DOCSLIB.ORG

Components for Evaluation of Direct-Reading Monitors for Gases and Vapors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Components for Evaluation of Direct-Reading Monitors for Gases and Vapors A NIOSH TECHNICAL REPORT Components for Evaluation of Direct-Reading Monitors for Gases and Vapors DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Components for Evaluation of Direct-Reading Monitors for Gases and Vapors DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted. DISCLAIMER Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). In addition, citations to Web sites external to NIOSH do not constitute NIOSH endorsement of the sponsoring organizations or their programs or prod- ucts. Furthermore, NIOSH is not responsible for the content of these Web sites. All Web addresses referenced in this document were accessible as of the publication date. ORDERING INFORMATION To receive documents or other information about occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH at Telephone: 1–800–CDC–INFO (1–800–232–4636) TTY: 1–888–232–6348 E-mail: [email protected] or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh. For a monthly update on news at NIOSH, subscribe to NIOSH eNews by visiting www.cdc.gov/niosh/eNews. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2012–162 July 2012 ii Components for Evaluation of Direct Reading Monitors FOREWORD The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Public Law 91–596) assures, insofar as possible, safe and healthful working conditions for every working man and woman in the Nation. The act charges the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) with recommending occupational safety and health standards and describing exposure concentrations that are safe for various periods of employment, including but not limited to the concentrations at which no worker will suffer diminished health, functional capacity, or life expectancy as a result of his or her work experience. Under that charge and by a 1974 contract, NIOSH and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration jointly undertook the evaluation of sampling and analytical methods for airborne contaminants to determine if current methods met the criterion to produce a result that fell within 25% of the true concentration 95% of the time. In 1995, that protocol was revised. This document expands the 1995 method development and evaluation experimental testing methods to direct-reading monitors for gases and vapors. It further refines the previous guide- lines by applying the most recent research technology and giving additional experimental designs that more fully evaluate monitor performance. These Components are provided for laboratory users, consensus standard setting bodies, and manufacturers of direct-reading instrumentation and are compatible with American National Standards Institute/International Society of Automation guidelines. They provide more simplified procedures to estimate the precision, bias, and accuracy of a monitor; to evaluate a monitor relative to the 25% accuracy criterion; and to demonstrate that an atmosphere is relatively safe. John Howard, M.D. Director National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Components for Evaluation of Direct Reading Monitors iii ABSTRACT The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Public Law 91–596) charged the National Insti- tute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) with the responsibility for the development and evaluation of sampling and analytical methods for workplace compliance determinations. Under that charge, NIOSH and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration jointly undertook the evaluation of sampling and analytical methods for airborne contaminants by contract in 1974 to determine if methods met the criterion to produce a result falling within 25% of the true concen- tration 95 times out of 100. The present document further expands the experiments used during the initial methods development and evaluation research to direct-reading monitors for gases and vapors. This document provides discussion of the physical, operational, and performance characteris- tics for direct-reading monitors. Guidance is provided for experiments to evaluate response time, calibration, stability, range, limit of measurement, impact of environmental effects, interferences, and reliability of direct-reading monitors. Also included are evaluation criteria for the experiments and details for the calculation of bias, precision and accuracy, and monitor uncertainty. PREFACE This Components document consists of a main section of three parts, citation of relevant ANSI/ISA standards, and references; eight appendices; and a bibliography. The main section presents back- ground information, reviews various monitor types, and suggests components for monitor evalu- ation. Appendices A–F assume a prerequisite knowledge of statistics and provide details for the statistical computations, including procedures for calculation of accuracy, bias, precision, alarm set points for alarm system monitors, and explanatory material for relating accuracy to uncertainty. Although all computations can be programmed in spreadsheets, use of a statistical software pack- age is highly recommended. Example computer code is given in Appendices A, B, and G for some of the statistical formulas. For the convenience of interested readers, the more complicated for- mulas, denoted by bracketed reference numbers, are presented as LaTeX versions in Appendix H. A companion Addendum document, published separately, expands the applicability of the Components by presenting methods to be used in evaluating direct-reading monitors for hazard detection in first-responder environments. Please direct comments, questions, or requests for additional information to the following: Director, Division of Applied Research and Technology National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998 Telephone: 1-513-533-8462 or 1-800-CDC-INFO iv Components for Evaluation of Direct Reading Monitors CONTENTS DISCLAIMER ................................................................................................................................ ii ORDERING INFORMATION ....................................................................................................... ii FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... iv ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ ix DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... xi Part I. Direct-Reading Monitor Background Information ........................