OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 46 NO. 1 WINTER 1996

Mi

H^K

Published by

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one TERM copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ 1996 President Steven J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological 43130, (614)653-6642 Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. 1996 Vice President Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pike, BACK ISSUES Chillicothe, OH 45601, (614) 772-5431 1996 Exec. Sect. Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage St., Ashland, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 44805,(419)289-8313 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1996 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1996 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's& 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614)861-0673 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 43064,(614)873-5471 erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to 1996 Immediate Past Pres. Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star business office for prices and availability. Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 ASO CHAPTERS BUSINESS MANAGER Alum Creek Chapter Paul Wildermuth, 2505 Logan-Thorneville Road, Rushville, OH President: Dennis Buehler, 1736 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43150, (614) 536-7855, 1-800-736-7815 Aboriginal Explorers Club President: Richard Getz, 10949 Millersburg Rd SW, Massillon, OH TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter 1996 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH President: John McKendry, 5545 Trescott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 43050, (614)393-2314 Blue Jacket Chapter 1996 James R. Hahn, 770 S. Second St., Heath, OH 43056, President: Jon M. Anspaugh, 210 E Silver St., Wapakoneta, OH (614)323-2351 Chippewa Valley Archaeological Society President: Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Rd, Medina, OH 1996 Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter (614)653-9477 President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 1996 Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 44203 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter (216)753-7081 President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 1998 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43081, Divided Ridges Chapter (614)297-2641 President: John Mocic, Box 170, Route 1, Valley Drive, 1998 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, (216) Dilles-Bottom, OH 723-7122 Fort Salem Chapter 1998 William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., Columbus, OH 43224 President: Russell Strunk, 5526 Betty Lane, Milford, OH (614)262-9615 Fulton Creek Chapter 1998 Jeb Bowen, 419 Sandusky Ave., Fremont, OH 43420 President: Don Mathys, 23000 St. Rt. 47, West Mansfield, OH (419)585-2571 Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Randy Hancock, 1202 ST RT 302 RD#5, Ashland, OH REGIONAL COLLABORATORS King Beaver Chapter David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 President: Judith Storti, RD. #2, Box 1519, 1519 Herrick St., Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 New Castle, PA Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Kyger Creek Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Ruth A. Warden, 20 Evans Heights, Gallipolis, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Lake County Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Douglas Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd, Willoughby Hills, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH Dr. Phillip R. Shhver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: Raymond Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Mound City Chapter Zanesville, OH 43701 President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 Painted Post Chapter President: Norman Fox, 810 Coolidge St, New Castle, PA All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Sandusky Bay Chapter should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Sandusky Valley Chapter ness Manager. President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH Seneca Arrow Hunters PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Six River Valley Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH Standing Stone Chapter President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH Sugarcreek Valley Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONPresident:E Skeete NUMBERr Kish, 301 4 Clark Mill Rd, Norton, OH 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE I wish to offer my most sincere congratulations to Martha Petroskey Stone by Elaine Holzapfel 4 Potter Otto on being elected President Elect of the Ohio Archae­ A Fort Ancient Elk Antler Club by Larry Garvin 6 ological Council. She will fill this position for two years, where­ Northern Ohio Trade Axes by Jeff Dearth 7 upon she will become the President for the next two years. A Conversation Piece from Coshocton County, Ohio Congratulations Martha! by Wayne A. Mortine 8 Since I became president of the ASO, I have accompanied Don Casto to the ASO meetings held in Columbus at the Aladdin Shrine An Adena Pendant from Erie County, Ohio Temple. Don has been "floor manager" of these meetings for sev­ by David W. Didion 9 eral years. It is Don's responsibility to make sure the tables are Comments on the Composition of Catlinite and Ohio Pipestone where we want them to be, signs are placed for the display only by James L. Murphy 10 area, and to have the doors unlocked at the designated time. I set The Madeira Brown Site (33PK153) up the registration and information table and put up the security Seal Township, Pike County, Ohio by Flora Church 12 signs regarding the use of cameras and video recorders. I cannot believe the self inflicted confusion and inconsideration Jack Hooks by Elaine Holzapfel 16 brought about by people wanting to get into the meeting early to (I Three Slate Points from Northern Ashland County suppose) get a good spot. Some individuals have even entered the by Randy L. Hancock 17 building through a different door and unlocked our doors them­ selves. At the November meeting a newly hired Temple employee The Fort Defiance Pipe Tomahawk by Jeff Dearth 18 was, in my opinion, badgered into opening the doors early. These Field Work Study on Amateur Archaeology by Teresa Putty 20 types of actions cannot, and will not, be condoned. Our meeting Field Finds by John Burke 21 announcements VERY CLEARLY state what time the doors will open. Entry into the building prior to that time will not be allowed Benton Point found in Livingston County, Kentucky for any reason. If anyone wishes to get in line at 6:30 in the morning by Tony Clinton 22 when it is cold, rainy, or whatever, that is their decision to do so; Update on the Greg Shipley Affair by Robert N. Converse 23 but they will not be let into the building earlier than the announced Ruth Vietzen 23 opening time. I am asking for the cooperation of everyone involved Paleolndian Artifacts from Holmes and Ashland Counties, Ohio in this matter to please abide by the time frames set forth in the by Jeff Zemrock 24 meeting notices. Colorful Flint from The Crandall Collection Since I am already discussing our meetings, there is another area by Richard Crandall 26 in which we are experiencing a certain amount of confusion. That area being the Recent Field Finds display and the granting of The Tremper Mound Pipes by Robert N. Converse 27 awards thereon. This activity was established to encourage ASO Prehistoric Artifacts found in Carroll County, Ohio members to bring in their newly found artifacts for display. For fur­ by Carl A. Smith 29 ther incentive, we have a committee judge the artifacts and present A Bird Effigy Pipe from Mercer County, Pennsylvania awards for the best artifact found in certain categories. by Chris Osborne 30 Now for the problem! At nearly every meeting we have individ­ Atlatl Weight Function by Ray Strischek 32 uals who are not members of the ASO trying to enter the contest. These individuals are told that they must be a member of the ASO An Early Adena Point by Christopher Darin 39 in order to enter the display. Some of them subsequently go over to A Meadowwood Variant by Jim Beckman 40 our business manager, pay the membership dues, return to the dis­ An Archaic Bevel/Thebes Variant play, enter their artifact, and sometimes walk off with an award. I personally do not think this is fair to the rest of our membership. with one Pentangular Blade Edge by Jim Beckman 40 Although I realize that we do increase our membership somewhat Two Odd Knives by Jim Beckman 41 through this process, I question whether this is the most desirable A Michigan Axe by Edward Burrows 41 method of doing so. The Recent Field Finds guidelines as pub­ An Aboriginal Misfortune by Lloyd Harnishfeger 42 lished in the Ohio Archaeologist (Volume 40, No.3 - Summer 1990) states that an "exhibitor must be a member of the Archaeological An Interesting Salvaged Piece by Lloyd Harnishfeger 42 Society of Ohio" to display an artifact. So, that which is being done A Double Grooved Maul from Michigan byRonJarius 43 is in conformity to the guidelines. However, I will bring this situation Grouping of Artifacts by Jason Hanna 43 to the attention of the ASO Board of Directors and recommend that entrants to this contest must have been a member of the ASO A View of Custer's Last Stand by Shawn E. Stephan 44 when the piece in question was found. Book Reviews I cannot leave the subject of the Recent Field Finds display The Man in the Ice 46 without saying that this display should be an absolute MUST for A Practical Guide to Archaeological Photography 46 any one attending a meeting. It just does my heart good to know that such artifacts are still out there in the fields waiting to be found. The Bog People 47 The Hind Site and the Till next time, thanks and take care Glacial Kame Burial Complex in Ontario 47 Jhu-L \Ajt£* Exploring Prehistoric Mounds on the Rix Mills - High Hill POSTSCRIPT The Board of Directors met on January 20, 1996 Divide; The Archaeology of The Wilds and Vicinity, and the criteria for entering an artifact into the recent field finds Southeastern Muskingum County, Ohio 48 competition will remain the same as it has been. An entrant must Johnny Appleseed Chapter Annual Awards Meeting be a member of the ASO to enter a piece into the contest. by Jeff Zemrock 49 New Book 50 5th Annual Native American Artifact Exhibit 50 Cover Figure: The effigy of a Sandhill Crane from the cache of effigy pipes Ohio Historical Society News 51 found in the Tremper mound, Scioto County, Ohio. Note the Mercer County Historical Society News 51 copper inset eyes and the red paint denoting the crane's red crest. Picture courtesy of the Ohio Historical Society. Obituaries - Herbert W. Lenhart - Claud F. Lahm 51

3 PETROSKEY STONE by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

One of the unusual raw materials used Nothing is ever simple, though. Seven Was this rock worked by people of other by prehistoric man in Ohio was Petoskey species of Hexagonaria exist in Michigan times and cultures than Ft. Ancient? What stone, which is commonly found in alone. Many more species of the similar artifacts have been found made of northern Michigan. The discoidal and the Prismatophyllum occur throughout Petoskey stone or related fossil corals? pipe shown in Figures 1 and 2, made of eastern North America. These varieties If you can contribute information this stone, both date from the Ft. Ancient can, however, be distinguished by an and/or photographs of such prehistoric time period (1400-1600 A.D.), and both expert in coral anatomy. It would be pieces, please send them to me now and artifacts are from Scioto County. interesting to know the actual origin of they will be pictured in the next issue of In 1965 Governor George Romney pro­ the raw material of the pipe and dis­ this magazine. claimed this grave fossil the state stone coidal, as this information could indicate of Michigan. The name Petoskey, of trade or travel in the Ft. Ancient period. Ottawa Indian derivation, means sun rays of the dawn. Petoskey stone, scientifically known as Hexagonaria pericarinata and Prismato- phyllum, is a fossil coral which lived 350 million years ago during the Devonian period. The Michigan area, near the equator at the time, was submerged beneath a warm shallow sea. Corals shared this sea with brachiopods, trilo- bites, and placoderms, huge primitive fish. Individual corallites in the stone are easily discerned. Each corallite consists of a rounded center from which extend rays (septae) bounded by (usually) six- sided walls. Hexagonaria are found in the Gravel Point formation of Michigan. These fossils were dragged from their already ancient beds by Pleistocene glaciers and scattered across upper Michigan from Petoskey to Charlevoix, where they lie as rounded peb­ bles and cobbles on inland lake beaches and on the shores of Lake Michigan. The stone, relatively soft, is primarily cal- cite, which has a hardness of only 3 on Moh's scale. Quartz or pyrite or other inclu­ sions can make it harder. As rock collectors know, Petoskey stone is easy to work with. It can be smoothed with sandpaper, then hand-polished with a soft cloth and car polish. Carved into various shapes such as miniature books, paperweights, and bobs, the stones have long been sold as sou­ venirs in the Petoskey area.

I I Map A (Holzapfel) Rounded Petoskey stones occur on inland beaches of northern Michigan and along the Lake Michigan shoreline. Carved and polished souvenir stones have long been sold around the Petoskey area.

4 MP^^ •.,

SCIOTO CO W onto

m •F : B J

H * * fa

Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Both sides of discoidal made of fossil coral. Measures 3 inches wide and slightly less than 1 inch thick. Inclusions color the piece yellow, cream, and brown. Fairly hard. Ft. Ancient (1400-1600 A.D.).

Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Pipe made of weathered fossil coral, Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Enlargement showing structure of Petoskey stone. probably Petoskey stone. Fairly soft. Ft. Ancient (1400- From a circular center radiate rays (septae) which terminate in six- 1600 A.D.). 2'/2in. long. sided walls. Each hexagon represents a single corallite in the colony.

5 A FORT ANCIENT ELK ANTLER CLUB by Larry Garvin Zanesville, Ohio

The accompanying photograph is of an material was submitted to Beta Analytic gravel business had been going on 18 inch long, two pound seven ounce elk for AMS radiocarbon dating. The resultant around Newtown since the late 19th cen­ antler which has been modified into a date was, unfortunately, A.D. 1460 +/- 60 tury and continues today; there were and club. This object was found in 1926 in the (Beta 78037), which corrects to A.D. 1430 are many gravel pits in the Newtown "Newtown Gravel Pit," six miles east of (one sigma = 1410-1450). This date indi­ area. Cowan also noted that the large Cincinnati in Hamilton County, Ohio. It cates that the antler club was probably Fort Ancient villages in the area had been was reportedly found at a depth of 60 Fort Ancient, and that the club was not well known since the 1880s, when they feet. The name of the person who found buried 60 feet deep, but had probably were first recorded by Charles Metz. Had the antler is not known, although shortly washed out of a feature exposed near the the club been found at one of Metz's sites, after its discovery it found its way into the top of the gravel pit and rolled down to a site name would have probably been Mel Helmus collection, where it remained the bottom sixty feet below. associated with the object as it passed until his death in 1974. After passing Wes Cowan of the Cincinnati Museum through the various collections. In all likeli­ through several hands it finally ended up of Natural History responded to an hood the antler club was from a small pre­ in my collection. inquiry regarding Fort Ancient sites in the viously unrecorded and unnamed hamlet Because the antler club was suppos­ Newtown area, and commented that he or specialized site which has since been edly found so deep in the gravel deposit, remembered someone bringing the antler graveled away with little or no fanfare. there was a chance that this object might club to the museum several years ago. At Editor's Note: Antler clubs have also represent the lost property of some Pleis­ that time he thought that it was probably been found in Intrusive Mound culture tocene individual. At the request of Fort Ancient. Regarding the location of contexts. Richard Gramley, a small core of the the find, he also commented that the

Figure 1 (Garvin) Elk antler club from the "Newtown Gravel Pit," Hamilton County, Ohio.

6 NORTHERN OHIO TRADE AXES by Jeff Dearth 3615 Ravens Glen Columbus, OH 43211

Ohio has many relics from both prehis­ followed the eastern Great Lakes. The After the French and Indian Wars, the toric and historic habitation and contacts. streams that emptied into Lake Erie from French trade dissipated in the Ohio area Though Indian villages and pioneer set­ northern Ohio watershed proved to be and the British trade flourished. tlements dotted the state, the northern the route of contact with the Indians by The Indians requested the traders to half of Ohio seems to have been a more the early traders. Many French resided in live in or close to their villages to facilitate concentrated environment for Indian con­ Indian villages, married Indian women trading. Also of importance to them was tact by early British and French traders. and remained there to raise their chil­ the repair of their guns, tomahawks, and The Cumberland gap and trail accessed dren. The British, on the other hand, other European wares by the traders and Kentucky for exploration and pioneer developed posts for their contacts and smiths. development. Exiting Fort Pitt, the fron­ were less inclined to live the Indian way The pictured items are examples of tiersmen entered northern Kentucky and of life. The English traders were more some of the weapons which were traded southern Ohio via the Ohio River. Early concerned with business than the devel­ to the Indians of northern Ohio. trade routes from Canada and New York opment of friendship.

Figure 1 (Dearth) A classic English half axe. This appears to be a Figure 2 (Dearth) French trade axe called a "spontoon" toma­ true weapon or "battle axe." It is fairly large, measuring 63A inches hawk. This type of axe was the style traded to Indians from the by 3'A inches and was a formidable weapon. early to middle 1700s. Its only intention was to have been a Provenience: Hancock County. weapon. There are three tally marks filed on each side of the blade. Length 7 inches. Northern Ohio.

Figure 3 (Dearth) Early British trade weapon known as a spike axe Figure 4 (Dearth) A hammer poll belt axe. Though primarily carried due to the extension of a spike from the poll end of the eye. This by the militia and frontiersmen, there are documentations of type was a favorite of the Iroquois of New York. Length 6Vi inches Indians carrying hammer poll tomahawks. Black Hoof's tomahawk by 2'/2 inches. Lorain County. is reputed to have been of this style. Length 5% inches by 2'A inches. Northern Ohio. A CONVERSATION PIECE FROM COSHOCTON COUNTY, OHIO by Wayne A. Mortine 300 Scott Drive Newcomerstown, Ohio

Recently a friend brought to my atten­ excavated vessels (Carskadden, personal this unusual artifact, but for the moment tion an unusual stone artifact. This stone communication). we will just consider seeing it as a good was found in an "old tin can" with two In conclusion, the chances are that we way to start a conversation. worked projectile points, several pieces will never know the entire story behind of flint, fossils and other odd shaped this artifact. For instance, we do not know stones. The can and its contents were a whether the person who found the stone References Cited part of the inventory of goods sold in a was the individual who modified it. What single block from an old homestead. This we can say with some certainty is that Griffin, James B. house was in the process of being someone with a good imagination tried to 1943 "The Fort Ancient Aspect". Reprinted 1966 as Anthropological Papers No. 28, moved to another location. The material enhance its appearance by adding fea­ Museum of Anthropology, University of in the can gave the appearance of being tures (eyes-mouth). Since the artifact Michigan, Ann Arbor. collected by someone who farmed or does resemble effigy strap handles found walked local fields. on Fort Ancient pottery vessels, the Mayer-Oakes, William J. The house was located in Oxford author has alluded to that possible 1955 "Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley". Township, Coshocton County, Ohio. It archaeological explanation. There are Annals of the Carnegie Museum, was situated on the south side of the probably many legitimate explanations for Vol. 34, Pittsburgh. flood plain of the Tuscarawas River. Old channels of the Tuscarawas are prevalent in the area. Extensive sand and gravel operations in the vicinity give ample evi­ dence of the local soil conditions. The stone artifact is a hard pebble con­ glomerate (Fig. 1-2). When found, its original shape was well enough formed to inspire anyone's imagination. It has been defined somewhat by light incising or grinding around the legs and body. Two eyes and a line for a mouth have been worked into the head. The mouth appears to be holding a serpentine form (earth­ worm). The tail which extends to the end of the stone is the least defined part of the artifact. Its color is grey and brown with the embedded pebbles giving it a mottled appearance. The line running the length of the back seems to be a natural formation. When first shown the artifact, I was struck by its resemblance to an aquatic or amphibian creature, i.e. a member of the Figure 1 (Mortine) Top view of Salamander effigy. salamander family. Whether the artifact is remains a question, but it is interesting to note that effigy strap handles resembling lizards or salamanders have been found on Fort Ancient pottery vessels. They were found on pots from the Madisonville Site in Hamilton County, southwestern Ohio. In referring to these vessels, Griffen (1966: 135) states that, "Although the specialized vessels are not typical Madis­ onville jars, they vary in only a few fea­ tures and do not indicate trade pieces." Similar effigy strap handles are found on the rims of the Feurt-Clover pottery ves­ sels in the Upper Ohio Valley. These late Fort Ancient Clover people were also making salamander shaped pendants from brass and copper fragments of European manufacture. (Mayer-Oakes 1955: 166-174). Closer to our area of the Upper Muskingum River Valley, the Philo II Site in Muskingum County has pro­ duced a vessel with a lizard or sala­ mander effigy strap handle on one of the Figure 2 (Mortine) Sideview of effigy

8 AN ADENA PENDANT FROM ERIE COUNTY, OHIO by David W. Didion 415 Scott Street Sandusky, OH 44870

After the death of my grandfather, by Converse. The material is hard, dark been found on the "new" farm. This farm Joseph Huber, Sr., in 1956, my grand­ brown banded slate and the dimensions was purchased after the forced sale of mother gave me a number of prehistoric are: Length - 4Ve inches Width - 2 inches the family farm and is located in Huron artifacts. The cigar box contained arrow at widest dimension, near bottom. IVj Township, east of Milan Road, where I points, small slate celts, a hardstone celt, inches at narrowest, near center. Thick­ believe the pendant was found, some­ and the artifact which is the subject of ness - 3A inch for most of length 3Ae inch time after 1941 and before 1956. this article. My grandmother stated at the at top and bottom. The new farm had many hills of fine time that she was not sure that the slate The exact location of the find is uncer­ yellow sand, which were glacial kames. item with the hole in it really belonged in tain. I believe the pendant was found by Three of the hills were village sites and the box with the arrowheads. She said my grandfather, so it could be from either were hunted for relics by my brother and that my grandfather had used it as a of two Erie County locations. The original me when we were boys. Unfortunately, sharpening stone to keep an edge on his Herber family farm was in Perkins Town­ these hills are no more, for they were straight razor. Many years later, I joined ship, south of Bogart Road and west of hauled away and used as foundry sand. the ASO and gained access to books Columbus Avenue. The property is now Much of the sand was excavated and such as Converse's Ohio Slate Types. I part of the NASA Plum Brook Station. My sent out by railroad car. These quarrying can now identify th Adena pendant. uncle, Joseph L. Herber has no recollec­ operations were extensive in the 1960s As the photographs show, the pendant tion of its being found on the original and what was once hilly land is now flat is concave on both sides and convex on family farm and he thought it must have farm land. top and bottom. It resembles the gorgets pictured in the top row, right and left specimens on page 47 of Ohio Slate Types. However, since this piece has a single hole it would be classified as a pendant. The hole was drilled from both sides. In fact, the hole was misaligned from one side to the other and the drill had to be tilted, perhaps 45° from the perpendicular, to force alignment of the hole. The edges are angular where the flat surface meets the sides, the side edges being flat and not rounded as is common in Adena. The corners of the piece are angular, as well, as described

