework of the IUCN Conservation Programme. Objectives of the SSC • promotion of the maintenance of biological diversity by monitoring 1. To participate in the further development, promotion and implementation the status of species and populations of conservation concern. of the World Conservation Strategy; to advise on the development of IUCN's Conservation Programme; to support the implementation of the • development and review of conservation action plans and priorities Programme' and to assist in the development, screening, and monitoring for species and their populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Birds of Marakele National Park
    BIRDS OF MARAKELE NATIONAL PARK English (Roberts 6) Old SA No. Rob No. English (Roberts 7) Global Names Names 1 1 Common Ostrich Ostrich 2 6 Great Crested Grebe Great Crested Grebe 3 8 Little Grebe Dabchick 4 50 Pinkbacked Pelican Pinkbacked Pelican 5 55 Whitebreasted Cormorant Whitebreasted Cormorant 6 58 Reed Cormorant Reed Cormorant 7 60 African Darter Darter 8 62 Grey Heron Grey Heron 9 63 Blackheaded Heron Blackheaded Heron 10 64 Goliath Heron Goliath Heron 11 65 Purple Heron Purple Heron 12 66 Great Egret Great White Egret 13 67 Little Egret Little Egret 14 68 Yellowbilled Egret Yellowbilled Egret 15 69 Black Heron Black Egret 16 71 Cattle Egret Cattle Egret 17 72 Squacco Heron Squacco Heron 18 74 Greenbacked Heron Greenbacked Heron 19 76 Blackcrowned Night-Heron Blackcrowned Night Heron 20 77 Whitebacked Night-Heron Whitebacked Night Heron 21 78 Little Bittern Little Bittern 22 79 Dwarf Bittern Dwarf Bittern 23 81 Hamerkop Hamerkop 24 83 White Stork White Stork 25 84 Black Stork Black Stork 26 85 Abdim's Stork Abdim's Stork 27 89 Marabou Stork Marabou Stork 28 90 Yellowbilled Stork Yellowbilled Stork 29 91 African Sacred Ibis Sacred Ibis 30 93 Glossy Ibis Glossy Ibis 31 94 Hadeda Ibis Hadeda Ibis 32 95 African Spoonbill African Spoonbill 33 96 Greater Flamingo Greater Flamingo 34 97 Lesser Flamingo Lesser Flamingo 35 99 Whitefaced Duck Whitefaced Duck 36 100 Fulvous Duck Fulvous Duck 37 101 Whitebacked Duck Whitebacked Duck 38 102 Egyptian Goose Egyptian Goose 39 103 South African Shelduck South African Shelduck 40 104 Yellowbilled
    [Show full text]