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 Definitions ................................................................................................................................2 Accuracy ..........................................................................................................................3 Precision ...........................................................................................................................4 Bias ..................................................................................................................................4 Limit of Detection and Limit of Measurement ................................................................5 Measurement Range .........................................................................................................5 Evaluation Range .............................................................................................................5 Interferences .....................................................................................................................5 Sampling Rate or Uptake Rate .........................................................................................5 Exposure Limit .................................................................................................................5 Linearity ...........................................................................................................................6 Response Time .................................................................................................................6 Sensitivity ........................................................................................................................6 Detector ............................................................................................................................6 Detector Life ....................................................................................................................6 Monitor Uncertainty .........................................................................................................7
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Air Monitoring Technology
    Prepared for Environmental Defense Fund Los Angeles, California Prepared by Ramboll Environ US Corporation San Francisco, California Project Number 0342333A Date December, 2017 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT REPORT: AIR MONITORING TECHNOLOGY NEAR UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA Technology Assessment Report: Air Monitoring Technology Near Upstream Oil and Gas Operations Environmental Defense Fund Los Angeles, California CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Objectives of this Report 1 2. HISTORICAL APPROACHES TO AMBIENT AIR MONITORING NEAR UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS 2 2.1 Pollutants of Interest 2 2.2 Regulatory Framework 4 2.3 Episodic/Ad-hoc Monitoring Plans 6 3. PARADIGM SHIFT TO UTILIZE LOWER COST SENSORS 10 3.1 Current State of Sensor Science and Performance Evaluations 11 3.2 Emerging Capabilities of Networked or Crowdsourced Sensors Utilizing Data Analytics 13 4. CHALLENGES 14 5. OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY SENSING CATEGORIES 15 6. DETAILED REVIEWS OF AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 22 6.1 Mobile Platforms 22 6.2 Sensor Technologies 23 6.2.1 Mid-range Cost 24 6.2.1.1 Open Path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) 24 6.2.1.2 Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) 26 6.2.1.3 Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy/Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy 29 6.2.1.4 Handheld Gas Chromatographs 31 6.2.2 Low Cost 33 6.2.2.1 Non-dispersive Infrared Sensor (NDIR) 33 6.2.2.2 Photoionization Detector (PID) 35 6.2.2.3 Electrochemical (EC) 38 6.2.2.4 Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) 40 6.2.2.5 Pellistor 43 7.
    [Show full text]
  • DISTRIBUTION of THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED J / R a S T
    DOE/HWP-130 LITERATURE SEARCH, REVIEW, AND COMPILATION OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL AND RADIOCHEMICAL SENSORS - TASK 1 REPORT - January 1993 Submitted to OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY HEADQUARTERS Prepared by ADVANCED SCIENCES, INC. 6739 Academy Road, N.E. Albuquerque, New Mexico 87109-3345 under contract DE-AC05-87OR21706 for the HAZARDOUS WASTE REMEDIAL ACTIONS PROGRAM Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-7606 managed by MARTIN MARIETTA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED j /RASTER DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. CONTENTS PREFACE v ABSTRACT vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS 3 2.1 INTRODUCTION 3 2.2 POTENTIOMETRIC SENSORS 3 2.3 AMPEROMETRIC SENSORS 3 2.4 REFERENCES CITED 7 2.5 BOOK REVIEW 8 3.
    [Show full text]
  • SEMICONDUCTOR GAS SENSORS This Page Intentionally Left Blank Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials
    SEMICONDUCTOR GAS SENSORS This page intentionally left blank Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials SEMICONDUCTOR GAS SENSORS Second Edition Edited by RAIVO JAANISO University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia OOI KIANG TAN Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier The Officers’ Mess Business Centre, Royston Road, Duxford, CB22 4QH, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Portable and Low-Cost Sensors for the Ambient Air Monitoring of Benzene and Other Volatile Organic Compounds
    sensors Review Review of Portable and Low-Cost Sensors for the Ambient Air Monitoring of Benzene and Other Volatile Organic Compounds Laurent Spinelle 1 , Michel Gerboles 1,* , Gertjan Kok 2, Stefan Persijn 2 and Tilman Sauerwald 3 1 European Commission—Joint Research Centre, 21027 Ispra, Italy; [email protected] 2 VSL Dutch Metrology Institute, 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands; [email protected] (G.K.); [email protected] (S.P.) 3 Laboratory for Measurement Technology, Universitaet des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-332-78-5652 Received: 26 April 2017; Accepted: 23 June 2017; Published: 28 June 2017 Abstract: This article presents a literature review of sensors for the monitoring of benzene in ambient air and other volatile organic compounds. Combined with information provided by stakeholders, manufacturers and literature, the review considers commercially available sensors, including PID-based sensors, semiconductor (resistive gas sensors) and portable on-line measuring devices as for example sensor arrays. The bibliographic collection includes the following topics: sensor description, field of application at fixed sites, indoor and ambient air monitoring, range of concentration levels and limit of detection in air, model descriptions of the phenomena involved in the sensor detection process, gaseous interference selectivity of sensors in complex VOC matrix, validation data in lab experiments and under field conditions. Keywords: PID based sensors; semiconductor and amperometric sensor; mini GC; portable on-line measuring devices; benzene; volatile organic compounds 1. Introduction Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are hazardous compounds that may cause damage to humans with chronic exposure [1].
    [Show full text]