Fig. 1 (Didion) Both sides of Adena pendant from Erie County. COMMENTS ON THE COMPOSITION OF CATLINITE AND OHIO PIPESTONE by James L. Murphy Ohio State University Libraries 1858 Neil Avenue Mall Columbus, Ohio 43210 Recent articles by Holzapfel (1995) and magnesia in the samples, these analyses alteration. These processes are also Britt (1995) indicate a continuing interest indicate that catlinite is basically the min­ reflected in the mineralogy of the over­ in these two raw materials. Holzapfel pro­ eral kaolinite with possibly some other lying Sioux quartzite. vides information derived primarily from similar species (ie., beidellite, montmoril- As for Ohio pipestone, twelve chemical Stout (1923) and presents it in the con­ lonite) of clay minerals mixed in." analyses have been published by Stout, text of a recent expedition made to In contrast, Berg (1938: 260) found the five of which represent flint clay from the obtain a representative sample of Ohio Minnesota catlinite to consist predomi­ Sciotoville horizon in Scioto Co. (Stout: pipestone, which she correctly identifies nantly of sericite partially replaced by pyro- 129, 131). Stout interpreted the composi­ as a Pennsylvanian fireclay known geo­ phyllite. According to him, pyrophyllite has tion of Sciotoville clay as being an impure logically as Sciotoville clay. Britt is more replaced the top and bottom inch of the kaolinite. Noteworthy, in this respect, is specifically interested in distinguishing the ca. 15-18 inch bed of catlinite; replace­ the small amount of potassium oxide Ohio and Minnesota "pipestones," particu­ ment also occurs along partings parallel to present; other significant differences larly in terms of chemical composition, and the bedding, in numerous lenses of the when compared with Berg's analysis of it is to this end that the following comments massive catlinite, and as scattered specks Minnesota catlinite are a somewhat are directed, as a number of pertinent pub­ throughout the body, so numerous that it greater amount of titanium oxide, sug­ lications, including Stout (1923) were would be difficult to find as much as a gesting the presence of comparatively apparently not available to him. square inch of the red pipestone that did more rutile in the Ohio clay, and indica­ The original "1836" chemical analysis of not contain some replacement specks. tion of ancient weathering. catlinite by Prof. C.T. Jackson and pro­ Berg also noted the presence of diaspore, In 1955 de Pablo-Galan presented the vided Britt by a "lady ranger" at Pipestone hematite, specularite, and pyrite. He found results of numerous x-ray diffraction and National Monument was actually published most of the diaspore, specularite and differential thermal analyses on Ohio in the American Journal of Science pyrite associated with the pyrophyllite clays in his Master's Thesis, where he (Anonymous 1839). Jackson regarded the replacement. Nearly all of the red hematite, also presented calculated theoretical min- rock as a new compound very similar to responsible for the color of catlinite, was eralogical compositions of the samples. "agalmatolite," a stone used for carving in found in the sericite. The d.t.a. curves indicated essentially the China, and named the new rock "catlinite" Britt does not reference his statement same minerals for all 35 samples - kaoli­ in honor of George Catlin. that catlinite "is basically the mineral nite, illite, pyrite, and carbonates. X-ray By 1884, similar deposits had been kaolinite with possibly other similar diffraction confirmed the mineralogy as recognized and identified as catlinite at species (ie., beidellite, montmorillonite) of consisting chiefly of kaolinite, illite, and various places in Minnesota, Wisconsin clay minerals mixed in," but it does not quartz. De Pablo-Galan included only one (e.g., Devil's Lake), and South Dakota, appear to be correct. Berg's analysis sample of Sciotoville clay, and it repre­ also in association with Algonkian (1938:261) indicates over 5% potash, sented a plastic clay from Stark Co. He quartzites, as is the case in Minnesota, consistent with his microscopic identifi­ calculated the mineral composition of it where the catlinite occurs as thin layers cation of sericite. X-ray diffraction indi­ as 46.10 hydromica (illite) 12.64 kaolinite, interbedded with the Precambrian Sioux cated that the bulk of the catlinite 34.32 quartz, 1.30 rutile, 3.37 siderite, quartzite, exposed along a north-south- consists of sericite, a form of muscovite 0.23 organic carbon, and 1.16% mois­ trending ridge about a mile in length and mica ("potash mica") generally consid­ ture. De Pablo-Galan cautioned that for a 25-30 feet in height (Broughton 1973). ered an alteration product of feldspar. In variety of reasons, appreciable error may Winchell (1884: 63) provided additional any case, montmorillonite, though abun­ accumulate in the derivation of such theo­ chemical analyses of the Minnesota dant in many Mesozoic and Cenozoic retical compositions. Nonetheless, such a stone, as well as similar material from sediments, as well as in Recent marine composition is consistent with Grim's South Dakota and Wisconsin. He noted sediments, rarely occurs in sediments findings (1953: 358) that Pennsylvanian that the Minnesota pipestone "seems to older than the Mesozoic (Grim 1953: coal underclays consists of either kaoli­ graduate into red shale, and becomes in 356). Beidellite has been found to be a nite or illite or a mixture of these clay min­ that form an important constituent of the mixture of various clay minerals rather erals. Such a conclusion was also formation in which it is found. It seems to than a distinct mineral, and the term has confirmed by McConnell, Levinson and be only when this formation is greatly generally fallen into disuse, following de Pablo-Galan (1956). indurated that the inclosed shale beds Grim (1953: 40). As Holzapfel notes, the Sciotoville clay are hardened to the condition of pipe­ In summary, Minnesota pipestone utilized by prehistoric artisans is a flint stone. In cases of greater metamorphism ("catlinite") consists primarily of sericite clay, as opposed to a plastic clay. Grim its heaviest deposits have been con­ mica, with diaspore, specularite, and (1953: 358) defines flint clay as "a dense, verted apparently into red felsite or pyrite associated with pyrophyllite hard, nonslakable, massive, non-plastic quartz porphyries." replacement. Most of the red hematite, clay with flint-like characteristics" and The next available analysis of Min­ responsible for the color of catlinite, along notes that the flint clays that had been nesota catlinite was not made until fifty with small amounts of diaspore and pos­ studied up to that time "are composed of years later, when Dr. R.B. Ellestad pro­ sibly rutile, is found in the sericite. Berg well-crystallized kaolinite in extremely vided a chemical analysis for Berg (1938). regards the sericite as a product of con­ small particle sizes." (The term has While Britt reproduces Ellestad's solidation or mild metamorphism of the nothing to do with the hardness of the analysis, he interprets it somewhat differ­ original shale and associated sandstones; rock but refers to its conchoidal fracture, ently than did Berg, stating that "Except the subsequent pyrophyllite replacement much like that of flint.) Although de for the presence of minor amounts of may have been a product of hydrothermal Pablo-Galan did not analyze any speci-

10 mens of Sciotoville flint clay, he did ana­ More recent X-ray diffraction studies Grim, Ralph E. lyze four Ohio flint clay samples from by Gundersen (1982, 1982a) have been 1953 Clay Mineralogy. New York: McGraw-Hill slightly higher stratigraphic units - the successful in distinguishing Minnesota Book Co. Lower Kittanning and Oak Hill members and Kansan pipestones, in part on the Gundersen, James Novotny of the Allegheny Group. Study of his basis of the presence of diaspore and 1982 Comments on the Distribution of Pipe­ analyses indicates that these flint clays pyrophyllite in the Minnesota pipestone. stone and Pipestone-bearing Clastics in have significantly higher amounts of Sigstad (1973) has used neutron activa­ Kansan Drift, Southeastern Nebraska. kaolinite - 66.40 to 72.25% than any of tion analysis to distinguish catlinite and Proceedings of the Nebraska Academy the plastic clays analyzed, in keeping other red pipestones and, in fact, has of Science 92: 2. with an observation earlier made by Stout determined that catlinite from the 1982a The Mineralogy of Pipestone Artifacts of (1923: 142) and an interpretation sup­ Hopewellian Esch Mound in Erie County, the Linwood Site (Historic Pawnee) of ported by the comparatively small Ohio, derives from Wisconsin deposits. East Central Nebraska. Proceedings of The Nebraska Academy of Science 92: 3. amount of potassium detected in the Sigstad also attributes some catlinite Ohio flint clays that have been analyzed from the Hopewellian Tremper Mound, Holzapfel, Elaine (including Stout's chemical analyses of Scioto County, Ohio, to sources in Min­ 1995 Ohio Pipestone. Ohio Archaeologist Sciotoville flint clay). Further confirmation nesota and Arizona. He (Sigstad 1970) 45(3): 4-6. came from studies of the Kentucky has also determined that a simple streak Huddle, John W., and Sam H. Patterson equivalent of the Sciotoville clay - the test is sufficient to distinguish Minnesota 1961 Origin of Pennsylvanian Underclay and Olive Hill clay bed (Patterson and catlinite from similar materials, including Related Seat Rocks. Geological Society Hosterman 1960). Huddle and Patterson pipestones from Arizona, Kansas, Wis­ of America Bulletin 72: 1643-1660. (1961) note that in the Pennsylvanian consin, and Ohio. McConnell, Duncan, A.A. Levinson, and System purer kaolinitic underclays occur Liberto de Pablo-Galan in the lower part of the section, whereas 1956 Study of Some Chemically Analyzed illite and mixed-layer clays predominate in Ohio Clays by X-ray Diffraction and Dif­ younger rocks. They believe that such flint ferential Thermal analysis. Ohio Journal clays were formed by unusually long References Cited of Science 56: 275-284. periods of leaching of acidic seat rock in Patterson, S.H., and J.W. Hosterman the substratum of a swamp - leaching Anonymous 1960 Geology of the Clay Deposits in the Olive which also removed any detrital feldspar 1839 Catlinite or Indian Pipe Stone. American Hill District, Kentucky. P. 178-194 in Journal of Science 35: 388. (which is more common in plastic under­ Swineford, Ada, ed., Seventh National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals. clays). Supporting evidence is the some­ Berg, Ernest L Washington, D.C. what greater amount of titanium oxide 1938 Notes on Catlinite and the Sioux (rutile) in flint clay, as rutile is a stable min­ Quartzite. American Mineralogist Sigstad, John S. eral resistant to weathering. In short, Ohio 23: 258-268. 1970 A Field Test for Catlinite. American pipestone (Sciotoville flint clay) probably Britt, Claude, Jr. Antiquity 35: 377-382. results from intensively weathered swamp 1995 A Comparison of Ohio and Minnesota 1973 The Age and Distribution of Catlinite and seat-rock and contains more kaolinite than Pipestones. Ohio Archaeologist Red Pipestone. Unpubl. Ph.D. Dissert., University of Missouri, Columbia. Minnesota pipestone (catlinite), which dia- 45(3): 24-25. genesis has altered to sericite and pyro­ Broughton, Paul L. Stout, Wilber, et al. phyllite. Whatever the origin of the 1973 The Catlinite Quarries of Southwestern 1923 Coal Formation Clays of Ohio. Geolog­ Minnesota deposits, they appear to have Minnesota. Earth Science 26(3): 126-131. ical Survey of Ohio, 4th Sen, Bulletin 26. Columbus. been substantially more altered than Ohio de Pablo-Galan, Liberto flint clays and mild metamorphism - very 1955 Study of Chemically Analyzed Ohio Winchell, N.H. likely hydrothermal in part - is a more likely Clays by X-ray Diffraction and Differential 1884 Geology of Minnesota. Final Report. I: mechanism than simply "the weight of the Thermal Analysis. Unpubl M.S. Thesis, 63. Minneapolis: The Geological and overlying Sioux Quartzite." Ohio State University, Columbus. Natural History Survey of Minnesota.

11 THE MADEIRA BROWN SITE (33 Pk 153) Seal Township, Pike County, Ohio by Flora Church Archaeological Services Consultants, Inc. 4620 Indianola Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43214

The Madeira Brown site was located number of historic artifacts (n = 47) were each was also slightly more than a meter in during a reconnaissance survey for the also recovered; these represent field depth and contained FCR with minor proposed widening of S.R. 32 and trash and no other historic component of amounts of charcoal, debitage, burnt nut­ realignment of U.S. Route 23 ramps at the site was documented. Final site size shell, and calcined bone fragments. Both S.R. 32 (Figure 1) [Bush ef al. 1989]. The was estimated at 80 m NS by 61 m EW. features evidenced different fill episodes, site was situated on a first terrace east of showing that the pits were left open to the the Scioto River and west of U.S. Route Radiocarbon Dates elements at several different times. 23 and was identified on the basis of a A total of 154 soil anomalies were Six thermal features had a roughly cir­ low density lithic scatter. Swales demar­ identified and investigated; of these, 45 cular plan > 1 m diameter with a deep cated the western and northern edges of were determined to be cultural features squared profile and flat bottom. Depth the site. Subsequent assessment work at (Figure 2). Twenty-five secure radio­ ranged from 26 cm to 73 cm and each the site revealed Late Archaic and Middle carbon dates were obtained from a feature produced quantities of FCR; in Woodland diagnostic artifacts (Bush ef number of the features. While earlier work some cases the FCR lined the pit. Char­ al. 1992) as well as a number of cultural at the site (ODOT 1993) had predicted that coal, debitage, calcined bone fragments, features, including portions of two cir­ the site was a Middle Woodland hamlet, burned earth, and stone tools and tool cular, intersecting structures, a possible the majority of the radiocarbon dates fragments - including projectile points, rectangular structure, and a number of demonstrated that the major temporal bifaces, a drill, and a celt fragment were small shallow basins, a hearth, and one component of the Madeira Brown site recovered from these features. The large, deep basin (ODOT 1993). was Late Archaic, with much less sub­ remaining three shallow basin-shaped Archaeological Services Consultants, stantial Early and Middle Woodland com­ thermal features are interpreted as Inc. (ASC) excavated the site in ponents (Table 1). Calibrating the raw hearths. All are roughly oval in planview December 1993 and July-August 1994 in dates and using their midpoints, the Late with diameters between 0.8 m and 1.3 m; order to mitigate the adverse impact of Archaic dates (n = 17) range from cal depths range between 22 cm and 31 cm. the proposed project to this significant B.C. 2130 to cal B.C. 1265. All but two of These features yielded FCR, charcoal, resource. ASC served as a consultant to these dates were obtained from a cluster burnt earth, and small amounts of deb­ Burgess & Niple Ltd., Inc., with the work of large and small features forming the itage and calcined bone fragments. Two funded by the Ohio Department of Trans­ northern margin of the site (Figure 2). The projectile points, a grooved axe frag­ portation. A research design addressing earliest Late Archaic occupation of the ment, and a pitted stone were also questions of site chronology, site struc­ site dates to cal B.C. 2130 to cal 1735 (n recovered from these features. ture, subsistence, settlement patterns, = 6 dates). Slightly more than half (n = 9, Six small deep basins were documented and culture change was developed. 53 %) of the Late Archaic dates fall as part of the Late Archaic occupation of between cal. B.C. 1675 to cal B.C. 1620 the site. These features ranged in diameter with an additional four dates (24%) Results of Data Recovery from 0.52 m to 0.68 m and in depth from ranging between cal B.C. 1525 to cal The plowzone was mechanically 15 cm to 30 cm. They contained minor B.C. 1500. The most recent of the Late removed from 10,009.7 m2 or two times amounts of FCR along with debitage, point Archaic dates is cal B.C. 1265 from Fea­ the originally defined site size using base fragments, calcined bone fragments, ture 139. equipment and operators provided by the wood charcoal, burnt earth, and nutshell. Pike County ODOT garage in Piketon, The remaining five radiocarbon dates Seven small shallow basins also made up Ohio. Fifteen \mz test units were exca­ document the presence of Early and part of this site component. All were vated on the western and northern slopes Middle Woodland occupations at the refuse-filled circular basins ranging in of the swales to determine the depth of site. Feature 34 yielded a radiocarbon diameter from 0.45 m to 0.79 m and in slopewash and to determine whether sig­ date of cal B.C. 1065-375, nearly span­ depth from 7 cm to 14 cm. Small amounts nificant amounts of cultural materials ning the Early Woodland period; the cali­ of FCR, charcoal fragments, burnt earth, might be present in these areas, i.e., as brated midpoint was cal B.C. 795. Four calcined bone fragments, and small midden deposits. A controlled surface dates span the Middle Woodland period amounts of debitage were recovered from collection had been done previously from cal B.C. 150 to cal A.D. 410. A these features. (Bush ef al. 1992), but general surface cluster of three large, shallow thermal The Late Archaic site component also collection proceeded throughout the features provided dates of cal B.C. 150, contained four large shallow basins stripping process, during shovel-shaving cal A.D. 120, and cal A.D. 410. A fourth which were roughly circular in plan with of the stripped surface, and from backdirt date, cal A.D. 340, was obtained from a diameters ranging from 0.73 m to 1.08 m piles as work continued. Artifacts were second cluster of features forming the and depths ranging from 7 cm to 15 cm. also recovered from feature contexts, extreme northeastern margin of the site All profiles indicated rounded basins and resulting in an assemblage of 3,650 lithic (Figure 2). feature contents included small amounts and ceramic artifacts and faunal material. of FCR, charcoal, small amounts of deb­ A total of 14,888 pieces of firecracked Feature Descriptions itage, burnt nutshell, calcined bone frag­ rock were counted, weighed, and dis­ Late Archaic features at the site included ments, and squash rind (this from carded in the field. ASC also analyzed large deep pits, thermal features, small Feature 41). Two of these features - Fea­ 2,623 artifacts collected during assess­ basins, large shallow basins, and post- tures 41 and 43 - were intersecting. Fea­ ment (ODOT 1993). A total of 213 flota­ molds. Two large deep storage pits were ture 43 yielded a radiocarbon date of cal tion samples were analyzed, as were 25 nearly identical in size, volume, planview, B.C. 1525 compared to a date of cal B.C. of 187 radiocarbon samples. A small and profile. More than a meter in diameter, 1765 for Feature 41.

12 Five isolated postmolds, one FCR con­ All but one have a U-shaped profile. Fea­ one from Brush Creek, and one from centration, and two small deep basins or ture contents were sparse, consisting of Upper Mercer. large postmolds were the final features minimal amounts of FCR, one flake, and One stemmed point fragment resem­ identified to the Late Archaic occupation chenopodium seeds. Flotation samples bled a number of Late Archaic and Early of the site. Postmolds are roughly circular from two previously excavated post- Woodland point types, but could not be in planview with diameters ranging from molds yielded maygrass seeds (Church precisely typed. It was manufactured 7 cm to 14 cm and depths from 6 cm to 1995). The semi-circular arrangement from an unknown chert. The remaining 10 cm. Profiles were U-shaped. Post- appears to consist of portions of two typed point was a Robbins blade, col­ molds were scattered across the Late overlapping circular structures adjacent lected from the plowzone/subsoil inter­ Archaic portion of the site and did not to a cluster of Middle Woodland features face on the eastern edge of the site. form an interpretable pattern. (Figure 2), but the remaining postmolds Manufactured from Wyandotte chert, it One feature was dated to the Early do not form an identifiable structure. had a reworked blade. Robbins blades Woodland period. Feature 34 is a small are dated to the late Adena Robbins deep basin measuring 36 cm by 47 cm by Chipped Stone Assemblage. complex, circa 500 B.C. to A.D. 200 (Jus­ 32 cm deep. It has a basin-shaped profile Some 1,852 lithic artifacts were recov­ tice 1987:187). and yielded FCR, charcoal flecks, and ered from plowzone and feature contexts Some 39 biface fragments were recov­ debitage. A cluster of FCR was located in during data recovery with an additional ered from feature and plowzone con­ the upper portion of the feature; it may 282 lithics recovered during final assess­ texts. Stage 2 preforms and finished represent a small cooking feature. ment activity (ODOT 1993). Seventeen biface fragments dominate unknown, The Middle Woodland component of projectile points or basal fragments of glacial, Vanport, and Upper Mercer sam­ the Madeira Brown site consists of a projectile points were typed; all but one ples from the plowzone, while Columbus/ series of large shallow thermal features (Plate 1) were Late Archaic series points. Delaware and Brush Creek samples both and a number of postmolds. The large The exception was a single Early Wood­ included Blank stage biface fragments. features were at least 1 m to 1.5 m in land/Middle Woodland point recovered Features producing bifaces were all Late diameter and ranged in depth from 14 cm from the plowzone. Late Archaic points Archaic; these generally followed the to 19 cm. All contained considerable included two complete or nearly com­ same distribution among flint types as amounts of FCR and charcoal with plete Lamoka points from the plowzone the plowzone sample, except no Brush charred branches evident in several of and Test Unit 5 and two complete Lam- Creek chert was present. A total of 40 these features, as well as burnt earth, okas from Features 14 and 43; two cores were also recovered from the debitage, and calcined bone fragments. Lamoka basal fragments were recovered plowzone (n = 21) and features (n = 19). Ceramic sherds were present in all but from Feature 45. This point type dates to Of these, 68% of the feature sample and one of these features (Feature 125) and 3,500-2,500 B.C. in New York and from 76% of the plowzone sample were Feature 93 yielded charred raspberry 2,570-1,800 B.C. in the Upper Susque­ Columbus/Delaware chert. Two Upper seeds. Lack of stratification suggests that hanna Valley (Justice 1987:129). Mercer cores were recovered from the this class of features represents the rem­ Other Late Archaic points recovered plowzone; the remaining cores were river nants of single-use earth ovens, although from the site include one possible pebble chert and unknown, while the the profile of Feature 126 suggests that it Trimble Side Notched point, a Bottleneck remaining feature cores consisted of may have functioned as a hearth. Stemmed point base, a point base typed unknown, glacial, and river pebble Seven postmolds documented during to the Table Rock Cluster, a Brewerton cherts. The debitage sample from the data recovery may be associated with Corner Notched point, a Vosburg point, a plowzone and features is also dominated the Middle Woodland component of the Matanzas Side Notched point, and two by Columbus/Delaware chert. An analysis site. Six of these were located in the fragmentary and a complete Merom point of the feature debitage suggests that biface northernmost portion of the site which were recovered from the plowzone/sub- manufacturing from pebble cores was the was assessed by ODOT (1993) in an area soil interface. One Saratoga Stemmed dominant Late Archaic activity, while the in which previously identified postmolds point dating to the Late Archaic/Early Middle Woodland sample suggests soft and features were located. The seventh Woodland period was also recovered. hammer biface resharpening, especially for was an additional postmold in a semi-cir­ Eight of these Late Archaic points were the Vanport sample of debitage. cular arrangement of postmolds (ODOT manufactured from Columbus/Delaware Other chipped stone tools include an 1993). All postmolds are roughly circular in chert, which was available locally as river expanded base drill of heat-treated Vanport planview and range in diameter from 9 cm cobbles. Three were manufactured from flint and a knife fragment also manufactured to 22 cm with depths from 9 cm to 28 cm. an unknown chert, one from Vanport, of Vanport flint. Both were recovered from Feature 17 in the Late Archaic feature

