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DOE/HWP-130 LITERATURE SEARCH, REVIEW, AND COMPILATION OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL AND RADIOCHEMICAL SENSORS - TASK 1 REPORT - January 1993 Submitted to OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY HEADQUARTERS Prepared by ADVANCED SCIENCES, INC. 6739 Academy Road, N.E. Albuquerque, New Mexico 87109-3345 under contract DE-AC05-87OR21706 for the HAZARDOUS WASTE REMEDIAL ACTIONS PROGRAM Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-7606 managed by MARTIN MARIETTA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED j /RASTER DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. CONTENTS PREFACE v ABSTRACT vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS 3 2.1 INTRODUCTION 3 2.2 POTENTIOMETRIC SENSORS 3 2.3 AMPEROMETRIC SENSORS 3 2.4 REFERENCES CITED 7 2.5 BOOK REVIEW 8 3. FIBER-OPTIC BASED SENSORS 11 3.1 INTRODUCTION 11 3.2 REFERENCES, PROCEEDINGS REVIEWS, AND BOOK REVIEWS FOR FIBER OPTIC CHEMICAL SENSORS 12 3.2.1 References 12 3.2.2 Proceedings of Conferences and Symposia - Papers of Special Interest for This Report 13 3.2.3 Books of Particular Interest 24 4. PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS 29 4.1 INTRODUCTION 29 4.2 BAW SENSORS 30 4.3 SAW SENSORS 34 4.4 OTHER TYPES 36 4.5 JOURNAL ARTICLES AND BOOKS CITED 38 5. RADIOCHEMICAL SENSORS 43 6. JOURNAL ARTICLE REVIEWS AND REFERENCES - GENERAL 51 6.1 REVIEWS 51 6.2 CHEMILUMINESCENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY 53 7. PROCEEDINGS - GENERAL 61 8. BOOK REVIEWS - GENERAL 63 9. REFERENCES FROM CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS/STN 71 10. LIST OF MANUFACTURERS, VENDORS, AND RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS 159 iii IV PREFACE This literature search was conducted by William H. Roach, Advanced Sciences, Ins. (ASI), Principal Investigator, with assistance from Leo Rahal (ASI) and H. Milton Peek (Consultant). The work was performed under contract DE-AC05-87OR21706, Task 012.92, TTP No. OR- 121112, with the Hazardous Waste Remedial Actions Program (HAZWRAP) of Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. Frederick Heacker served as the HAZWRAP Project Manager for this task. The literature search was sponsored by Caroline Purdy, Office of Technology Development, Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, Department of Energy Headquarters. v ABSTRACT This report contains the results of an extensive literature search on sensors that are used or have applicability in environmental and waste management. While restricting the search to a relatively small part of the total chemistry spectrum, a sizable body of reference material is included. Results are presented in tabular form for general references obtained from data base searches, as narrative reviews of relevant chapters from proceedings, as book reviews, and as reviews of journal articles with particular relevance to the review. Four broad sensor types are covered: electrochemical processes, piezoelectric devices, fiber optics, and radiochemical processes. The topics of surface chemistry processes and biosensors are not treated separately because they often are an adjunct to one of the four sensors listed. About 1000 tabular entries are listed, including selected journal articles, reviews of conference/meeting proceedings, and books. Literature to about mid-1992 is covered. vii 1. INTRODUCTION During the next several decades, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is expected to spend tens of billions of dollars in the characterization, cleanup, and monitoring of DOE's current and former installations that have various degrees of soil and groundwater contamination made up of both hazardous and mixed wastes. Each of these phases will require site surveys to determine type and quantity of hazardous and mixed wastes: first, a survey to estimate the magnitude and cost of the cleanup effort, next, one to quantify the cleanup, and, finally, one to monitor the site after cleanup to ensure that the effort has been successful. It is generally recognized that these required survey and monitoring efforts cannot be performed using traditional chemistry methods based on laboratory evaluation of samples from the field—the number of samples required for a meaningful survey would require the capabilities of many more certified laboratories than now exist in the United States. For that reason, a tremendous push during the past decade or so has been made on research and development of sensors that can largely duplicate laboratory results in the field, have adequate sensitivity and some selectivity, are easy to use, and are inexpensive compared to laboratory instrumentation. Much of the research in the United States is being done at universities, the national laboratories, federally funded research organizations, and, possibly to a lesser extent, in industry. Foreign governments, particularly Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom, are putting large sums of money into sensor research and development, expecting large payoffs. Increased interest and funding levels in sensor research have led to a corresponding increase in reports in journals, books, and proceedings. It is not unusual to see an entire conference dedicated to a particular class of sensor (e.g., optical fibers) on a yearly basis. Almost every year comprehensive reviews of some aspect of chemical sensors, both in the United States and abroad, are published. In an attempt to assemble the mass of literature dealing only with chemical and radiochemical sensors that address the hazardous and mixed waste pollutants, the Office of Research and Development under the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Technology Development has contracted for a "comprehensive literature search to determine the availability and developmental status of sensors that address DOE needs (in the hazardous and mixed waste areas)." Initial emphasis is to be placed on optical fibers, piezoelectric devices, electrochemical processes, and radiochemical processes. Other processes to be considered are surface chemistries, biosensors, and separation processes. Task 1 is to provide that literature search. Following tasks include an evaluation of the referenced material to identify sensors that have immediate availability, those with short-term (1 to 2 years) availability, and those that may be available in 3 to 5 years. Where possible, these evaluations will include information on sensitivity, dynamic range, selectivity, and laboratory and field test results. Finally, a more detailed report will discuss, as completely as possible, each type of sensor, sensitivity, lower limit of detection, and the developmental agencies and principal investigators involved. During the course of this literature search, it became evident that the search could continue for an indeterminate length of time because of the huge amount of material that has addressed the field of chemical sensors during the past several decades. Limiting the search to those sensors listed reduced the number of references cited, but did not reduce the time spent in the search by a proportionate amount because many of the references dealing with areas of interest were intermingled with references outside our scope of work, such as sensors for blood glucose or oxygen and other immunosensors. For that reason, the listing of references, books, and 1 proceedings reviewed is far from exhaustive, but it does provide a representative sample of what has been and is being done in chemical sensor research. Also during this work, it was found that thermal sensors should have been included in the study. Although the work on thermal sensors for chemical processes may not be as extensive as work on some of the other, there is a fair body of literature on the use of thermal sensors to obtain quantitative data on analyte concentrations. Because the temperature of a system is often taken for granted, an attitude of neglect for this important parameter has resulted. Any continuing literature search should include thermal sensors. Biosensors and surface chemistries are not separate parts of this report because both are most often a part of one of the four sensors covered. That is, biological materials and other organics often are the coatings applied to one of the four to provide the reaction with the analyte detected by some measuring device. As a result, many of the references that discuss a particular sensor by necessity also discuss the coating that is an essential part of the sensor. In some cases, however, biosensors exist as separate entities, and they will be included in follow-on work to this task. 2 2. ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS Zl INTRODUCTION Electrochemical sensors

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