Brown silt (33PK153) cluster. Two scrapers were recovered along

Calihrutud Date (If, with 12 bladelet fragments from the plow-

Bcta-75472 ! 3390*90 B.C 19OO-1450(B.C 1675) zone. The scrapers were manufactured Bcta-7S474 4 3350*60 B.C 175S-1500(B.C 1630) from Columbus/Delaware chert and the Beta-75478 14 3440±80 B.C 1935-1525 (B.C 1735) Bcta-754B3 34 2590*160 B.C 1065-375 (B.C. 795) bladelets were manufactured from Vanport Beta-75484 39 3250*80 B.C 1690-1385 (B.C 1510) Bela-75486 43 3490*100 B.C 2035-1530(B.C 1765) (n = 10) and Upper Mercer (n = 2) materials. Bela-75487 45 3350*70 B.C 1765-1450 (B.C 1630) Bcia-75488 45 3230*60 B.C 1630-1395(B.C 1630) Beia-75489 47 3340*90 B.C. 1875-1805&B.C 1795-1420 B.C. 1620) Microwear Beta-7549! 90 1650*70 A.D 240-570 (A.D. 410) Beta-75493 93 2120*80 B.C 380-A.D. 60 (B.C. 150) A sample of eleven projectile points Bcta-75494 122 3360*100 B.C 1895-1420 (B.C 1645) Bcla- 75495 126 1730*70 A.D 140-450 (A.D. 340) and point fragments, five bladelet frag­ Bela-75497 139 3020*110 B.C 1505-925 (B.C. 265) Bela-75985 102 3580*190 B.C. 2465-1440 (B.C 1910) ments, one drill, two scrapers, three fin­ Bela-76007 1 3270*90 B.C 1745-1385 (B.C 1520) Bela-76008 5 3350*80 B.C. I870-1830&B.C. 1780-1435 ished bifaces, 17 unmodified flakes, one B.C. 1630) modified flake, and one piece of unmodi­ Beia-76009 13 3730*90 B.C 2440-1890 (B.C. 2130) Beta-76010 13 3540*60 B.C. 2015-1705 (B.C 1885) fied shatter were subjected to a high Bela-76011 17 3380*70 B.C. 1875-1805 & B.C. 1795-1 B.C. 1670) power microwear analysis. The results Beta-76012 25 3360*90 B.C 1885-I430(B.C 1645) Bm-76013 41 3280*70 B.C 1705-1410 (B.C 1525) indicate that heavy utilization of formal Bela-76014 92 1890*60 A.D 5-250 (A.D. 120) Bela-76015 149 3690*100 B.C. 2350-1765 (B.C. 2035) bifacial tools occurred and relatively little Baia-76016 ODOT4 3350*90 B.C 1880-1425 (B.t 1630) expedient usage of flakes occurred. Most

13 documented activities from the Late tive and metric attributes the ceramic acorns. Seeds were not abundant, but Archaic features dealt with processing sample is similar to the McGraw cord­ goosefoot, maygrass, pokeberry, ama­ animal carcasses (hides, meat, bone), marked ceramic series, differing only by ranth, carpetweed, bedstraw, raspberry, j with minimal woodworking identified mean sherd thickness. This value is not and an unidentified grass were recovered (scraping hardwood, drilling wood, and significantly less than mean thickness from Middle Woodland postmolds. Eco­ sawing softwood). Mixed hide/wood obtained for the sample of sherds from nomically, the goosefoot, maygrass, traces occurred on formal implements the Madeira Brown site. Feature 90 pro­ amaranth, and raspberry could have like hafted projectile points. Middle duced a radiocarbon date of cal A.D. been important components of subsis- , Woodland features yielded one utilized 410, which accords well with a Middle tence. Squash rind was identified in sev­ shatter fragment with ephemeral traces Woodland assignment of the ceramics. eral Late Archaic samples. of scraping fresh hide polish. The sample of bladelet fragments yielded minimal Faunal Assemblage Summary and Conclusions use-wear traces with two-thirds of the A limited faunal assemblage (N =1,718 The Late Archaic component was the traces resulting from hide processing and specimens) was recovered with 91.4% (n major occupation of the Madeira Brown the remaining from meat/bone and = 1,571 specimens) identified as mam­ site, accounting for the most of the fea­ hide/bone processing. malian material. White-tailed deer was tures, diagnostic artifacts, and lithic tools the dominant mammal, followed by rac­ and debitage recovered from the site. Ground Stone Tools coon. One small bird bone could not be Most faunal material was also recovered Seven ground stone artifacts were identified specifically, and 4.7% of the from Late Archaic features. Late Archaic recovered from the features and plow- faunal material was unidentifiable turtle dates spanned the period from cal B.C. zone. A possible gorget midsection manu­ shell fragments recovered from six Late 2130 to cal B.C. 1265; this component is factured from slate was recovered from Archaic features. One terrestrial snail interpreted as a series of early fall occu­ Feature 1, a Late Archaic storage pit. A shell fragment and mollusc shell frag­ pations by Late Archaic groups. The second worked slate fragment was recov­ ments were also recovered. Burning was Early Woodland component was limited ered from the plowzone/subsoil interface, the most common modification to the to a single feature along with one Rob­ while a grooved axe poll was recovered faunal assemblage. Two factors - the bins point and two possible gorget frag- j from Feature 43, another Late Archaic fea­ degree of burning and the small size of ments. The Middle Woodland component ture. Two pitted stones were recovered most bone specimens - suggest that site was also relatively minor, consisting of from the plowzone/subsoil interface, one occupants were intensively processing five features, a number of postmolds, during assessment activities at the site faunal resources. ceramics from features, and bladelets (ODOT 1993) and during data recovery. This observation indicates that site from the plowzone. Middle Woodland This second one was located approxi­ occupation - at least during the Late dates spanned the period from cal B.C. mately 12 m west of the circular postmold Archaic period - was occurring during a 150 to A.D. 410. This component is inter­ pattern. Both pitted stones were of locally season or seasons of limited resource preted as a series of small, single house­ available tabular sandstone. availability, perhaps in the early spring or hold occupations which focused on the late fall. No bone was recovered from the harvesting of local seeds and nuts in the late summer to early fall. Ceramic Assemblage Early Woodland feature and only three unidentifiable specimens were recovered The Madeira Brown site yielded a total References Cited ceramic assemblage of 97 sherds, of from Middle Woodland contexts; thus, it which 66% was recovered from three is not possible to interpret seasonal Bush, David R., Frank J. Cantelas, and Middle Woodland features. When cross- occupation for these site components Jane Cardinal tabulated by tempering material and sur­ based on faunal evidence. 1989 (rev.) The Phase II Cultural Resource face treatment, the sherds could be Report for the Proposed PIK-SR.32- separated into smoothed cordmarked Archaeobotanical Assemblage 13.55 Project in Pike County, Ohio. grit-tempered sherds (43%) and cord- A total of 213 flotation samples were Report to Burgess and Niple, Ltd., marked grit-tempered (16%). The processed from site features. Some 4,115 Columbus, Ohio. remaining sherds were indeterminate as specimens with a combined weight of 72.57 g were recovered. Wood charcoal Bush, David R., et al. to one or both of these attributes and 1992 The Phase III Investigations for the Pro­ could not be typed. The thickness of dominated the assemblage, representing posed PIK-SR.32-13.55 Project in Pike smoothed cordmarked grit-tempered 82% to 88% of material recovered. Nut­ County, Ohio. Report to Burgess and , sherds (x = 6.79 mm; 18 = 0.97 mm) was shell made up 10% to 17% of the assem­ Niple, Ltd., Columbus, Ohio. slightly thinner than that of cordmarked blage, followed by carbonized seeds at grit-tempered sherds (x = 7.3 mm; 18 = 0.51% and squash rind at 0.10% to Church, Flora 0.37). Statistical analysis of the mean 0.06% of the assemblage. Late Archaic 1995 The Results of Data Recovery at Site 33 thicknesses of the two groups of sherds features produced wood charcoal from Pk 153 for the PIK-SR.32-13.55 Project, suggested that both were likely to belong ash, hickory, and beech trees, while Seal Township, Pike County, Ohio. With a to a single vessel; visual inspection of the Middle Woodland features produced a contribution by Annette Ericksen, Ph.D. more varied assemblage of wood char­ Report to Burgess and Niple, Ltd., ceramics further strengthened this con­ Columbus, Ohio. J clusion as did provenience information - coal from red mulberry, ash, maple, black 92% of the feature sample came from locust, and walnut trees. These wood Justice, Noel D. Feature 90. taxa indicate a localized procurement 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the • Four rim sherds were recovered from strategy with the identified species found Midcontinental and Eastern United States. Feature 90; two were refits and appear to along stream and riverbanks, in floodplain Indiana University Press, Bloomington. represent part of the same vessel as a areas, and on terraces - all of which are third, larger sherd (Figure 3). All rims have present in the site vicinity. Ohio Department of Transportation 1993 Phase III Re-Examination of Selected Pre­ squared profiles and flat lips. One Flotation samples yielded 442 car­ historic Resources and Phase II Testing of appears to be folded over, and two are bonized nutshell fragments, identified to Flood Prone Areas Impacted by the Pro­ undecorated. One exhibits cordmarking four genera and one family. Late Archaic posed PIK-32-1355 Project in Seal Town­ up to and across the rim. Rim thickness features provided hickory, acorn, black ship, Pike County, Ohio (PID. 7563). ranges from 6 mm to 9 mm (x = 7 mm walnut, and hazelnut, while the Middle Addendum Report, ODOT- BES Cultural with 18 = 1.35 mm). In terms of descrip­ Woodland features produced hickory and Resources Unit, Columbus, Ohio.

14 A) B)

0 2 CM a | IN 0• 1

C)

Figure 3 (Church) Sample of ceramics recovered from Feature 90.

1 K1LOMETCR

CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 FEET

Figure 1 (Church) Location of the Madeira Brown site.

•' ,;;;•«

6 °

3 -0 5

Plate 1 (Church) Projectile points recovered: a)-f) Lamoka, g) Trimble Side Notched, h) Bottleneck Stemmed, i) Table Rock Stemmed, j) Brewerton Corner Notched, k) Vosburg, I) Matanzas Figure 2 (Church) Distribution of cultural features. Side Notched, m)-o) Merom, and p) Saratoga Parallel Stemmed.

15 JACK HOOKS by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, Ohio

wanted the cache to remain in the museum, met with the director of the museum, Mrs. Shaw. The two decided that Jack would purchase the cache, then hand it over to the museum for the same price he paid. At this point a radio station and several newspapers discovered the upcoming purchase of the cache by a pri­ vate person, and Jack was castigated publicly by the media. The agreement went as planned, though, and the cache is in the Johnson-Hummerick House Museum today, for all to enjoy, study, and appreciate thanks to Jack Hooks. Neither the radio station nor the newspapers have yet apologized or acknowledged their mistaken statements. Jack obtained the Oak Shade cache from Carl Parchert. Parchert had pur­ chased the cache from the Milwaukee Museum when that museum was selling Fig. 1 (Holzapfel) its non-local artifacts. Jack Hooks of Jack recalls rescuing several good col­ Mansfield, Ohio. lections from the rubbish heap. He explains that 40 years ago collections of The guidance of Jack Hooks stands as (Sarge) Smith, who educated him about prehistoric artifacts were sometimes liter­ one of the forces that developed the the Gray collection and also wisely ally thrown away after the death of the Archaeological Society of Ohio into a advised him to join the Archaeological collector, as little value was placed on dynamic organization of 3,000 members. Society of Ohio. And so began Jack's prehistoric artifacts at that time. He also Jack has been a member since 1954 and long association with this organization. acquired fine collections from such his contributions are many: he served on A knowledgeable and experienced notable people as Norm Dunn, Dean the fraudulent artifacts committee for 15 group of around 15 to 20 people frequently Driscoll, Phil Kientz, Don Beer, Homer years, sat on the Board of Directors for 5 congregated at the home of Jack and Frush, Gordon Meuser, and Stan years, fulfilled the duties of secretary- Rowena. Everyone brought something to Copeland. In this way Jack assembled treasurer from 1966 to 1968, and held trade or sell. Lighthearted good times the most complete collection of slate in the position of president from 1970 to alternated with serious discussions about Ohio. Most of the slate artifacts pictured 1972. During these years were forged artifacts and deliberations concerning ASO in Ohio Slate Types belonged to Jack at many policies and values cherished by policy, often until 2:00 in the morning. Jack the time the book was written, so it is the organization to this day. smiles as he recalls many wonderful largely through his generosity that the Born October 12, 1923, in Washington evenings spent with Dick Johnson, Wayne book exists. Court House, Jack moved to Mansfield in Mortine, Ernie Good, Dean Driscoll, Elmer Jack credits at least three people (all 1926, where he still resides. After gradua­ Grim, Marvin King, Bob Converse, Steve now deceased) as his best teachers: tion from high school he was slated to Fuller, Herb Lenhart, Don Bapst, Kenny Arthur George Smith he considers an attend Wittenburg University on a schol­ Black, Ensil Chadwick, and others. expert on the Paleo period, Phil Kientz he arship, but these plans were halted by Jack Hooks has owned two of the best acknowledges as an authority on the Flint World War II and Jack served 3 years in caches ever reported - the Rothenstein Ridge area, and he believes that Stan the Army Air Force instead. He married cache and the Oak Shade (Parchert) Copeland had the best general knowl­ the former Rowena Davis, who shared his cache. His possession of the Rothenstein edge of prehistory of anyone. interest in prehistoric artifacts. Jack and cache was brief, of only several hours Always involved in sports, Jack played Rowena had 4 children. The oldest, Doug duration. It happened like this: baseball and football in high school. He Hooks, also collects artifacts and often The cache had been on loan from the later played fast-pitch Softball and in a accompanies his father to ASO meetings. owner at the Johnson-Hummerick House one-hitter pitched by Bob Converse, Jack Although he had an avid interest in his­ Museum in Coshocton for several years was the player who made the hit. The two tory throughout his school years, Jack's when the owner decided to offer the men had not met prior to that time. archaeological education began when he cache for sale. An agreement on price Jack's career as a real estate broker acquired the collection of Woods Gray. could not be reached between the owner led him to become a building contractor, Gray had owned a drug store and his col­ and the museum, although the museum and he now has over 200 homes to his lection consisted chiefly of artifacts that understandably wanted to retain the credit. Jack Hooks is quick to point out, farm boys had brought him from local cache. The owner was willing to sell it to however, that his involvement with fields. At this time Jack fortunately Jack for much less money than the price archaeology is the most satisfying aspect became acquainted with Arthur George quoted to the museum. Jack, who also of his life.

16 THREE SLATE POINTS FROM NORTHERN ASHLAND COUNTY

Randy L. Hancock 1202 St. Rt. 302 Ashland, Ohio 44805

Since surface finding the slate point, (Fig. 3) I have had difficulty finding much published on these points. Inquiring as to other slate points in local collections, I've had the opportunity to study the three distinct types shown here. Figure 1, from the John Heath collec­ tion, (OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST Vol. 27 Spring 1977 pg.21) gray slate totally per­ 1 cussion flaked, with no grinding, 3 /2 x VA x %. John has since found an additional slate base of this same type. Figure 2, a personal find of Ottis Bid- dinger, Sullivan Twp, Ashland Co, now in the Bob Bright collection, two toned gray banded slate, totally ground 2% x 1M, x %6. Figure 3, from the author's collection Clearcreek Twp. Ashland Co, having a ground blade, with percussion flaked base, blue/green slate. Note the median ridge, this is present on the reverse side 3 3 Figure 1 (Hancock) from the John Heath collection as well. 2 /ax 1 /8x V THE FORT DEFIANCE PIPE TOMAHAWK by Jeff Dearth 3615 Ravens Glen Columbus, OH 43221

After two defeats by northwestern Ohio So feared was Wayne by the Indians The pipe tomahawk in Figure 1 was Indians, General George Washington that he gained access to the confluence found on the Ft. Defiance site by a local commissioned General "Mad" Anthony in 1794 without resistance. Here he built farmer in 1890. It was later acquired by Wayne to organize and train an army to yet another fort. He is quoted as having LaDow Johnson and remained in his avenge Harmer's defeat of 1790 and St. remarked on August 17, 1794, "I defy the family until 1990. Its octagonal bowl sug­ Clair's loss in 1791. English, the Indians, and all the devils in gests a prior use as a segment of a General Wayne built a series of forts Hell to take it!" In August, 1794 it was musket barrel. The earthworks and this to destroy the northern Indian confed­ named Ft. Defiance. The Indians were pipe tomahawk are all that remain of this eracy. His goal was to attain the spot defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers important military fort at the confluence described as the "Grand Indian Empo­ on August 20, 1794. of the Auglaize and Maumee Rivers. rium," the "Grand Oglaize," or the "Con­ Today Defiance, Ohio, named in honor fluence." This land was formed at the of the fort, replaces Indian villages. A junction of the Maumee and Auglaize library has been built on the old fort site, Rivers and was considered the seat of though earthworks and entrenchments the Indian confederation. are still present.

Figure 2 (Dearth) Ft. Defiance.

18 Figure 1 (Dearth) Pipe tomahawk found at Ft. Defiance in 1890.

19 FIELD WORK STUDY ON AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGY by Teresa Putty 6911 E. 500 N. Shelbyville, IN 46176

During the past year my husband and I archaeologists to record information on "hunted" artifacts at some time. Since have collected a number of prehistoric the artifacts they find and preserve the surface hunting on private land (with per­ American artifacts from other people. We information for posterity often proves to mission) is the only legal means of arti­ came to know a number of people who be the only way in which such informa­ fact "hunting", the majority of artifacts refer to themselves as amateur archaeol­ tion would ever be generated. The ser­ which are personally discovered are done ogists. Some frequent artifact auctions vices of the amateur archaeologist fill a so in this manner. Surface hunting was while others concentrate on artifact void in our quest for knowledge about eagerly discussed by most amateur shows held by archaeological societies. the past. They provide a valuable service archaeologists. We also got to know some of these to our society. Most of the amateurs I interviewed put people in their homes as they showed us quite a bit of effort into documenting their the artifacts they had found or pur­ Background work: finds. Many keep maps of the areas they chased. Many of our contacts grew into In preparing for my field work, I needed hunt and mark each find. A log is often relationships which are maintained to understand the intricacies of artifact kept which details the date found, loca­ through phone calls and letters. procurement in the field. I had been tion and type of point. After a period of In almost all cases we found these somewhat exposed to the debate on the time, patterns start to emerge. One indi­ people to be genuinely interested in the legality of surface collecting and I needed vidual I interviewed had discovered a historical value of Indian artifacts. Few of to know more. I collected articles from a Woodland Period site that proved to be the people we have met would profess to number of archaeological journals per­ plentiful in artifacts. By identifying the being just an "arrowhead collector." Their taining to the legal issues facing amateur points, he was able to assign an age and interest in these artifacts is much deeper. archaeologists. Several newspapers in period as to when this site was inhabited. They are interested in learning more the vicinity of two legal battle over arti­ These records, kept by a majority of about the cultures that created the arti­ facts provided me with articles on the amateur archaeologists, provide the only facts. Provenance, or the location where developments and rulings of the trials. archaeological data for literally thousands an artifact is found, is of utmost impor­ While attending artifact shows in other of square miles of land. tance to amateur archaeologists. Docu­ states I gathered information on the Several of the more advanced amateur mentation of all pertinent information legality of surface hunting and excavation archaeologists I interviewed participate in relative to an artifact is important. in those states. excavations led by archaeologists. The During our past year of making acquain­ Once I had gathered information relative professionals they assist are often working tances with amateur archaeologists, we to the legality of certain aspects of amateur with grants provided through universities. learned that many such people are fearful archaeology, I felt prepared to learn more In addition to surface hunting and that they are being wrongly associated about amateur archaeologists in general. A excavations, almost all amateur archaeol­ with the few unscrupulous people who number of personal interviews were con­ ogists I interviewed maintain some type exploit the value of artifacts. Several ducted over the past few months. I chose a of personal collection. It is sometimes public legal battles have been waged in wide variety of people to interview at arti­ supplemented through the purchasing of the Midwest regarding the rights of artifact fact auctions and artifact shows. Educating artifacts from other collectors. Many owners and the legality of collecting arti­ myself on the legal issues of artifacts amateurs have specialized collections. facts on private land. A flood of editorials helped me to interview these amateur Some accumulate axes while others con­ has been published on the subject of archaeologists without offending them or centrate on slate artifacts. Many collect amateur archaeologists. Some profes­ raising suspicion. Several of the interviews one type of "arrowhead," such as Clovis sional archaeologists have distanced were conducted by phone. points, Wadlow blades, or Turkeytail themselves from those who once assisted In addition to personal interviews with points. By assembling numerous pieces them. Some Native American groups have amateurs, I gathered some of my informa­ of the same type, conclusions about the attacked the integrity of all those who col­ tion from the archaeological journals pub­ type can sometimes be drawn. lect Indian artifacts. During the past year, lished by amateur archaeological societies. Many of the artifacts in specialized col­ amateur archaeologists have been The societies of several states jointly pub­ lections are illustrated in amateur archae­ maligned from many directions. lish Central States Archaeological Journal. ological journals. These collections are I found these accusations against This journal provides information on new often displayed by amateur archaeolo­ amateur archaeologists to be unfounded; excavations, rare finds and relative legal gists at shows and meetings. The people I found that the field of amateur archae­ issues. Information on the cultures of who spend years collecting one type of ology provides a vital service to our prehistoric Americans and the artifacts artifact gain knowledge about such arti­ society. The assistance this group of they used is supplied by both members facts that would otherwise go unnoticed. amateurs provides to the field of profes­ and a resident professional archaeolo­ sional archaeology is immeasurable. gist. Ohio's amateur archaeologists Profile of the amateur archaeologist: These amateurs eagerly assist in the number many and publish the Ohio Most of the amateur archaeologists I grunt work of the field; the digging, the Archaeologist, one of the finest journals have met are part-time enthusiasts. troweling, the meticulous documentation of its kind. The range of information pro­ Some are doctors and lawyers and some of the past. They provide free services to vided is similar to that of the Central are business people. A number of profes­ often underfunded archaeological staffs. States Journal, with more emphasis on sional people have amassed collections Those who surface hunt preserve arti­ site excavations. and written books about prehistoric arti­ facts which would often be subject to facts. A large percentage of amateur future damage by agricultural equipment Activities of the amateur archaeologist: archaeologists are farmers. Most of the or development. The drive of amateur A majority of amateur archaeologists farmers I talked to began their collections

20 with personal finds and, over time, pieces and a few tools. Traveling to shows these collections is obvious. With most of expanded their collections to include can absorb entire weekends. What pos­ the collections, the effort required to other artifacts. Most farmers have a sub­ sesses the amateur archaeologists to assemble it is also apparent. stantial core of their collection that has invest their time in this pursuit? Many of been personally found. A wide range of the people I asked this question said they Benefits provided by the amateur people, in all walks of life, consider them­ enjoyed the outdoors and tranquility that archaeologist: selves to be amateur archaeologists. accompanies these endeavors. Another Individuals in the field of amateur One of my interviews was with an reason often given was the educational archaeology provide a vital service to our attorney from Dallas. Fred Marsh men­ value of being interested in amateur society. They provide voluntary assis­ tioned that he became interest in artifacts archaeology. The people I talked with were tance to professional archaeologists eight years ago. Although he finds artifact very interested in the history associated which, in turn, expands the capability and collecting to be an enjoyable diversion with the artifacts they collect. Many ama­ capacity of archaeological efforts. Ama­ from his hectic career, Fred also realizes teur archaeologists have large libraries of teur archaeologists find and preserve pre­ that the Archaic flint he collects is a archaeological material. Some of the historic artifacts which would otherwise sound investment. books sought after by these amateurs sell be subject to future destruction. Their for over $1000 each at auctions and show. documentation of these finds provides a Motivations of an amateur archaeologist: Building an artifact collection, as with window into the past which no other Pursuing an interest in amateur archae­ most hobbies, can be rewarding and group can open. The services of the ama­ ology requires a great deal of time and profitable. Every four years a book is pub­ teur archaeologist expand our ability as a effort. Hours can be spent surface hunting lished called Who's Who in Indian Relics. society to learn about the past. to find one good artifact. Weeks can be In these books, hundreds of collectors are spent excavating a site to find pottery shown with their collections. Their pride in

FIELD FINDS by John Burke 448 Park Blvd. Marion, OH 43302

After we left the Ohio Archeological meeting in Columbus on Nov. 18th early, the wet plowed fields and sunny skies were to much to resist. After about 45 minutes we were in our hunting area of Marion County and pulled off the road to a site that I started hunting in '94. At one time it was probably a pretty large com­ plex, running the length of a small creek. Today, a state route runs through it, putting one third on the east side of the road and the balance on the west side. When we entered the field, I found a nicely chipped flint scraper, glossy bur­ gundy in color, measuring VA" X 1)4". That was the beginning of a good day for us. After much walking, Tom Pettit found a small point embedded in the furrowed mud. After taking a photo in the "as found" state, he picked it up only to find a broken stem. A few steps later he picked up a nice game ball that mea­ sures 2 inches in diameter. That was the first hardstone artifact that I had seen in the field, but it certainly wasn't the last. Tom went on to find a banded slate celt 2" x 3%" and some type of slate scraper Figure 1 (Burke) Artifacts found surface hunting. or celt. A) Cupstone. Has black mica type shards through out. D) Scraper or celt? Slate material. In addition to the flint scraper, I picked B) Banded slate celt. E) Game ball and small point. up a nice little squared celt, 1V2" x 2W, C) Square celt made of light grey hardstone. F) Flint scraper, glossy burgandy color. made of light grey hardstone and my first cupstone. It has one pit on both sides. We have only been involved in surface hunting for 2 years now, and this has been our best day yet.

21 BENTON POINT FOUND IN LIVINGSTON COUNTY, KENTUCKY by Tony Clinton 703 Stringtown Road luka, Kentucky 42045

I found this Benton point near the inches wide and is made of a local Ken­ is not common on Bentons of this type, Cumberland River in Livingston County, tucky hornstone. Sharpening runs the as most Benton points are heavily sharp­ Kentucky, on June 30, 1995. The thin length of the blade, clear to the stem. It ened. Benton points date from the point measures 6 inches long and 2 appears to be a one-time sharpening that Archaic period.

Figure 1 (Clinton) Both sides of Benton point found in Livingston County, Kentucky. It measures 6 inches long.

2? UPDATE ON THE GREG SHIPLEY AFFAIR by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

By now most of our readers are familiar broken by Park Service agents as well as to false affidavits, these secret police, with the facts of the Greg Shipley fiasco the intent of Congress. these closet ransackers, these unlawful and how Park Service secret police made It is troubling to believe that employees confiscators of personal property simply the Shipleys the target of an undercover of the federal government and the people walk away from the devastation they have "sting" operation. Members of a Park Ser­ who direct them have so few ethical caused - with impunity, with no regrets, no vice "Sting team" had unsuccessfully values as to concoct such an obviously apologies and few qualms about the lives attempted to entrap Shipley by selling him unethical as well as unlawful operation. It they have wrecked. supposedly "illegal" artifacts. They then does demonstrate how far the United But perhaps this time it will not be so swore to a false affidavit before a federal States Park Service and its coterie of easy. Greg and Tricia Shipley are fine judge and illegally secured a secret war­ misguided bureaucratic zealots will go to young people who believe in the law, but rant claiming that Shipley was engaged in "get" the collectors. they also want vindication in the courts criminal activity, i.e. selling illegal artifacts. The sordid facts are clear. They pre­ and they want their good names back. If In the guise of buyers, they entered the selected as a target Greg Shipley who had they don't see total redress in the courts Shipley home, offered to buy his pottery never broken even so much as a traffic other collections and collectors may also collection, and gave him a down payment. law. They launched an extremely expen­ be subject to the illegal zeal of federal After Shipley accepted the money, the sive operation to entrap him (paid for by agents. To this end they have filed suit in sting team members pulled out their our own tax dollars at a time when the Champaign County, Ohio, to recover badges and other team members burst Park Service says it can't afford to from the Park Service agents monetary into the Shipley home carrying guns. They blacktop roads in Yellowstone National and punitive damages. Agents William then spent several hours searching his Park). They lied to a federal judge and Tanner, Alfred DeLaCruz and Judy Reed home, seizing the collection, confiscating caused unbelievable physical and mental must appear in court in Urbana, Ohio, to personal items, pictures, letters, and arti­ stress to two fine young people, Greg and answer for violating the Constitutional pro­ facts and sent out for fast food while Tricia Shipley. Not only did their illegal hibition against unreasonable searches making themselves comfortable. After "sting operation" violate the Constitution, and seizures. In the suit, the Shipleys as more than twelve hours in the Shipley but they subjected their victims to unbear­ for payment of their legal fees, payment for home, they took all the confiscated mate­ able financial costs simply to retrieve their damage to their personal property and rial to Santa Fe. property. Against the federal government, punitive damages - all totaling around After a year of legal machinations, even when the victim wins, his name has $600,000.00. including a farcical hearing in federal court been besmirched and he is out a small We will all look forward to the appear­ in Dayton, during which the Park Service fortune to combat the government and its ance of the Park Service Agents and the produced not a single iota of evidence to bottomless well of tax money and lawyers production of evidence they claimed they back their claim, the federal judge ordered with time on their hands. had. Perhaps before they violate anyone's the Shipley property returned. Ironically, these violators of the Constitu­ rights again they will give it a second It is clear that a number of laws were tion, these home invaders, these swearers thought.

RUTH VIETZEN

Ruth Vietzen, 8714 W. Ridge Road, at Glover's Cave, an important site in and when no one else was around told Elyria, Ohio, is the widow of Raymond Christian County, Kentucky. me that archaeology was Raymond's Vietzen, founder of the Indian Ridge In the 1950s we worked at the Engle- first love and that I would play second Museum. She was the first woman member Eiden site, Sheffield, Lorain County, Ohio. fiddle. By the time his mother repeated of the Archaeological Society of Ohio, and The site was opened in the late 1890s by that, I finally told her, "There are times following is a short autobiography of Ruth, Peter Bungart and others. Before Peter's when two fiddles make better music long one of our most loyal members: death in 1948, he told us if ever in our life­ than one." I heard no more about it, and I studied archaeology under Peter Bun- times we could work there, the site was eventually Raymond and I were married gart, who was a paleontologist with the rich information. In the 1950s we did, and and to this day I have never had one Cleveland Museum of Natural History, that is explained in some of Raymond's moment of regret. and, of course, under Raymond, who was books. That site, too, is now part of the It has been a fantastic life. a good teacher. Lorain County Metropolitan Park System. In the late 1930s I did field work at the All through the 1960s we worked at the Frank's site in Lorain County which is now Riker site, and the report was published part of the Lorain County Metropolitan in 1971. The work was intermittent as we Park System. had the museum and the business to also In 1939 I worked at Lost City in Logan take care of. Our vacations and week­ County, Kentucky. In 1941 I had the good ends, whenever possible, were devoted fortune to work at the Reber site, which to archaeological research. was a Glacial Kame site in Upper San­ An amusing incident happened before dusky. The work was led by H. Holmes Raymond and I were married. When Ellis, Assistant Curator of Archaeology at Raymond introduced me to his family, the Ohio State Museum. archaeology was mentioned. The family Recorded in "Cahokia Revisited" is the thought they should prepare me for what work I did in 1948 at Cahokia, East St. was ahead, so his two older brothers, Louis, Illinois. From 1939 to 1966 I worked his sister, and his mother took me aside

23 PALEOINDIAN ARTIFACTS FROM HOLMES AND ASHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO by Jeff Zemrock 903 Green Township Road 2850 Perrysville, OH 44864

Northwestern Holmes County, as well This is one of several farms in the area which are of dark Upper Mercer flints. as southeastern Ashland County, are that have high concentrations of Paleo Both sites produce prismatic or triangular important archaeologically due to the material. Almost all are made of Upper blade tools and many tools made on lakes, kettle ponds and the Lake Fork Mercer flints, typical of Late Paleo pieces small sharpened flakes. At both sites the branch of the Mohican River. It is from a found in north-central Ohio. Of the three artifacts are small and they are crude Holmes County farm that this group of lanceolates or base fragments made of compared to early Paleo tools. Size may Paleo tools and points have come, a Flint Ridge flint, two were a smaller, more also be affected by previous collecting quarter of a mile from the Lake Fork River contracting base style than is usually made on these sites. The main difference in Washington Township. These artifacts found in our area. Given the multi-com­ is that two broken fluted points have are from a continuous site along the first ponent nature of the site, some of these been found at the Kettle Lake site. One and second terraces above and to the tools could be Archaic. There are also of these is made of pink translucent Flint north of a bog. This area forms a rim many pieces from this farm that have Ridge flint, the other of dark gray Upper along the bog for a considerable dis­ small amounts of edge working or use Mercer flint. Both exhibit fluting on both tance. Parts of the rim drop off sharply wear, or that are fragmented beyond sides and heavy lateral grinding. from the first level into the bog, and are recognition and are difficult to classify. Paleo tools like these are found on shelf-like. Aside from the obvious in the types of many local sites. They are often accom­ Sites here yield large amounts of points illustrated, the small size and panied by few or no projectile points, worked material, finished tools, discards, coarser workmanship would place them which makes them hard to recognize. core chunks, preforms and waste flakes, in the late Paleo to Early Archaic periods. Many of these tools are transitional to indicating that this may have been a All of these points and tools probably Early Archaic, which seems to be true of habitation or workshop site. These are date from 7000 B.C. to 10,000 B.C. the sites, so they are difficult, if not multi-component sites, predominately The Kettle Lake site is near Round impossible, to distinguish from Archaic Archaic, Late Paleo, and Adena, with Lake, Lake Township, in southern Ash­ tools. Many of the small tools are prob­ Middle Woodland represented to a lesser land County. This site is 2% miles north­ ably overlooked or unrecognized by some degree. (The Archaic types not dealt with east of the bog area sites. Both sites are surface collectors. in this report are mainly sidenotch, corner on high, well-drained areas close to a Reference Cited notch, fishspears and later corner large water source. There are many simi­ 1990 Gramly, R.M. Guide to the Paleo Indian notched pentagonals). larities in the artifacts, the majority of Artifacts of North America

% < ?c > PAIZ0 SlT£5 ASHLAND t HOLMCS Cos 2H •AffMfclWU

Map 1 (Zemrock) U.S. Geological Survey map showing locations of Paleolndian sites in Ashland and Holmes Counties.

24 •4 Figure 1 (Zemrock) Artifacts from bog site in Holmes County. Shown are two Paleo unfluted points of Upper Mercer flint and one lanceolate of yellow-tan Flint Ridge flint, 2'A inches long. Also in row one are four broken lanceolates, two of which are made of Flint Ridge flint. Row 2 - Four scrapers with graver spurs made of Upper Mercer flint. Next is a limace, or slug-shaped scraper (Gramly 1990), which also has a graver tip on one end. On the right is a scraper formed from a flake, sharpened on both edges from opposite sides, producing a straight scraper on one side and a curved scraper on the other. Bottom row - Two unifacial combination tools. The one on the left has an excurvate edge, an end scraper, two gravers, 3'A inches long. On the right is a small unifacial knife with a graver or awl tip and a small scraper notch at bottom. All tools in rows two and three are Upper Mercer flint.

•4 Figure 2 (Zemrock) More artifacts from bog site in Holmes County. Top row - Small unifacial blade with scraper at bottom edge. Next are three prismatic or trifaced blades, all showing edge resharpening on at least one side. One has an awl or perforator tip. These thick tools may have originally been larger. Center - Probably a knife base or early-stage lanceolate fragment. Bottom row - Preforms made of Coshocton or banded Nellie chert, a chert which was used extensively in this area in late Paleo times. Some are prob­ ably discards.

•4 Figure 3 (Zemrock) Artifacts from Kettle Lake site in Ashland County. Row 1 - Two fluted point fragments, one unfluted point, one stemmed lanceolate, one complete and one broken awl or drill, and four flakes with borer tips or grave spurs. Row 2 - Four end scrapers. The first one is doubled- ended. Two crude narrow lanceolates, five lanceolate base sections. The first has one end converted to an end scraper and a small burin on the other. Most are Nellie chert. Row 3 - Four small lanceolate base sections, one large edge scraper on a ridged flake and 4 prismatic blade tools. Row 4 - Whole and partial preforms and a cone-shaped

25 COLORFUL FLINT FROM THE CRANDALL COLLECTION by Richard Crandall Bellefontaine, Ohio

Figure 1 (Crandall) Shown are four colorful points from Ohio. Expanded Notch lower left is of Coshocton Flint. The Archaic Bevel, the Heavy Duty and the Archaic Side Notch are of colorful Flint Ridge flint.

26 THE TREMPER MOUND PIPES by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

The Tremper mound is situated on the estate of the late Senator William Tremper on the west bank of the Scioto River five miles north of Portsmouth, Ohio. The mound was first surveyed by Col. Chas. Whittlesey in the early 1800s and later by Squier and Davis in 1847. Because of its strange shape, it was thought for many years to be an effigy of some kind, similar to the animal effigy mounds of Wisconsin. The mound is encircled by a large embankment of irregular outline but of somewhat circular design with an opening to the southwest. The embank­ ment is approximately 440 ft. in diameter, the mound it encloses being around 250 feet long and 150 feet wide. Maximum height of the mound is about eight feet at the northern end but it tapers southward and toward the projecting lobes. In July of 1915, William C. Mills of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society went to Scioto County to excavate the Tremper mound. Mills concluded correctly that in reality the mound was not an effigy but was a Hopewell mound whose builders constructed extensions of the pri­ mary mound to cover a charnel house. Figure 1 (Converse) Squirrel Effigy Pipe. Mills did not do an exemplary job of excavating the Tremper mound and it took only thirty days to investigate one of the largest Hopewell mounds in Ohio. Instead of removing all the mound cover to reveal the outlines of the underlying charnel house, the excavated soil was simply thrown behind the field crew as they pro­ gressed from one end to the other. The Tremper mound proved to be one of the most prolific and important Hopewell mounds ever investigated. Mills estimated that there had been at least 375 individuals cremated and their remains placed in the mound. A wide array of classic Hopewell artifacts was found including objects of chlorite, mica, steatite, quartz, copper, galena, bone and stone as well as frag­ ments of woven fabrics. By far, however, the most important dis­ covery at the Tremper mound was the great cache of one hundred and thirty-six smoking pipes and a second cache of nine more. About sixty of the larger cache were animal effigy platform pipes. The report says that all the pipes were made of Ohio pipestone except one. However, it is now known that several of the pipes with tall bowls are made of Minnesota catlinite. Figure 2 (Converse) Toad Effigy Pipe.

27 Prior to the Tremper discoveries, the There were four kinds of pipes in the rightly so. These sculptures rank among Ohio Archaeological and Historical Tremper caches - the effigy platform pipes, the most realistic animal portrayals in Society did not have any such pipes in the plain platform monitor pipes, a group of Ohio prehistory. their collections. A cache similar to the ten tall-bowled platform pipes, and a group The color pictures of the Tremper Tremper cache had been found at consisting of two tubular and one modified pipes are provided courtesy of the Ohio Mound City by Squier and Davis in 1847. tubular pipes. The tall-bowled pipes are Historical Society. This cache, along with the rest of the unique, being made of catlinite (misidenti- Squier and Davis collection, had been fied as Ohio pipestone in the original Reference sold to the Blackmore Museum in Salis­ report). No other tall-bowled pipes have 1916 William C. Mills bury, England. Thus, Mills was delighted ever been found so far as I know. Exploration of the Tremper Mound to add this cache to the collections of The effigy pipes are of course the most Ohio Archaeological and Historical the Society. well-known of all Hopewell artifacts and Quarterly Vol 25, No. 3

.L.,. Figure 4 (Converse) Mtl lb' ••'>• _-- Survey of the Tremper *'--•- --"—'"v\\ mound made by George H. Miehls, surveyor for ijfS \r"w,'."*"" the Ohio Archaeological (S% and Historical Society. Pn

y H,ih • i....w,/W /.„.? M K *I'\l \\> •%maXL J ----- *> ^^i^Wfc^^rflw^^fc. jf^ •s^\J V»~"i^, ,. • "_0^^ *%V'V -*..j <-"-f~^J^r jjtf« AJTCOOT WUilEK V "

ANO ANIMAL EFFlcr,

SCtOTtt COUtjry OHIO. Ct.ni. WMul**tf S*rvey—-,tL del. Figure 3 (Converse) The Tremper mound as surveyed by Colonel Charles Whittlesey in the early 1800s.

Figure 5 (Converse) Floor plan of the Tremper mound showing how Figure 6 (Converse) William C. Mills, standing on top of the Tremper mound, extensions of the mound were made to cover the underlying charnel overseeing his excavation crew at work. Note the excavated overburden house. Piled behind the workers.

28 PREHISTORIC ARTIFACTS FOUND IN CARROLL COUNTY, OHIO by Carl A. Smith 7348 Germano Road SE Amsterdam, OH 54903

•^Figure 1 (Smith) This 33A inch Archaic Corner Notch point was found by my wife's grandfather in 1992 in Carroll County. It was found in freshly- cleared ground near a small spring. The point, made of light blue Coshocton flint, has heavily ground notches and base. It is slightly beveled, very sharp, and has fine secondary pres­ sure chipping.

Figure 2 (Smith) This fish- spear point was found on a high bank beside a large stream near Carrollton in 1990. It is 3'A inches long and the base is lightly ground. The material is dull brown chert which retains some of the original surface.

M Figure 3 (Smith) I found the tip of this blade on April 10, 1991. On April 19, after several heavy rains, I found the large base. The Archaic blade measures 5% inches long and is made of Plum Run flint.

•4 Figure 4 (Smith) I found this Dovetail when I was 16 years old, and it is the best point I have ever found. It measures 3% inches long and is cream and brown Flint Ridge flint.

Figure 5 (Smith) These two gorgets were found in Carroll County many years ago. The first gorget measures 4% inches long and is made of slightly banded green slate. Second is a biconcave Adena gorget 3% inches long made of dark green slate.

29 A BIRD EFFIGY PIPE FROM MERCER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA by Chris Osborne 748 Hamburrg, Rd. Fredonia, PA 16124

On March 29, 1995 I found this bird References Wallace, Paul A. effigy pipe while field hunting in Mercer Converse, Robert N. 1986 Indians in Pennsylvania 1995 Personal Communication Pennsylvania Historical and Museum County, Pennsylvania. The pipe was lying Commission. Harrisburg, PA fifteen inches beneath the surface in a Johnston, Richard deeply plowed furrow. 1995 Personal Communication Kent, Barry C. To understand the origin of the pipe one 1980 Discovering Pennsylvania's Archaeological must look at the cultures in eastern Ohio George, Richard L. Heritage. Pennsylvania Historical and and western Pennsylvania during the years 1995 Personal Communication Museum Commission. Harrisburg, PA 1250 AD - 1500 AD. The Whittlesey (Erie) Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, PA lived on the southern shore of Lake Erie 1989 The Atlas of Pennsylvania. while the McFate were in northwest Penn­ Ahlstrom, Richard M. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, sylvania. Two other cultures of importance 1979 Prehistoric Pipes, A study of the Reeve PA pages 74 - 77 during this time were the Monongahela in Village Site. Lake County Chapter, The Archaeological Society of Ohio. southwest Pennsylvania and the Fort Ancient in southern Ohio. (Refer to map for locations of Indian cultures.) These cultures shared many similari­ ties, such as the ability to cultivate plants, the knowledge of how to make pottery (grit and shell tempered), the use of triangular arrowheads, bone tools and the talent to craft many different forms of pipes. Some of the different types of pipes crafted were the elbow, ovoid, vase, trapezoid, keel-shaped, animal effigy and bird effigy to name a few. Materials used in construction include limestone, slate, pipestone, sandstone, quartzite and clay. The pipe I found is made from white quartzite and is 80 mm in height, 75 mm in length with a diameter of 18 mm. There are several detailed features on the pipe including the presence of eyes, mouth, nasal holes, lines under the beak and what appear to be claws in a perched position at the base of the pipe. The pipe is finished with the bowl and stem holes meeting in the center. There is some damage to the base of this highly polished pipe. One of the best known sites which pro­ duced pipes in eastern Ohio was the Reeve Village Site in what is now Eastlake, Ohio. (The Reeve Site is considered to be Whittlesey.) The site was destroyed in 1973 when a condominium complex was built. The Reeve Site is important since at least one hundred seventy-five pipes of various designs were recovered. Of these, twenty-five were fashioned in the bird effigy form. In western Pennsylvania the McJunkin Site (36AL17) has produced a bird effigy pipe.The McJunkin Site has a mixture of both Monongahela and McFate. The bird effigy pipe I found could be from the Whittlesey, McFate, Mononga­ hela or could even relate to Fort Ancient. No pottery shards or any other late pre­ Figure 1 (Osborne) View of pipe showing bowl hole and bird head. historic artifacts were recovered from the field making cultural identification impos­ sible at this time.

30 M Figure 2 (Osborne) Bird Effigy Pipe from Mercer County, PA.

Figure 3 (Osborne) Three of the Bird Effigy Pipes from the Reeve Village Site.

Owasco

V

Figure 5 (Osborne) Cultural Distribution of Culture during the years Figure 4 (Osborne) Stone Effigy Pipe from the McJunkin Site (36AL17). 1250 AD - 1500 AD.

31 ATLATL WEIGHT FUNCTION by Ray Strischek 10810 Peach Ridge Rd Athens, Ohio 45701

There is no conventional wisdom about with (D) above and separate from, but not as it arcs forward. atlatl weights. No one can agree if atlatl in conflict with (E). I am uncertain as to It is my assumption that generating weights have a "function" or-even if some the applicability of other theories. propulsion requires a series of sympa­ of the objects being Called atlatl weights First, I want to establish a framework to thetic, momentum building movements, (bannerstones) are actually atlatl weights. explain the various aspects and consider­ (1 through 4 above), in which each sepa­ Atlatl weights vary in size and shape from ations inherent in casting a dart with an rate movement in its turn is necessary in unaltered river stones to elaborately atlatl. There is no one way of casting a order for the next movement to succeed carved bones and stones, from under 10 dart and the equipment is anything but in generating its share of propulsion. grams in weight to over 800 grams. standardized. I believe that within the I associate body lean and swinging Tests conducted with atlatl weights context of a shifting mixture of considera­ gate with pulling, and catapulting forearm attempt to determine whether they help or tions, the function of an atlatl weight can and wrist flick with pushing. hinder the act of casting a dart with an be best understood. atlatl. At best they are inconclusive and PERSONALIZED CASTING STYLES: contradictory. However, in most cases, CASTING A DART WITH AN ATLATL, Every atlatl user has a personalized style the testing has been exclusively focused BODY MOTIONS: of casting more often described as a "feel" on whether or not atlatl weights provide IN MY OPINION: such as "whipping", "flipping", flicking", increased velocity. With a rifle or a bow and arrow, being and "throwing" or "lobbing". My experi­ able to hit the target requires the shooter ence and observation of other atlatl users THEORIES. to remain as motionless as possible. With indicates that every person uses a different A) The atlatl weight on a flexible atlatl the atlatl/dart system, relatively speaking, mixture of "body lean", "swinging gate", causes the atlatl shaft to flex and store up a virtual whirlwind of motion is necessary. "catapulting forearm", and "wrist flick" in energy that during de-flex helps propel Many researchers have remarked upon which this or that body motion is more or the dart forward at greater speed. the difficulty of hitting a target with the less emphasized than another, and, that B) Atlatl weights are no more than good atlatl/dart system. At first, I found it diffi­ every person alters their own mixture for luck charms, fetishes, or a method of cult. After much back and forth experi­ such changes as type of atlatl and/or dart ranking. mentation, episodes of frustration, happy used and distance to the target. C) Atlatl weights are used to counter-bal­ little discoveries and countless adjust­ Below, I have divided the different "feels" ance the weight of the dart so that the ments and modifications to both atlatl of dart casting into three main categories. thrower can hold the atlatl and dart in a and dart, I was able, within 6 months, to horizontal position for long periods of put 7 out of 10 darts into a two foot CASTING STYLES: time as an aid in hunting. square at 30 yards, and 7 out of 10 darts 1. Whipping: Wrist Flick is emphasized. The D) Atlatl weights are used to smooth out into a 1 foot square at 20 yards. kinetic flexibility of the dart is essential. the "herky-jerky" effect of the throwing To obtain even this moderate level of Compression of the dart translates directly arm as an aid in accuracy. accuracy, it became necessary to analyze into distance and speed. E) Atlatl weights are used to fine tune the every movement I made during a cast, 2. Throwing: Catapulting forearm is flex of the atlatl to the flex of the dart, and since so much movement is necessary emphasized. Directional control is very that in so doing, the best possible kinetic and every single movement, I learned, much a part of the function of the cata­ capabilities inherent in that particular effects accuracy. pulting forearm. atlatl/dart combination are brought into play 3. Lobbing: Body lean and Swinging gate as an aid to distance and/or penetration. THROWING MOTION BREAKDOWN: are emphasized. Elevation for distance F) Midwestern and northeastern banner- The first half of the throwing motion with heavy darts or darts with relatively stone atlatl weights function as atlatl involves pulling the atlatl and dart. The low kinetic flexibility is sought. If the silencers. second half involves pushing. During the upper arm rises as it swings forward, G) The bannerstone atlatl weights on rigid transition from pulling to pushing there is rather than merely swinging horizontally, atlatls propel the dart faster and farther a moment of hesitation or disruption in more distance can be produced. because of kinetic energy, that energy of the forward acceleration of momentum. Generally speaking, every cast includes the body which results from its motion and Pulling and pushing can be further whipping, throwing, and lobbing. However, is proportional to the square of its velocity. divided into four body motion factors: a relatively flat trajectory cast will empha­ 1. Stepping into the throw, or body lean: size whipping more so than throwing which TO THE ABOVE, I ADD MY OWN This involves the initial step forward of itself will be more evident than lobbing. THEORIES. one leg or the other, and the arcing lean On the other hand, a high trajectory H) Atlatl weights can assist the atlatl/dart and push forward of the head, torso, hips cast will emphasize lobbing more so than systems already in place, in improving and opposite leg. throwing which itself will be more evident accuracy or distance, but can not, of their 2. Swinging gate; The upper arm, from than whipping. own accord, manufacture either. Atlatl shoulder to elbow as it swings around In my experience with 6 foot, 6 ounce weights of proper weight and placement from its initial rearward position to the bamboo darts, nominally % inch in dia­ on the atlatl, can assist the grip style in front, more or less horizontally. meter and of medium kinetic flexibility, a preventing grip slippage or tune the kinetic 3. Catapulting forearm: The forearm, cast from 20 yards out emphasizes flexibility of the dart, but, probably can not elbow to wrist, as it catapults forward, throwing over both whipping and lobbing perform both functions at the same time. more or less vertically. while from 30 yards out, throwing and This paper examines the above theo­ 4. Wrist flick: The levering wrist, hand, lobbing are about equal with whipping ries. I believe my theory is compatible and the fingers gripping the atlatl handle being minimal.

32 With 6 foot, 4.7 ounce aluminum darts, the force created during the compressing launched with a 3 foot graphite atlatl. slightly less than % of an inch in diameter of the dart which may occur during the Granted, under communal hunting con­ and with extremely high kinetic flexibility, transition from the pulling to pushing ditions, a large group of hunters having a cast from 20 yards out is almost all stages of the cast. forced a herd or flock into a tight bunch, whipping, with minimal throwing and lob­ could stand off at 75 to 100 yards and lob bing. From 30 yards out, whipping is still "Herky-jerky": cloud after cloud of darts and expect to emphasized, but more throwing is evi­ This less than scientific expression harvest a goodly amount of meat. How­ dent while lobbing remains minimal. relates to the limitations of the human ever, I do not believe, and the archaeolog­ body, from toes to finger tips. There are ical record seems to support me, that the EQUIPMENT CHOICES EFFECTING THE no wheels and ball bearings and greased lone hunter stalking the lone deer could CASTING STYLE MIXTURE EMPHASIS: axles involved here. There is no single hope to hit the body cavity at a distance 1. The length of the dart. purpose, computer driven machine. The of greater than 50 yards (150 paces) with 2. The weight of the dart. human body is a general purpose con­ his/her first and probably only opportunity. 3. Dart material and the degree of kinetic trivance of bones, balls and sockets, flexibility of the dart. muscles, tendons, nerves, and ligaments, ATLATL GRIP STYLES/ACCURACY/ 4. The balance point of the dart. of which, where the atlatl/dart system is DISTANCE: 5. The amount/configuration of the dart's concerned, we demand machine like Both accuracy and distance can be fletching. consistency for a smooth and incre­ greatly effected by the atlatl grip style. 6. The length of the atlatl. mented acceleration in conjunction with a Below, I compare and contrast my arbi­ 7. The weight of the atlatl/its balance wide range of necessary force, balance, trarily concocted categories of atlatl grip point without dart. and timing, with no better means of con­ styles: 8. The shape of the atlatl, straight versus trol than a feel gained through experi­ 1. Hammer grip: curved. ence. Completely separate from the The atlatl handle is straight, round or a 9. The degree of kinetic flexibility of the issues of what effect the atlatl/dart equip­ rounded rectangle, and is held like a atlatl shaft. ment might have on accuracy and dis­ hammer, in something of a death grip 10. Whether the atlatl is weighted or not. tance is this purely human body related with the fingers tightly bunched on one 11. The weight of the atlatl weight. set of physical limitations. side, thumb straight up in the air on the 12. The placement of the atlatl weight on opposite side. The heel of the hand is the atlatl shaft. Distance: pointed directly at the target. 13. The configuration of the atlatl spur, it Although additional distance can be 2. Javelin grip: angle relative to the angle of the atlatl achieved in each instance by increasing The atlatl handle is still straight, round or shaft, and type: male, female, mixture. the length of the atlatl, using a curved or a rounded rectangle, but is held in the 14. The atlatl grip style as it relates to the bow shaped atlatl, switching from a rigid hand like a spear. The four fingers are ability of the person to prevent unwanted to a flexible atlatl, increasing the trajectory more loosely bunched with the fingertips grip slippage during the throwing motion. and applying more muscle to the cast, by pressing into the top side of the handle. 15. The force of the cast necessary to get far, the greatest amount of distance The base of the thumb and the forefinger the dart to the target. improvement comes from using lighter pinch grip the atlatl handle together. The 16. The physical prowess and limitations darts with with minimal fletching and hand is bent at the wrist with the top of of the person casting the dart. higher kinetic flexibility. the thumb more or less pointing to the In my opinion, the primary reason for the rear. The heel of the hand is turned invention of the atlatl/dart system was to Effective Distance/Practical Accuracy: slightly outboard, away from the target. harvest meat at-distances greater than the Arbitrarily, I equate effective distance to 3. Paddle grip: naked hand could throw a spear. It seems PRACTICAL ACCURACY, the ability of a The thumb and forefinger are on one side logical to me, therefore, that all the various person to hit a body cavity sized target 7 of the handle, the index and the other two mixtures of body movements and casting out of 10 times from whatever distance. small fingers are on the other side. The styles and the options of equipment that I have read fictionalized pre-history forefinger and index fingers pass through appear in the archaeological record, novels which, on the one hand, claim to two loops or drilled holes on opposite including the use of atlatl weights, must be anchor their story line in the archaeological sides of the handle. The thumb and the exclusively associated with the "old record, while also claiming a fantastic other two small fingers grip the handle. problem solved/new problem encountered", effective distance for spear chucking. One The hand is bent straight back at the process of discovery, related to hitting a dis­ novel claimed the naked hand could throw wrist, with the wrist, fleshy base of the tant target accurately enough and with a spear 100 paces while the use of the thumb, and the heel of the hand pointed enough actual penetration to effect a kill. throwing stick could launch, on the run, an directly at the target. un-fletched dart 600 paces easily and hit 4. Eclectic (or eccentric or spread hand) grip: ACCURACY AND DISTANCE/EFFECTIVE the evil villain smack square in the heart This is something of a catch-all category DISTANCE/PRACTICAL ACCURACY: just as this insensitive brute is about to do which takes in variations on the theme of Accuracy: whatever to our hero's love interest. Hammer, Paddle, and Javelin grip styles, Assuming that the person casting the My reading of the history books indi­ to include: dart has obtained a working relationship cate the "effective range" of the hand a) ergonomic shaping, sculptured and/or with his/her atlatl/dart equipment, and held spear was 30 feet (10 paces). The beveled slots, holes, and grooves, can effectively control elevation, direction invention of the atlatl increased the effec­ bumps, depressions, pegs, finger stops, and necessary force to the cast, there­ tive range to 30 yards. and straps. after, the greatest detriment to accuracy My best distance cast with an atlatl is b) a single finger hole in the center of the during the cast is: 330 feet (110 yards or paces). I have atlatl. A. the tendency of the spur end of the PRACTICAL ACCURACY at 20 yards and c) the wider, more rectangular Arctic atlatl to wobble from side to side due to a 50/50 chance of hitting a body cavity at Circle throwing boards which require the the normal "herky-jerky" of the arm per­ 30 yards. thumb and fingers to be spread further forming the casting motion. The world record distance cast (Dave apart from each other. B. and/or the spur end of the atlatl may Engvall, 1995), is 848 feet with a 4V2 foot, d) fan tail or wedge shaped handles, handles be pushed off to one side or the other by 2 ounce, aluminum graphite dart that curve or jut off into one direction or

33 another, and two or three prong forked bility if they are made from natural mate­ shorter and lighter weight, more flexible handles. rials. I have found South American Purple darts with trimmed fletchings, switching The one common attribute shared by all Heart and North American Maple to have from straight, rounded handles to of these eclectic modifications is to more kinetic flexibility than most other ergonomic handles with finger stops and spread the thumb and fingers out over a woods that grow here in Ohio, including leather loops, and changing the angle of the wider and longer handle, and, to assign to Oak, Walnut, Hickory, Ash, and Pine. spur from parallel to 30 degrees relative to each finger and thumb, a particular pres­ the atlatl shaft, I experienced the following: sure point function, the overall purpose of ONE MORE CONSIDERATION 1. The more force that is applied to the which appears to be to prevent the BEFORE EXAMINING ATLATL cast, the more the dart flexes. The more handle from slipping, sliding, and slop­ WEIGHTS FUNCTION(S): the dart flexes, the more compression ping around in the hand during the cast. THE THREE RING CIRCUS OF CASTING there is pushing against the atlatl spur. A DART WITH AN ATLATL: The more compression there is playing on RESTRICTIVE/NON-RESTRICTIVE 1. During the cast, the dart is com­ the spur, the more likely, during the transi­ ATLATL GRIPS: pressing and pushing back against the tion from pulling to pushing, that the atlatl The Hammer grip is restrictive, in terms atlatl's spur. With the exception of alu­ handle will slip within the grip of the hand. of how much "wrist flick" can be applied, minum and graphite darts with their fac­ If the hand can not prevent grip slip­ and how far back the arm can be tory processed uniform degrees of kinetic page, accuracy suffers. extended prior to the cast. This grip style flexibility, natural material darts generally 2. According to Cotterell/Kamminga (See is completely dependent upon light dart differ in kinetic flexibility from dart to dart Recommended Reading, end of this weight and high kinetic flexibility for dis­ even when they are of the same material, paper), the rear end section of the dart tance. On the other hand, there is much length, width, and weight. Therefore, with must flex to one side during the throwing less overall body movement involved, each dart, there will be a different amount movement. The compression generated therefore, less "herky-jerky" going on that of compression playing on the atlatl's must therefore put pressure on the atlatl might adversely effect accuracy. spur. Also, increased force to the cast spur, and more to one side of spur than The Javelin grip is less restrictive than increases compression. directly into the center/rear. the Hammer grip. The arm can be 2. Once the cast is started, the dart butt is In my own experience, I have consis­ extended further to the rear prior to the no longer "hooked" to the atlatl's spur, tently tried to make my darts bee line to cast. More "wrist flick" can be applied. but is actually pushing against and sliding the target. When I get tired, and I start Longer, heavier, and darts with less or slipping back along the upper ridge of losing control of the grip on my atlatl, kinetic flexibility can be used effectively at the spur, only nominally connected to the instead of the atlatl levering forward verti­ distances up to 30 yards, and, even spur by compression alone. cally, it tends to lean outward, away from greater effective distances can be 3. One hand is attempting to stabilize and my body, and the dart generally veers to achieved with lighter and more kinetic synchronize all the pulling and pushing the right. Oddly enough, when I can keep darts. The down side is that the pinch grip while the entire body is in flailing, the atlatl levering vertically, the dart does of thumb and forefinger is less able to momentum building motion forward, by bee line to the target, but with less dis­ prevent grip slippage than the full fist gripping the atlatl at a point that is 12, 15, tance than if I very slightly side arm the death grip of the Hammer grip. 18, or more inches away from the spur's cast. My guess is that the dart can com­ The Paddle grip provides for the max­ nominal contact with the compressing dart. press to either side or vertically up or down imum amount of applied "wrist flick" and depending on how one wields the atlatl. allows the arm to be fully extended to the PERSONAL EXPERIENCE: Assuming that a person can compen­ rear, thus any amount and mixture of As I stated earlier, it is my belief that sate for the veering which side arm "body lean", "swinging gate", "catapulting the atlatl/dart system was invented as casting tends to produce in the same way forearm", and "wrist flick" can be incor­ distance improvement upon the hand that a bowler uses "English" to curve the porated into the cast. Its main draw back thrown spear in harvesting meat. I think bowling ball into the side of the 10 pins, is that the Paddle grip is even more prone that it is fairly safe to assume that with the then there is probably no reason to sacri­ to grip slippage than the Javelin grip. increase in distance, the problem of fice distance by demanding a bee line path to the target. The Eclectic grip has all the best attrib­ obtaining accuracy at increased dis­ utes of both Javelin and Paddle grip, and, tances becomes critical. In my opinion, all For my-own self, though I would rather it appears to be a personal problem the modifications in the atlatl/dart system bee line, elevation is harder to keep con­ solving modification, in all its various since its invention, including the introduc­ sistent than if I very slightly side arm the forms, towards preventing grip slippage tion of atlatl weights, were exclusively cast, and, I am willing to hit right of center which so adversely effects accuracy. intended to address achieving more dis­ if it means maintaining better elevation tance, then achieving more accuracy for consistency and more distance. And for the new distance achieved. KINETIC FLEXIBILITY, DARTS AND me, it does. ATLATLS: My own experiences with the atlatl fol­ 3. The weakest moment for the gripping Darts: lowed this general pattern of refining my hand is during the transition from pulling to How far a dart shaft can be bent before equipment first for more distance, then pushing. I believe this is because the pres­ it breaks is important, but not nearly as for more accuracy. sure point positions and purposes of the fingers and thumb change more or less important as how fast it snaps back. My first atlatl was short and rigid, the slightly, and/or, there is a tendency of the Aluminum and graphite darts have dart was heavy, long, not very flexible, muscles of the hand to relax and re- much more kinetic flexibility than do milled and the fletching was un-trimmed 14 inch tighten coming out of the pulling stage and lumber, bamboo, and sapling darts. turkey feathers. The spur was pretty moving into the pushing stage. The kinetic flexibility from dart to dart much parallel to the atlatl shaft. My accu­ 4. Switching from a rigid to a flexible atlatl where aluminum and graphite is concerned racy was terrible. The handle of the atlatl slipped around in my hand during the assists the grip indirectly. As the dart is standardized. Not so with darts made cast at will. compresses, the atlatl shaft flexes, from natural materials even when they are momentarily reducing the pressure on the the same length, width, and weight. During the process of switching from short to longer atlatls, switching from rigid spur. However, if the atlatl shaft is too flexible, it will absorb or displace too much Atlatls: to flexible atlatls, switching form big heavy dart compression, and that will adversely Flexible atlatls also vary in kinetic flexi­ darts with shaggy plume fletchings to

34 effect the distance that can be obtained potential distance is sacrificed and more American Purple Heart, Maple, and Red from the kinetic flexibility of the dart. trajectory is needed. Oak. The Purple Heart has the most kinetic 5. A wide, spread hand grip style 10. Diminishing returns. A dart can be too flexibility, the Red Oak has the least. (Eclectic) can additionally assist the hand long, too short, too flexible, too stiff, too Only the last 10 inches or so of the in maintaining stability of the atlatl during heavy or too light. An atlatl can be too long, atlatl shaft is actually thin enough to flex. the cast, if the person doing the casting too flexible, or its spur can have too great Using heat and paraffin, I have bent the does not have the strength to perform this an angle of degree relative to the shaft of shafts in bow shapes so that when held task with the Hammer, Javelin, or Paddle the atlatl. The dart can not be made in a vertical, the spur is actually about 2 grip style. vacuum separate from the atlatl. The atlatl inches forward of the handle. 6. My accuracy was best with heavier and dart is a system with each reflecting darts. My accuracy was better with and defining the parameters of the other. MY DARTS: bamboo and sapling darts than with At the point in my learning experience I made my own darts. The bamboo darts milled lumber or aluminum darts. My when I started using atlatl weights, I was are 6 feet long including the foreshaft. The accuracy was better with point end heavy using a 26 inch flexible atlatl with an foreshaft is a dow rod inserted into a hole darts than with darts which have their bal­ ergonomic grip. My darts had evolved into drilled into the fat end of the bamboo. The ance points dead center in the dart shaft. 6 footers. My best accuracy at 20 and 30 points are 4Va inch "Little Arrow" throwing 7. Gripping. The biggest problem I had yards was with heavier bamboo darts of knives purchased from Smokey Mountain was finding a grip style which provided medium flexibility. My accuracy with lighter Knife works. The fletching is goose stability without interfering with the for­ weight bamboo darts or any bamboo dart feathers, full quill, trimmed to a tear drop ward levering motion of the cast. An with high kinetic flexibility was not as good. shape nominally 10 inches long by % of an absolute ruthless death grip didn't work. And with aluminum darts, my accuracy inch wide at the widest point. After all, the arm to finger tip parts of the was very inconsistent and generally poor. The aluminum darts were made from body are not a machine and there is a My target range is 12 feet wide, between one piece aluminum tubing used to make change up of pressure points and grip my house and an apple tree. The target is arrows. I obtained them from the Easton position, however slight, when moving 3 bales of hay roped to a metal stake that Corporation. They are not factory straight­ from pulling to pushing. is up the hill 10 or so feet higher in eleva­ ened or spined, they are 6 feet long and I can only explain this problem in terms tion than where I stand to throw, 20 and 30 have long 8 inch plastic fletchings and reg­ of maintaining a sense of "balance" which yards away. Telephone and electric lines ular target points. starts with the balance of the atlatl and pass 20 and 25 feet overhead 10 yards Although I also have darts made from dart in the hand prior to the cast, the shift and 20 yards away from my 30 yard mark. saplings and milled lumber, I didn't have in balance to the rear during the pulling This makes for a somewhat cramped situ­ enough of them of various weights to stage, the shift in balance to the front ation and requires a relatively low trajec­ constitute a class of darts equal to the during pushing, and the side to side bal­ tory cast which I decided was good in that number of bamboo darts, so I did not use ance between the spur end of the atlatl it replicates woodland hunting conditions them in these experiments. that wants to swing outward away from somewhat. And besides, the nearest flat the body during the cast, and the com­ land, open area is 3 miles away. ACCURACY EXPERIMENTS, WITH pressing dart that wants to push the spur AND WITHOUT ATLATL WEIGHTS: inward towards the body during that tran­ MY ATLATL HEAVY BAMBOO DARTS/LOW KINETIC sition from pulling to pushing. A grip that The atlatls I used in my experiments are FLEXIBILITY/NO ATLATL WEIGHT: does not allow the hand to shift in order of my own manufacture. I have a bias for Dart Weight: 7.6 ounces to 11.3 ounces. to maintain this "balance", or a grip that flexible atlatls of the Southwest and a In my own experiments, using heavy allows the force of the cast or the com­ bias for atlatl handles that are a variation darts of bamboo, 6 feet long, V2 inch diam­ pression of the dart to rule the spur end on the theme of Arctic Circle throwing eter at the butt end, % inch in diameter at of the atlatl, will kill accuracy. This makes boards which spread the hand out and the point end, medium or less kinetic flexi­ gripping the atlatl a Zen sort of thing, the use grooves, notches and holes to assign bility, it takes just about all the force I can ability to grip without gripping. each finger and thumb a particular pres­ muster to get the darts to travel 30 yards 8. Kinetic flexibility and dart length: sure task. I have combined the two. I did with a relatively flat trajectory necessary to Longer darts (6 to 8 feet) flex more slowly not start out that way, but have come keep the darts from hitting the electric and than shorter darts (4 to 6 feet). Whereas round to it in large part due to an accident phone lines overhead. the "feel" and "look" of the flexing long involving atlatl weights which now make it Because of the medium level of the dart in flight is a kind of wobble, wobble, impossible for me to death grip or pinch dart's kinetic flexibility, most of the dis­ wobble, the shorter dart characteristic is grip or even straighten my arm out at the tance I obtain comes from the mechanical more of a wiggle, wiggle, wiggle. My elbow. More about that later. advantage of the length of the atlatl itself, experience has been that no matter how The atlatls I used have a flat spring not much whipping, and a heavy emphasis much force I put into the casting of longer shaped shaft. Over all length of the atlatls on lobbing. darts, the flexing and travel time is still varies from 24 to 26 inches. Behind the Nevertheless, my best accuracy is with slow, and worse, the more force used to handle, the shaft is nominally 1 inch wide these heavier darts, in part, I believe, cast a longer dart, the more likely it is to and y*. inch thick, tapering and thinning to because the lower kinetic flexibility gener­ flex right out of the path to the target. nominally % inch wide and slightly less than ates less sideways compression against 9. Kinetic flexibility and dart balance VB of an inch thick towards the spur end. the atlatl spur, thus less grip slippage. I point. Darts that have their balance point The spur end is M> inch thick to accommo­ can generally put 7 of 10 darts, into an 18 in the center of the dart have the same date the spur which is an antler tine. inch square pattern at 20 yards, 7 of 10 problem as long darts cast with excessive The antler tine is about an 1 'A inch long into an 24 inch square at 30 yards. force, they tend to flex their way right out with 2A of an inch exposed. The angle of of the path to the target. Darts that have a the antler tine relative to the atlatl shaft is MEDIUM WEIGHT BAMBOO balance point forward of center, arc about 30 degrees. I have heard this DARTS/HIGHER KINETIC better, and tend not to flex their way out described as a male type of atlatl spur FLEXIBILITY/NO ATLATL WEIGHT: of the path to the target when greater assembly versus female and mixed types. Dart Weight: 5.5 ounces to 6.9 ounces. force is applied to the cast. The down The wood used to make the three atlatls Using medium weight darts of bamboo, 1 side to such point-end heavy darts is that I used in these experiments are South 6 feet long, /4 of an inch at the butt end,

35 and y2 inch at the point end, with higher my darts in excess of 6 feet, most of them WARNING: During these experiments, degrees of kinetic flexibility, much less being 7 feet long and some even 8 and 9 because the use of a 100 gram weight force was required to set the dart to a feet long. I enjoyed great accuracy with produced such an improvement in my target 30 yards away using the same rela­ these longer darts (without atlatl weights) personal accuracy, I goaded myself into tively low trajectory ceiling, and, throwing at 25 yards from the target. They were too trying out a 200 gram weight. Indeed, my is much more emphasized. The amount heavy to use at 30 yards and too clumsy accuracy got even better with both heavy of force used during the cast turned out to use at less than 20 yards. As an aside, and medium weight bamboo darts (7 out to be greater than the flexing atlatl and I also found that my longer atlatls (over 28 of 10 hits into an 18 inch square at 30 Eclectic grip style could effectively con­ inches) were too clumsy to use at short yards), but with disastrous results. To get trol. Grip slippage was frequent. Whereas range distances (under 20 yards). Over­ the distance with this heavier weight, I at 20 yards I could put 7 out of 10 darts shooting the target was very common really had to put absolute maximum exer­ into an 18 inch square, at 30 yards I could with both long dart or long atlatl. tion into the casts. After a day of using only put 5 of 10 into a 3 foot square. the 200 gram weight, my throwing arm Some whipping, mostly throwing, and ADDING THE ATLATL WEIGHT: was nearly ruined. This happened in April some lobbing. THE SAME MEDIUM WEIGHT BAMBOO 1995. It is now January 1996, $1500 in x- DARTS AS BEFORE: rays and pills later, my arm strength is % LIGHT WEIGHT FIXED ALUMINUM (5.5 ounces to 6.9 ounces) of what it used to be and my elbow con­ DARTS/HIGHEST KINETIC FLEXI­ Adding an atlatl weight of 100 grams at tinues to throb with a persistent dull ache. BILITY/NO ATLATL WEIGHT; a point under the atlatl shaft and directly My doctor told me that I was very lucky Dart Weight: 4.7 ounces. behind the handle improved accuracy not to have torn my rotator cusp. It has My accuracy with these wildly kinetic immediately. I could now put 7 out of 10 been a slow, painful climb back up to the darts is terrible or at least extremely darts into a 12 inch square at 20 yards, accuracy level I obtained with the 100 inconsistent at any distance. Whipping is and 5 of 10 darts into a 2 foot square at gram weight. I can not imagine how or unavoidably emphasized and due to their 30 yards. This is about the same level of why anyone human would or could ever light weight, wind resistance has a greater accuracy I enjoyed with the heavier darts use an 800 gram atlatl weight, but the tendency to cause them to drift when (7.6 ounces to 11.3 ounces) without the archaeological record assures me that cast at lower speeds. atlatl weight. The weight of the atlatl such is the case while dryly pointing out that the vast majority of weights on Terrible, actually I don't miss the 3 weight added an element of centrifugal record are between 50 and 120 grams. bales of hay very often with these fixed force (force directed outward away from darts, but the misses are very spread out. the body) to the cast which assisted in Even on my best days I can not seem preventing the compression of the dart FIXED ALUMINUM DARTS WITH to get into any consistency casting alu­ from pushing the spur to one side (force ATLATL WEIGHT: minum darts. Though the ones I can put directed into the body). At the same time, Fixed weight of dart: 4.7 ounces. into the target generally have a tighter just the increase in weight alone helped (Point end heavy.) pattern than with the bamboo darts, the smooth out the "herky-jerky" of my Un-fixed' weight of dart: 3 ounces. misses are more wildly spread out. I miss throwing motions when using lighter darts. (Center balanced.) as much as I hit at any distance. Adding the atlatl weight did not Fixed : increase propulsion. Adding the weight Extremely light weight (front end heavy) EXTREMELY LIGHT WEIGHT UN-FIXED simply added more weight, and more darts of very high kinetic flexibility alu­ ALUMINUM DARTS/SIX FEET LONG/ force was required to obtain the same minum darts, 4.7 ounces in weight). WILDLY KINETIC/NO ATLATL WEIGHT: velocity. The increased mass/weight of These darts are made front end heavy by Dart weight: 3 ounces. this unchanged velocity, was enough to wrapping 3 ply cotton string around the I hate these things. They are like trying withstand the flexing dart's sideways shaft, starting 10 inches behind the point to throw straws. "Herky-jerky" rules the compression on the atlatl's spur without and for 20 inches thereafter towards the scene. My accuracy with them is worse decreasing the dart's kinetic flexibility. rear of the dart shaft, then covered with than terrible. Extremely frustrating. It pains The extra weight imposed a more two coats of glue. The weight of the string me to even have to mention them. Had I gradual, regulated buildup of accelera­ and glue is 1.7 ounces. not found a friend with a stash of bamboo tion, even though I increased actual phys­ With the fixed aluminum darts, my early on, I probably would have given up ical exertion. I would say that both accuracy did not improve using the 100 trying to learn to use the atlatl all together. throwing and lobbing were more or less gram weight. The problem was not in As it was, the aluminum was readily avail­ equally emphasized. direction, for indeed, the atlatl weight per­ able at the local archery shop. All I had to I think this needs repeating. The lighter formed its centrifugal force/acceleration do was put two arrows together. Conve­ more kinetic darts are subject to being regulator function just as with the heavy nience is often very misleading. overpowered by the throwing arm because and medium weight darts. As with the fixed aluminum darts, I of their light weight, thus "herky-jerky" The problem was in controlling eleva­ have the same problem with extremely instability and the lighter dart's higher tion. I found the kinetic flex of light weight light weight and highly kinetic bamboo kinetic properties directs more compres­ darts (aluminum, 6 feet long, VA inch diam­ darts, but I only have two bamboo darts sion against the side of the atlatl spur, thus eter throughout the length, and fixed to that come anywhere near the lightness more grip slippage. Adding the atlatl be point end heavy) to be incredibly sen­ (4.1 and 4.7 ounces) and kinetic flexibility weight, addresses both problems sepa­ sitive to the kind of minor differences in of these aluminum darts, so I have not rately. To prove this to myself, I used a acceleration that just did not phase the used them in these experiments. weighted atlatl in casting my heavier darts medium and heavy bamboo darts. With Though not part of this experiment, I (7.6 ounces to 11.3 ounces). Although it considerable concentration, I could occa­ feel I should state that with darts of any took more effort to get the darts to the sionally achieve a level of accuracy equal material, any weight or any degree of flex­ target, accuracy improved. "Herky-jerky" is to my accuracy with the bamboo darts. ibility, if they are under 5 feet in length, I not a problem with the heavier darts and can not cast them with any degree of compression is less so to begin with. Un-fixed : consistent accuracy. I don't know why. Adding the weight in conjunction with Center balanced aluminum-darts give After a while, I just quit trying to figure it using the heavier darts addressed only the me nightmares. They are so light, 3 out and moved on to longer darts. problem of grip slippage during the transi­ ounces or less, and have such incredible Also not part of this experiment were tion from pulling to pushing. kinetic flexibility. Even with the heaviest

36 regulation field point, they are balanced in (fixed so as to be point end heavy), the the dart, which decreased distance. the center. In my opinion, their light front results from relocating the atlatl weight The main problem I have with this theory end allows wind resistance to force the towards the rear were generally the same is that its proponents have never been able front end off target during compression. as with the bamboo darts. to locate the moment when de-flex starts All my bamboo and sapling darts have As the weight is moved rearward, the putting the stored up energy in the flexed their balance point forward of center, effect is the same as if having added atlatl into propulsion. Presumably; this making them front end heavy. Even my more weight. Atlatl stability increases, would have to happen at some point lightest, most kinetic bamboo darts (4.1 distance decreases unless more force is before the dart separates from the atlatl. ounce and 4.7 ounces) do not veer off applied, and accuracy increases only However, in a personal communication target because of wind resistance. minimally if at all, for me. However, there with world distance record holder David For these 3 ounce aluminum darts, was one notable difference which I asso­ Engvall (848 feet, 1995, with a 2 ounce, 454 adding a weight immediately behind the ciate with the hyper sensitivity of these foot aluminum and graphite dart and 3 foot atlatl handle shifted the balance of the highly kinetic darts. graphite atlatl), he indicated that a 11b atlatl and dart in my hand far to the rear If I placed the weight rearward to a point weight tied to the end spur end of the atlatl making the feel of it all incredibly odd. My just edging out onto that section of the caused the atlatl shaft to bend 3 inches. accuracy, bad as it was with these things shaft where shaft flexibility begins, the My own atlatls under the same circum­ to begin with just got worse. Shifting the effect was as if I stiffened the atlatl and stances bend less than 3A of an inch. I weight to mid atlatl shaft and to the rear increased the kinetic flexibility of the atlatl therefore can not rule out the possibility of the atlatl shaft didn't help. Using a shaft. The effect on the dart was increased that flexing atlatl shafts can store up lighter or heavier weight didn't help. compression, which increased distance. energy delivered during de-flex. My longest Nothing helped. The 50 gram weight accounted for more cast to date is 330 feet with a 3 ounce alu­ Since the 100 gram weight used to cast distance than the 100 gram weight simply minum dart, 6 feet long using a 28 inch, the fixed aluminum darts was beyond my because I could put more force quicker Purple Heart atlatl with no atlatl weight. sensitivity, I tried a 50 gram weight. The into the cast. Accuracy was as before with Significantly, my longest cast was with immediate result was less ability to keep these aluminum darts, good only through the un-weighted atlatl. Using the same sideways compression from pushing into intense concentration on sensitivity. Dis­ atlatl with a 100 gram weight and the the spur, and increased "herky-jerky". tance really excelled though. same 3 ounce dart, my longest cast was Therefore, my accuracy also got worse. If I placed the weight all the way to the only 290 feet. With a 25 gram weight, I might as well spur, it caused the atlatl shaft to flex more I am inclined to think that flexible atlatl have not been using a weight at all. My and as with the negative effect of de-flex input into distance either does not immediate reaction was to wonder what decreased compression of the bamboo exist or is probably not as significant as possible benefit existed for 10 gram dart, it was even more so on the aluminum adding length to the atlatl itself or weights, which like the 800 gram weights, darts. Distance declined. Accuracy switching to an extremely light and hyper also figure into the archaeological record. improved somewhat but oddly so. The dart kinetic dart. flex seemed more sluggish and slow. B) Atlatl weights as good luck charms. ATLATL WEIGHT PLACEMENT: Somehow this allowed me to better guess- I'm sure the choice of weight (after its I made some further tests involving the t-mate elevation and direction with the alu­ functional value) might well have had deep relocation of the 100 gram atlatl weight to minum darts only. I am not sure why. spiritual meaning to the person using it. It the middle and then to the rear end of the I conclude from these experiments with is possible that the fetish value may have atlatl. The results were as follows: the aluminum darts, that the atlatl weight even led the first person to attach a sacred 1. With respect to the bamboo darts, is an unnecessary addition to a good grip rock to the atlatl and "lo and behold" dis­ moving the weight towards the middle and flexible atlatl in controlling atlatl sta­ cover a practical value. It is just as pos­ had the same effect as adding more bility when using very light darts with high sible that during the historic time and place weight. Grip control/atlatl stability kinetic flexibility. More important to accu­ where switching from heavier darts to increased but distance decreased unless racy with such darts is a highly developed lighter darts became necessary, the first more force was put into the cast. Accu­ sensitivity to the kinetic peculiarities of person so doing may have experienced a racy only slightly improved if at all the flexing dart which the use of a heavy loss of accuracy for which experimentation because I finally reached a degree of per­ atlatl weight might actually impair. A light led directly to adding the reduced weight sonal accuracy where only pilot error, atlatl weight, on the other hand, properly of the dart to the atlatl itself in the form of a miscalculation of elevation/direction/and placed on the atlatl shaft seems to tune rock as a possible solution. This is one of force of cast could actually be blamed for the kinetic properties of the flexing atlatl those "which came first, the chicken or the missing the target. to those of the dart, thus generating max­ egg" things. In my opinion, it does not Moving the weight to the rear of the atlatl imum kinetic kick and greater distance. In matter since we eat both. caused the flexible atlatl to flex so much as my opinion, a heavier weight will simply C) Atlatl weights used to counter balance to feel dead. Distance suffered. There was require more force to be put into the cast the weight of the dart so that a hunter can no improvement in accuracy. It seemed without an improvement in distance and hold atlatl/dart horizontally for long like I had use an excessive amount of force only a minimal increase in accuracy. periods of time as an aid to hunting. to get the darts to the target. On the other hand, an atlatl weight of Whenever I hold anything in my hand in In one experiment with the Red Oak 100 grams used with bamboo darts can one position for a long period of time, my atlatl, I tried lashing the 100 gram atlatl assist a good grip and a flexible atlatl in hand goes to sleep. I notice that when I weight immediately behind the handle improving accuracy, but not distance. first start out using the atlatl, that my and another 10 gram weight mid shaft accuracy is terrible. It takes a few warm and then at the spur end. With the little REVISITING THE THEORIES: up throws to get in stride. I often wonder weight at mid shaft, the flex of the atlatl A) Atlatl weights on flexible atlatls during flex at such times, how it was that a Paleo shaft tensed up a little and the atlatl per­ cause the atlatl to store energy which during hunter could go out into the cold, half formed with less sluggishness making my de-flex increases propulsion. naked, sit or stand around like a statue casts with the Red Oak about equal with I did not experience this phenomena for a long period of time, and then actu­ the Maple and Purple Heart atlatls. during my experiments. In fact, the more ally hit anything with the first cast, and Prior to this, my accuracy with the Red the weight caused the shaft to flex, the likely, the only opportunity of the day. Oak was slightly less than with the other two. more the shaft acted like a shock This "living statue" theory does not have 2. With respect to the aluminum darts absorber decreasing the compression of the ring of plausibility to it.

37 However, balance and the Zen of grip­ inherent reduction of the English Language the dart and increasing distance. ping involved in balance most certainly is into a near mathematical formula as a A light atlatl weight used with medium important and includes the front to rear means of explaining the bottom line. Be or heavy bamboo darts would probably balance of the dart and atlatl in the hand that as it may, the theory seems to state not help either accuracy or distance. prior to the cast, during the shifting of bal­ that just because the atlatl weight increases Compared to aluminum, bamboo is rather ance to the rear during pulling and for­ the mass of the atlatl, extra propulsion insensitive and requires a stimulus of ward during pushing, and the side to side and/or velocity is produced. I disagree. greater impact to modify its behavior. balance (subject to the war between This theory assumes that my arm can I have tried to show through the pre­ "herky-jerky and dart compression") all of drive any old weighted atlatl through the sentation of the potential mixtures of which must be maintained by the gripping casting motion just a quickly as an un­ pushing and pulling, body lean, swinging hand throughout the cast. weighted atlatl, without ripping apart my gate, catapulting forearm, and wrist flick, D) Atlatl weights used to smooth out the rotator cusp or otherwise permanently dis­ whipping, throwing, and lobbing that are "herky-jerky" effect of the throwing arm, arranging my elbow's mechanics. I have a possible as it relates casting a dart, as an aid to accuracy. $1500 medical bill that says I can't do it. through the options available as it relates Obviously, I very much agree with this This theory assumes that the velocity pro­ to grip styles and equipment options, with theory as indicated in "The Three Ring duced by the arm in motion, with or the discussion of the act of casting a dart Circus Of Casting A Dart" section of this without a weight, is the same and that with an atlatl as a "Three Ring Circus", paper and the experiments I did with additional mass of the weighted atlatl will, and through my experiments with and heavy and medium weight bamboo darts. just because its here, increases propul­ without atlatl weights, that the atlatl E) Atlatl weights used to fine tune the flex sion, or vice versa. My experiments tell me weight is a functional device that is as of the atlatl to the flex of the dart. where atlatls are concerned, that adding a much subject to the laws of adaptation My experiments with very light, highly weight adds weight, not propulsion. and changing needs as is any other rec­ kinetic darts and flexible atlatls lead me to With the additional weight, acceleration ognizable variation in the atlatl/dart believe that this theory has merit where is slower, but much steadier. More force system of the archeological record. distance is the goal and light weight is required to get the same velocity, or The most recognizable changing need in equipment are the means. Certainly the propulsion, or speed of cast. The benefit the archaeological record was the need for atlatls and darts of the Southwestern from the increase in weight is that the more distance and then the accuracy to hit United States fit the bill as does the wide ability of the sideways compressing dart the target at the greater distance. Given open spaces of the locality and the to push the spur to the side is reduced the nearly limitless diversity of conditions apparent need to for distance capabilities and so is "herky-jerky. This assists accu­ across the span of years involved and the therein. However, such equipment, need, racy, not propulsion, or velocity, or what­ diversity of the peoples involved, it should and capabilities would be out of place in ever it is. come as no surprise that the atlatl weight the lush growth of the woodland hills of However, I can see how people get the might end up having more than one way to the Midwest and Northeast where rela­ feeling that a weight might increase function in the distance and accuracy busi­ tively flatter trajectory and keener indi­ velocity, or is it propulsion? For one thing, ness of harvesting meat. vidual accuracy seem the greater need. the increased weight of the atlatl weight I am not fool enough to believe I have F) Midwestern and Northeastern "ban- requires more effort be put into the pulling discovered the answer to the riddle of the nerstone" atlatl weights function as atlatl stage, just to get the atlatl moving. The atlatl weight enigma with my paltry little silencers. human arm has more strength pulling experiments. In the first place, my experi­ The greatest noise maker of the atlatl/ than pushing. Once the atlatl, atlatl ments were aimed only at improving my dart system, in my opinion, is the flexing weight, and the dart are moving forward, accuracy with my darts once it became dart in flight and its fletchings. It seems to less effort needs to be put into pushing to obvious to me that the atlatl weight was me that camouflaging the dart and trim­ keep it all moving. But, see John Palter's not going to improve my distance with the ming down the feathers would have a paper, number 23, end of this paper. His heavy and medium weight bamboo darts greater effect than the relatively slight work indicates that heavier atlatl weights with their medium kinetic flexibility, which reduction in the noise of the swishing atlatl. = less distance. The human arm is only so are my preference. I do not discount the credibility of the strong. Tie enough rocks to it, and it Therefore, the results of my tests were experiments which prove bannerstone won't move. completely biased towards meeting my weighted atlatls move more quietly than H) My theory, that atlatl weights can needs. other types of weighted atlatls. It is just assist accuracy or assist distance but can I assume, that the Paleo hunter, that my experiments indicate that accu­ not by themselves produce either, and depending on the atlatl for his daily exis­ racy with medium to heavy darts is probably can't assist both accuracy and tence, naturally had a keener sensitivity increased with the use of atlatl weights of distance at the same time. for his equipment than any of today's 100 or so grams, which is consistent with My experiments lead me to believe that weekend "Abo"s, including myself. The the average weight of bannerstones. heavier atlatl weights are needed with light, ancients used atlatl weights. My reason I live in the Midwest. I am familiar with medium, and heavy, front end heavy darts for trying out atlatl weights was to see if I the behavior of deer in the wooded hills. of medium or better kinetic flexibility could improve accuracy at distances In my opinion, from 30 yards or less dis­ (bamboo), to help the grip style prevent the greater than 20 yards because this dis­ tance, (which in the woods is about as sideways compressing dart from pushing tance seemed to me to be the most prob­ distant as you can get before overhanging the spur off to the side and for generally able solo hunter's effective range, branches and undergrowth get in the preventing "herky-jerky" arm movement. meaning, this is about as close as I can way), the dart would be in the animal's With extremely light darts of high most often get to a deer in the woods ear before the deer figured out where it kinetic flexibility, (aluminum) a keen sensi­ without it turning and taking flight. was coming from or what was making the tivity to the kinetic flexibility of dart and I also assume there are those who have noise out there beyond the incoming dart. atlatl is needed and would likely be greater sensitivity in their fingers and G) Bannerstone atlatl weights propel impaired using a relatively heavy atlatl reflexes than I do, and who could prob­ darts farther because "motion is propor­ weight. A lighter atlatl weight on the other ably use lighter atlatl weights with lighter tional to the square of it velocity." hand, would probably help tune the and more kinetic natural and artificial dart I must confess my layman's bias against flexing atlatl to the flexing dart or at least materials to increase the effective any theory of atlatl weights that relies on prevent one from interfering with the range/practical accuracy norms of the cryptic language of physics and its other, thus maximizing the kinetic kick of today's atlatl and dart systems standards.

38 If anything I've written here helps 5. The Atlatl, The Physics Of Function And Schlob, 7220 - 76, Tubingen, Germany. someone move in that direction, then Performance, 1975, W. B. Butler, The 135DM = $82 American. great. That's what its all about. Plains Anthropologist, Vol 68, No 20, pages 15. Atlatl Weights: Function And Classifica­ Since adopting the use of the atlatl 105-110. tion, 1993, William R. Perkins, Bulletin of weight for myself, I can now pretty much 6. The Use Of The Atlatl On Lake Patzcuaro Primitive Technology, 1(5), pages 58 - 61. Michoacan, M. W. Stirling, Bureau of Society of Primitive Technology, PO BOX depend on hitting a 2 foot square target American Ethnology, Bulletin 173, pages 905, Rexburg, ID, 83440. with the first cast at 30 yards with a light 265 - 268. 16 Great Basin Atlatls: Notes From The N.W. to medium bamboo dart (5 to 7 ounces). 7. The Atlatl Or Throwing Stick: A Recent Corner, 1992, Steve Allely, Bulletin of It hurts. My arm is stiff. The wind up and Study Of Atlatls In Use With Darts Of Var­ Primitive Technology, 1 (4), pages 48 - 56. delivery awkward. But I can do it. There­ ious Sizes, Malcolm Hill, Tennessee 17 Reconstructing A Generic Basketmaker fore, adopting the atlatl weight met my Archaeologist, 4(4), pages 37 - 44. Atlatl, 1992 Wryley Hunter, Bulletin of needs which was to prove to myself that 8. Darts And Arrows: Late Woodland Primitive Technology, 1 (4), pages 57 - 61. a lone hunter could develop enough Hunting Techniques In The Upper Ohio "Atlatl weight types, atlatl spur types". accuracy with the atlatl to hunt by and for Valley, 1993, Michael Shotti, American 18. Atlatls: Throwing For Distance, 1992, himself successfully if the hunter had the Antiquity, Vol 58, No 3, pages 425 - 443. Craig Ratzat, Bulletin of Primitive Tech­ right atlatl and dart system. 9. Arrowheads And Atlatl Darts: How The nology, 1 (4), pages 62 - 63. Stones Got The Shaft, 1978, David Hurst 19 Stealth Technology, 1992 BC, 1992, I hope that I have not been overly crit­ Thomas, American Antiquity, Vol 43, No 3, William R. Perkins, Bulletin of Primitive ical of the theories of others. All that I pages 461 - 472. Technology, 1 (4), pages 67 - 69. "Banner- have hoped to accomplish is to open the 10. Premature Conclusions Concerning The stones as atlatl silencers". door to the possibility that the atlatl "Atlatl Weight" Theory As Applied To 20 The Optimal Design Of Hunting weight was very much a functional adap­ Forms Of Stone Age Artifacts Of The Weapons: Maintainability Or Reliability, tation for solving more than one problem, American Aborigines, Lynn Munger, 1965 1986, Peter Bleed, American Antiquity, and that the problem which generated the - 1967 Central States Archaeology Journal, 51 (4) pages 737-747. adaptation was probably local in origin, Vol 12 14, pages 71 -74. 21 Lithic Resource Procurement And Early 11. Conventional Wisdom And Archaic Atlatl Paleoindian Land Use Patterns In The not universal. In this, I am striving to find Weights, Fall 1990, Phillip R. Shriver, Ohio Appalachian Plateau Of Ohio, 1989 clarity where now there is only mud. I've Archaeologist, Vol 40, No 4, pages 8-9. Bradley T. Lepper, Chapter 10, "Eastern done as much as I can, now its your turn. 12. Long Distance Record Shattered, July Paleoindian Lithic Resources", Christopher 1995, The Atlatl, Newsletter of the World Ellis and Jonathan Lothrop, Recommended Reading: Atlatl Association, Bill Tate, Editor, Vol 8, pages 241 - 257. No 5, pages 1 - 2. WWA, Po Box 56, 22. Man In Prehistory, 1969, Chester S. 1. Mechanics of Pre-lndustrial Technology, Ocotillo, Ca, 92259. Chard, McGraw Hill Book Company, Brian Cotterell and Johan Kammingai 13. The Dynamics Of The Off-Axis-Forward- pages 58-169. Chapter 7, Projectiles, (Spears and Spear Nock Spear VS The On-Axis-Aft-Nock 23 A New Approach To The Significance Of Throwers), Cambridge University Press, Spear As thrown With An Atlatl Spear The "Weighted" Spear Thrower, 1976 ISBN 0-521-42871-8. Thrower, October 1995 David P. Engvall, John L. Palteri American Antiquity, 2. Projectile Points, Jim Browne, 1940, Amer­ The Atlatl, Newsletter of the World Atlatl Vol 41, No 4. ican Antiquity, Vol 5, No 3, pages 209 - 213. Association, Vol 8, No 4, pages 4-5. 24 Effects Of Stone Projectile Points As 3. Experiments In The Use Of Atlatl Weights 14. Spear Throwing In Europe, A Summary Of A Mass Within The Atlatl And Dart O. H. Peets, 1960 American Antiquity, Vol The Doctorate Thesis Of Urich Stodiek, Mechanical System, William R Perkins, 26, No 1, pages 108-111. October 1994, The Atlatl, Newsletter of the Bulletin of Primitive Technology, Fall 1995, 4. The Atlatl, Function and Performance, World Atlatl Association, Vol 7, No 4. Full Vol 10, pages 69 - 72. C. D. Howard, 1974, American Antiquity, text available from: Institute fur Ur-und Vol 39, No 1, pages 102 - 104. Frugeschichte der Universitat Tubingen,

AN EARLY ADENA POINT by Christopher Darin 37086 Eagleton Road Lisbon, Ohio 44432

This early Adena point was found in June of 1995, north of 5 ^. -v Salem, Ohio. It is made of Upper Mercer flint and is 3 /8 inches long. No other artifacts were found with it - it was a single find on a knoll in a soybean field. •L*^ : :

•fe.*'.'

Fig. 1 (Darin) Early Adena point from north of Salem, Ohio.

39 A MEADOWWOOD VARIANT by Jim Beckman 9644 Wolf Creek Pike Dayton, OH 45426-4148

Pictured are three Meadowwood Points. The 4" black Coshocton piece at the left was a personal find in Madison Twp., Montgomery Co, Ohio in 1981. It exhibits the typical straight ground base configuration associated with this point style. The other two pieces to it's right were acquired later, and both exhibit an unusual serrated, unground base. The serrations are very sharp . . . sharper than the blade edges themselves. When I acquired the black Coshocton piece at the right I thought possibly the maker just didn't "finish" the piece by grinding the base . . . but when I came across the piece in the center exhibiting this same workmanship I now wonder whether this is, indeed, a variant from the norm. I'd be Fig. 1 (Beckman) interested in hearing if other members Three Meadowwood have similar Meadowwood pieces. Points.

AN ARCHAIC BEVEL/THEBES VARIANT WITH ONE PENTANGULAR BLADE EDGE by Jim Beckman 9644 Wolf Creek Pike Dayton, OH 45426-4148 In studying a number of archaic bevels I don't know if there are enough personally observed 7 of them in my lim­ in my collection recently I noticed several specimens out there to warrant it's own ited area .. . perhaps so. pieces exhibited an unusual blade edge typographic classification, but having configuration. Pictured are 5 pieces illus­ trating this variant. One edge of each piece is typically excurvate which is common for this point type, but the opposite blade edge exhibits an extended area just below the tip similar to that seen on pentagonal style blade edges, except that the chipping pattern is the same as normal beveling rather than bifacially as exhibited on typical pentagonal points. This extended area protrudes out beyond the normal excur­ vate configuration of the opposite edge indicating that it was purposefully done, rather than having been reworked this way from a normal excurvate edge. Speculation as to the purpose of this "spike" would probably lead to assumptions of a use similar to that of the pentagonal spike . . . that of cutting thru muscle and joints. Two of the pictured pieces (top row right and bottom row right) also have a purposeful notch in the blade edge between the "spike" and the base, which may again have been an aid to deboning, etc. The fact that 3 of the pieces shown (and 2 others I've seen) have snapped bases (done prehistorically) would indicate sub­ stantial pressure applied during use. Figure 1 (Beckman) Archaic Bevel Variants

40 TWO ODD KNIVES by Jim Beckman 9644 Wolf Creek Pike Dayton, OH 45426-4148

Pictured are two corner-notched knives which were in the Sonny Atkinson collection. The larger knife was found at Mays Lick, Kentucky (by Mrs. Conley on the Albert Manion farm). The smaller knife has no exact provenience but is assumed to have come from either Clark Co. Ky., or one of the counties close by. The author is not sure of the chert source for either piece. The larger piece being a semi-glossy dark olive brown and the smaller piece is a less glossy russet brown chert. Both knives exhibit the same blade configuration, being excurvate on one edge and incurvate on the other. Although the notching shows simi­ larities, the base of the larger piece is straight with angular sides while the smaller one has a somewhat incurvate base line and more rounded base sides, almost reminiscent of some of the bifurcate styles. Both bases exhibit some grinding, the larger piece more so than the smaller. I've never seen any literature describing where similar pieces were found in situ, or any other context regarding time periods. The blade configuration would almost suggest copying from early steel trade knives ... but the workmanship, particularly on the larger knife, leads me to believe they're probably much older than that. Any feedback about similar pieces out there would be appreciated.

Figure 1 (Beckman) Two Ohio Knives

A MICHIGAN AXE by Edward Burrows 101 West Main Street Shiloh, Ohio 44878

This Michigan barbed axe was found by my grandfather on his farm in southwest Michigan. He found it sometime between 1922 and 1932, during the years he farmed the property. Although he was not a collector, he found this piece and other artifacts as he walked behind the horse and plow. The farm was located in section 10, Covert Township, Van Buren County in southwest Michigan.

The axe is made of highly polished granite. Its dimensions are 5V2 inches long, 3H inches broad at its broadest point, and 2V2 inches wide at its widest point. The pole shows some usage; otherwise the axe is intact. Grandpa's children and grandchildren took the piece to school for show and tell throughout the years, and sometime through the years we lost track of it. In November while visiting my uncle in Texas, I saw the axe for the first time in nearly twenty years. I traded my uncle my grandfather's heirloom pistol for it so I could make it part of my collection.

Figure 1 (Burrows) Full Grooved Axe from Michigan.

41 AN ABORIGINAL MISFORTUNE by Lloyd Harnishfeger 203 Steiner Street Pandora, Ohio 45877

The illustrated butterfly bannerstone is made of a close- grained unbanded slate. The color is a soft tan. It appears that the maker was nearing final completion of the piece when misfortune struck. Having roughly finished and pilot-drilled the bannerstone, the artifact split apart, rendering further manufacture pointless. The flint-drilled channels which were started from top and bottom met neatly at the center. How many hours of careful craftsmanship had gone into the project can only be guessed at. Abandoned by the maker, the piece allow modern man to see evidence of what the final steps were when fashioning such objects.

Fig. 1 (Harnishfeger) Winged bannerstone which split during manufacture.

AN INTERESTING SALVAGED PIECE by Lloyd Harnishfeger 203 Steiner Street Pandora, Ohio 45877

I acquired this broken and salvaged pendant at a recent meeting of the Ohio Archaeological Society. The prehistoric fracture followed the lines of strata in the banding of the slate. After it broke through the hole, a new hole was drilled and the fractured edge carefully smoothed. Tally marks were often made after pieces were broken, as was done with this pendant.

INCtflES

Fig. 1 (Harnishfeger) x. 2. 3. Broken and salvaged pendant displays _L_ -L- tally marks.

42 A DOUBLE GROOVED MAUL FROM MICHIGAN by Ron Jarius 16522 Akers Road Waynesfield, Ohio

While on vacation in Michigan in 1995, I visited my grandfather's farm near Mackinac City. After unsuccessfully searching for old bottles, I looked through a pile of rocks in a fence line which had been cleared from a field. This large double-grooved maul was one of the rocks which an early settler had thrown into the rock pile.

•*t Figure 1 (Jarius) A double- grooved maul found in Michigan. It is made of granite.

GROUPING OF ARTIFACTS by Jason Hanna 7252 Firestone Rd. Spencer, OH 44275

The three artifacts shown were found in different areas of Ohio and New York. The point on the left is an Ashtabula point. It is 3 inches long and almost VA inches wide and made from a cream and pink flint. This arrowhead was found by me in Spencer, Ohio, on August 7, 1995. The point on the right was found in Mt. Hope, Ohio. It is half gray and half white and has a hump at the lower end of it. It's 3J4 inches long, VAe inches wide and the hump is % of a inch in thickness. The large full-grooved axe was found in Elmira, N.Y. Several other stone tools were found with it. The axe is 9 inches long, 634 inches wide and almost 3 inches thick. It is made of dark hardstone unknown to me.

Fig. 1 (Hanna) Two Ohio Points and a New York Axe.

43 A VIEW OF CUSTER'S LAST STAND by Shawn E. Stephan Bradford, Ohio

On December 5, 1839, George Arm­ emen, Montana) and marched east down Valley 15 miles away and a massive Indian strong Custer was born in the peaceful the Yellowstone River. In the middle of camp came into view. The village lay on little Village of New Rumley, Ohio. His June, he met the Third Force, led by Gen­ the south side of The Little Big Horn River father, Emanuel Custer, was the village eral Alfred Terry, which included the Sev­ in a low valley. One of the Cavalry's Indian blacksmith. enth Cavalry. scouts, Mitch Boyer, reported to Custer Like most of his neighbors, Emanuel On the 17th of June, 1876, Custer and saying "it is the largest village I have ever was a member of the militia. He drilled his men departed from Terry's command seen, and to fight them would be certain George, or "Autie" as he called his son, and set out from the mouth of Rosebud death." Custer disregarded Boyer's whenever possible. Creek to locate the Sioux and Cheyenne. assessment and marched on as planned. As a boy and young man, George was (Ironic, but interesting, on June 22, 1876) Custer intended to use the element of full of fun and laughter and played prac­ Crook's force had no choice but to retreat surprise in his attack on the Indians. The tical jokes. Custer's love for horses and at the Battle of the Rosebud. Seventh Cavalry consisted of twelve com­ military affairs evolved at an early age. At Terry and Gibbon marched west up the panies and totaled nearly six hundred men, 14, "Autie" entered Alfred Stebbins "Young Yellowstone to Big Horn River and The but they were greatly outnumbered. Custer Mens Academy," which he attended two Little Big Horn River. The plan was to meet ordered Captain Frederick Benteen, along years. His major interest was reading mili­ Custer on June 26, but they did not arrive with three companies, to proceed along tary novels, for even then he had made up until June 27, which proved to be fatal for the southwest of The Little Big Horn River his mind to go to West Point. Custer and most of his command. to prevent a southerly escape by the In the summer of 1857, young Custer Custer's column moved up Rosebud Indians. Captain Thomas McDougall with was accepted for West Point. While Creek and camped near the present site of his company was to follow the ammunition attending, he made many friends and he Busby, Montana. Late on the 24th of June, pack train to the north, along with Custer was well liked. He was an excellent they arrived at the Little Big Horn River, not and Reno. horseman and he rode better than his 68 far from Crow's Nest. It was here that Major Marcus Reno took three compa­ classmates. Custer graduated from West Custer's scouts viewed the Little Big Horn nies and headed for the southern part of Point in June of 1861, at which time he went to Washington to join the Second Cavalry and performed well. Entitled to a promotion, he was now called Lieutenant Custer and with this new position came a change of dress. He was subsequently pro­ moted to Lieutenant Colonel. Because of Custer's young age at which he held these positions, he often grew sideburns, goatee or moustache to make him look older. Beginning in the 1850's, Sitting Bull - spiritual leader of the Sioux, Crazy Horse - leader of the Ogallala Sioux and Two Moon - chief of the Northern Cheyenne were being held on reservations along with their tribes, but demanded more freedom. Because of increasing numbers of white settlers, they became hostile. The Indians' behavior worsened matters when they began to flee further west from their reservations. The increase in white settlement was largely due to the gold rush, news of which had swept the East. The government took the actions of the Indians to be threatening. In the summer of 1876, the Seventy U.S. Cavalry, (which now included Lt. Colonel George Custer) left Fort Abraham Lincoln (located near Bismark, North Dakota) and were assigned to move the Indians back to their reservations. The Cavalry expected to find the Indians in what is now southeastern Montana. Three units would work together to Figure 1 (Stephan) Shows execute this mission. Brigadier General the Rivers, creeks and the George Crook marched north from present day U.S. Highway Wyoming to block a southerly escape 212 and Interstate 212 route. Colonel John Gibbon departed and Interstate 90, where from Fort Ellis (near present day Box- the battles took place.

44 the Indian encampment. Custer's bat­ Big Horn River where three-fourths of his Later that day, other officers counted as talion was now parallel to Reno on Reno command managed to ford the creek many as 214 dead men on the ridge. Creek. Custer then moved north and left while the balance of his men lay dead Terry and Gibbon were very angered by the river valley, but by this time, Major along the line of retreat. They retreated Custer's decision to attack before they Reno was in a battle which became until they reached the high bluff on the arrived; but they admitted that even if known as Reno's valley fight. This was opposite side of the river, where they met they had been there, they would have still the start of the Battle of Little Big Horn. Benteen and his three companies. They been greatly outnumbered. The Indian camp contained some ten now had a fairly good defensive position. Author's Note: Controversy enters into thousand people. Reno's men, obviously Reno and Benteen were engaged in the practically every discussion of any artists outnumbered, retreated into the timber on Hilltop fight for nearly a day and a half. painting of the Battle of Little Big Horn. higher ground but because of pressure On the evening of June 25th, Reno and Often incorrectly shown, Custer's hair from the Indians this position was ordered Benteen did not know that Custer and his was short, not long. Neither he nor his abandoned thirty minutes later. Custer battalion had been totally wiped out on a men possessed sabres (swords). Custer and his men had not yet been seen by the hilltop miles away. wore a light grey broad brimmed, low Indians and Reno and his men had no The Cheyenne and Sioux, during their crowned hat and a buckskin suit with a choice but to retreat to a higher bluff and short-lived battle with Custer on June 25, "frontier fringe" on it. His brother, Tom, defend themselves in what is called the only lost 30 to 150 warriors. wore very similar dress. None of the men Hill-Top fight. On the evening of June 26, the Hilltop or officers were in full dress uniforms and To begin his attack, Custer drove defenders watched as the large group of none of the Indians wore war bonnets. through the center of the Indian camp fol­ Indians moved south toward Big Horn lowing Medicine Tail Coulee, (a tributary Mountains. Terry and Gibbon arrived on of The Little Big Horn River) in a westerly the morning of June 27 and the stench of References: direction. Custer's battalion was now dead bodies and horses was over­ beginning to feel the weight of the Indian whelming. General Terry and Colonel 1989 Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle counter-attack which forced them back Gibbon wondered at Custer's where­ of The Little Big Horn eastwardly to Nye-Cartwright Ridge. He abouts. Reno did not know where he was. 1990 The Custer Album, A pictorial biography was now at his farthest point from Reno's The grim news came from Lieutenant of General George A. Custer. battalion, about four and a half miles. James Bradley who said "many men lay Personal communication with museum In the meantime, knowing he could no dead on a ridge above The Little Big Horn guides and directors and personal visita­ longer depend on Custer's support, Reno River". He counted 197 dead soldiers, tion of Custer battlefield. called another retreat toward The Little including Custer. There were no survivors.

M Figure 3 (Stephan) This large stone monu­ ment on top of Custer's Hill includes all the names of the officers, men, scouts and civilians who fell during the battle. There is a single mass grave consisting of nearly 200 men buried under the monument, although Custer is not one of them. He is buried in West Point. The monument was placed here during the summer of 1881.

Figure 2 (Stephan) This recent photo shows how the present day bat­ tlefield appears. This is on top of Custer's Hill and depicts several Figure 5 (Stephan) This photograph of Lt. Colonel George Armstrong markers including the black center marker which represents where Custer was taken in 1876, Custer supposedly fell on June 25, 1876, surrounded by his battalion. just months before Custer The tree line in the upper part of the photo is The Little Big Horn River. would be in battle. To the right of the river is the location of the large Cheyenne and Sioux Indian village.

Figure 4 (Stephan) This photo was taken on top of Custer's Hill, and shows The Custer Museum and The Arlington style cemetery behind it. The museum consists of artifacts that have been found on the battlefield during various digs, the largest dig being in 1984, after the battlefield experi­ enced a prairie fire. The ceme­ tery consists of 5,000 graves of Custer's soldiers, their families, scouts and various other bat­ tles dating back to The Civil War period.

45 BOOK REVIEWS

THE MAN IN THE ICE University in Austria, Spindler has first­ small flint point an arrowhead had he not seen it firmly hafted as a knife. by Konrad Spindler hand knowledge of the body discovered frozen in the Alps in 1991. His book was Section three includes both pho­ Hardbound 300 pages published only 3 years after this impor­ tographs and drawings of clothing recov­ 55 color photographs tant find, and he must be respected for ered from the site: cap, fur upper Harmony Books, NY $25.00 such a timely report. He presents infor­ garment, leggings, loincloth, shoes and mation in clear, concise English that grass cape. Part four deals with the body anyone can understand (even though the itself. Age, sex, height, general health, book was translated from German). and other physical conditions are deter­ Spindler divided his book into 6 sec­ mined. Tatoos on the skin correspond tions, each of which discusses the details with findings from an x-ray, explaining you want to know. The first section deals the purpose of the tatoos. The x-rays of with difficulties encountered in extricating internal organs also account for the the body and artifacts from glacial ice. unusual position of the body at death. Extreme cold and snowstorms which Section five places the Ice Man in the repeatedly obliterated the site alternated context of his culture. It is explained that with disagreements about which country, he belonged to the Late Neolithic of Italy or Austria, owned the site. The body Europe and so, amazingly enough, he was taken to Innsbruck where experts in would have known not only how to hunt various disciplines experimented with and gather, but how to plant, harvest, methods to preserve it, not only for pre­ work pottery, and smelt and mold sent studies but for the more advanced copper. There is no culture in prehistoric technology of future generations. Here North America which corresponds to the the bones and tools were radiocarbon world of the Ice Man. dated at 5,300 to 5,200 years old. I And finally Spindler's informed and shudder to think of the Mt. Vernon expert conjecture gives insight into the Mound-type fate this miracle of prehis­ disaster that might have led to the death toric preservation would have met in this of this person over 5,000 years ago. The country; apparently the Old World Man in the Ice is written from a refreshing reveres its past. perspective — there are no "sacred" The second part includes excellent stones, "sacred" sticks, or even "sacred" color photographs of the stone-age roads, just good honest archaeology. If man's equipment: his bow, copper axe, you can't find this book in your library, order a copy. Konrad Spindler, author of The Man in bone awls, birch-bark containers, hafted the Ice, describes himself as a near­ flint knife, pressure-flaking tool, belt sighted professor with a smoker's cough. pouch, marble bead with tassel, quiver Elaine Holzapfel An archaeologist as well as chairman of with arrows, and other items. Spindler 415 Memorial Drive the prehistory department at Innsbruck comments that he would have called the Greenville, Ohio

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAPHY by Carol L. Howell and Warren Blanc A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO Institute of Archaeology Volume 7 University of California, Los Angeles 1992 Softcover 136 pages Archaeological Many illustrations and photographs Photography We have needed this book for a long time. Here are presented the details on tjfUt th»»l • *arw*RUiv how to take pictures of artifacts and sites. The authors, who have photographed artifacts for the Smithsonian, provide a wealth of information for any kind of 35 mm photography. Camera types are recommended and it is explained that great pic­ tures can be taken without a large expenditure of either money or effort.

46 BOOK REVIEWS

THE BOG PEOPLE P.V. Glob, the Danish archaeologist In life the bog people inhabited by P.V. Glob who excavated many of these people small, sometimes fortified villages. 1970 Hardcover wrote the book in response to inquiries Domesticated livestock such as cattle Cornell University Press from two groups - school children and and sheep shared the home, humans 74 black and white photographs scholars, and his narration can be on one side and animals on the other. 200 pages understood and profitably used by both. The bog people ate barley, beef, Dr. Glob relates details of tests run sheep, and cheese and drank milk. on the bodies. In most cases the Occasionally they drank an alcoholic stomach contents of the dead con­ drink, a combination of beer and wine. tained a gruel made of plants and They used shears, razors, knives, and weed seeds, including knotweed and weapons made of iron. There is no cul­ goosefoot. Most were found to have ture in the Americas which corre­ died in late winter to early spring. sponds to this Iron Age of Europe. Some were dated by pollen analysis Archaeologist Glob was for a time and ages of individuals were deter­ haunted by a unique problem. Several mined. Most of these specimens have people began saying that the bog been carefully preserved for the future people were not old at all, but were their - once again Europe seems more inter­ acquaintances who had vanished. When ested in seeking knowledge of the past the newspapers received this informa­ than America does. tion they ridiculed Dr. Glob in headlines The men of the bog wore little and poetry. Glob says, "While the con­ clothing, merely a cape around their troversy raged the scholars went calmly shoulders. They were clean shaven. The on with their investigations." The subse­ women wore long dresses or skirts finely quent radiocarbon date, however, ended woven of wool and perhaps linen, and that confrontation. their hair was cut short. Almost never This excellent book is out of print, was an artifact found with a body. but is probably available at your library. Glob estimates that thousands of A copy can often be obtained among people lie interred in bogs. Such inhu­ used books for around $15.00. mations have been found in Denmark, By the way, did you ever notice that Ireland, Germany, Holland, England, the more a writer really has to say, the In this book the reader meets the Wales, Norway, Sweden and Scotland. shorter his title? For instance, The Bog men and women found in the bogs of The author believes the bodies were People, The Vail Site, The Ice Man, Ohio Europe who met their deaths by human sacrifices. Several gods pop­ Flint Types. Palaeolndians of Ohio, decapitation, strangulation, hanging, ular at the time - Nerthus (Mother Mounds for the Dead, the Bible. The drowning, and having their throats cut. Earth), and Mercury - were notorious Bog People written in this country could Around 2,000 years old, the bodies lay for requiring bloody human sacrifice, have such a grotesque title as The in various degrees of preservation by and early historic writings detail how Hydrologically Concealed and Preserved the acids in bog water. On some even the sacrifices were carried out. Sacrifi­ Native Inhumations of the Latter Ferric fingerprints were perfectly preserved, cial victims could include captured Time Period in Context in Strategic while the bones of others had long ago enemies, law-breakers, priests, or even Locations on the European Continent. dissolved and only the skin remained. peasants who picked the short straw.

THE HIND SITE AND THE GLACIAL ulous report is accompanied by clear pho­ Editor's Note KAME BURIAL COMPLEX IN ONTARIO tographs of all excavated artifacts along The Hind Site was submitted for review by William S. Donaldson with tables and line drawings. Few Glacial by the Ontario Journal to three teaching and Stanley Wortner Kame sites have been to thoroughly professors in Ontario and Michigan. Unbe­ investigated and so completely reported. Published in Ontario Archaeology lievably, one of these professors sug­ Though neither Bill Donaldson or Stan gested rejection on the grounds that the No. 59, 1995 Wortner is a professional archaeologist, report did not interpret such things as cul­ The Ontario Archaeological Society the Hind site paper will rank with the best ture, chronology, ritual, economy etc. It 126WillowdaleAve. site reports anywhere and will provide seems ironic that a teaching professor of North York, Ontario, Canada M2N 4Y2 new and interesting insights to this little archaeology would reject a paper which is known culture. obviously head and shoulders above many This long anticipated report on the of the publications of his professional col­ Glacial Kame Hind site in Ontario is a wel­ Robert N. Converse leagues. It is especially ironic coming from come and valuable addition to Glacial one whose profession is notorious for not Kame literature. This complete and metic- reporting any of the work they have done.

47 BOOK REVIEWS

EXPLORING PREHISTORIC MOUNDS able feature of the book is that so much (known historically as the Mingo Trail). ON THE RIX MILLS - HIGH HILL DIVIDE: information not previously known to Ohio Of particular historic interest is the relationship of Warren King Moorehead THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE WILDS archaeologists could be culled from the literature. At the present time, when pre­ to the archaeology of this region, as a AND VICINITY, SOUTHEASTERN historic mound excavation is considered chance encounter of an early "dig" at the MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO by many to be politically incorrect, it may Gilmore mound undoubtedly did much to by Jeff Carskadden, Jeff Brown, and be well to mention that the authors them­ inspire young Moorehead's interest in Gary Felumlee selves have not been delving into hal­ archaeology, for better or worse. Published by the Muskingum Valley lowed ground so much as into moldy Several minor, somewhat peripheral Archaeological Survey in cooperation literature and dusty minds, which makes facts can be cleared up here. The actress with The International Center for the the extent and significance of their finds Agnes Moorehead, who named her farm Preservation of Wild Animals all the more impressive. near Rix Mill "Kitchen Midden" because of ISBN: 0-9626931-4-6 Although the focus of this work is the the presence of the conspicuous burial mound featured on the cover of this work, Available for $20 plus $3.00 shipping and more conspicuous Woodland earthworks of the Rix Mills - High Hill divide, atten­ did in fact spell her name with a double handling and 6.5% Ohio sales tax from: tion is also given to earlier and later "o," and was actually a first cousin once The Wilds occupations in the area, in an attempt to removed of archaeologist Warren K. 14000 International Road provide a complete analysis of the pre­ Moorehead, not a second cousin. The Cumberland, Ohio 43732 history of this small but geographically "cousin John" whom young Warren K. distinctive region. was visiting in 1882 (Carskadden, Brown "The Wilds" is a ca. 15 square mile and Felumlee, p. 47) was Agnes Moore­ portion of Rich Hill and Meigs Township, The Paleo-lndian period is represented head's father, the Rev. John Henderson in southeastern Muskingum County, con­ by several fluted point fragments, but Moorehead, the (then) 13-year-old son of sisting largely of reclaimed strip mine these attest that the area was visited Robert Moorehead. Warren's father, Dr. currently used to raise exotic wild during Paleo-lndian times. In contrast, William Gallogly (often spelled "Gillogly") life.1 This mega animal farm lies along the abundant evidence from the Archaic Moorehead, and Robert Moorehead Muskingum-Guernsey (and Noble) County period resides in local collections, (Agnes' grandfather) were both sons of line, a rugged area scoured and scarred including Early Archaic bifurcate points as David Moorehead. by rampant coal mining and at first well as Late Archaic pentagonal forms. glance as unlikely to harbor rhinos and Early Woodland Adena mounds and habi­ This volume clearly underscores the wildebeests as it is to contain significant tation sites are also common along the value and importance of intensive, sus­ archaeological remains. ridge and are the focus of this book. tained study of areas generally neglected In this case, looks are deceiving, how­ Similarly, the Middle Woodland period or given short shrift by the professional ever, for the authors are able to docu­ is better represented along the Rix Mills archaeologist. It also demonstrates the ment sixteen prehistoric burial mounds High - Hill Divide than one might expect, limitations of cultural resource manage­ and one enclosure along the Rix Mills - with site density being somewhat greater ment studies, for although at least four High Hill divide in Union (3), Rich Hill (9), than that for the Early Woodland. Except CRM reports have been generated by coal Meigs (4), and Salt Creek (1) townships. for the Rix Mills earthworks and Patton mining in this area, only one of the Maps of open site density indicate that village site, the Late Woodland and Late mounds was located by this means. this area included distinctly more hinter­ Prehistoric periods are not well repre­ Although 36 prehistoric "lithic scatters" land sites during Early and Late Adena as sented on the ridge. The authors specu­ and "find spots" — for the most part con­ well as Hopewell times than any other late that factors such as the absence of sisting of chippage and a few scattered portion of Muskingum Co., except for the major lithic resources in the ridge area, Archaic points — have been documented Jonathan Creek drainage, where the the absence of substantial rock shelters, by CRM work along the ridge, only the proximity of Flint Ridge and Upper and the lesser ecological diversity of the Yaw Mound was located in this manner. Mercer flint deposits may have been a ridge area explain why the Jonathan And none of the reports even refer to significant influence on site density. Creek region has more Early and Middle Moorehead's early work, the Rix Mills Woodland sites. The unique upland Fort mounds, or to the Rix Mills earthworks. Over half of the burial mound sites here Ancient Patton Village is believed to be a recorded have been completely destroyed, The authors are to be congratulated for small farming outpost of the larger Musk­ and the available information has been producing an attractive compilation of ingum Valley villages such as Philo II, recovered only by careful and thorough significant archaeological data hitherto possibly begun because of overcrowding sifting of a multitude of ephemeral and unknown or ignored by professional or the desire to be located on a major trail obscure source materials. One remark­ archaeologists.

'Profits from sales of the book will go to animal research and preservation of endangered species housed at The Wilds.

48 JOHNNY APPLESEED CHAPTER ANNUAL AWARDS MEETING by Jeff Zemrock Perrysville, Ohio One of the things 1995 will be remem­ Best Site - Gary Risner 2nd Place - Gary Risner bered for is the torrential thunderstorms Ashland County % Grooved axe of spring and early summer. The favor­ 2nd Place - Herb Enkemann Ashland County able result of these storms was the Wayne County Best Non - lithic - Don Beach unusually fine array of artifacts presented Antique pewter button at this year's awards meeting. Judging 3rd Place - Don Beach Ashland County was tough, and a few extra ribbons were Ashland County needed as there were just too many fine Honorable Mention - Neil Jones Special Presidential Award - Jeb Bowen artifacts that deserved recognition. Ash­ Wayne County for all his help and many contributions to our chapter. land, Richland, Huron, Crawford, Wayne, Most educational - Joyce & Skeeter Kish Holmes and Medina Counties were repre­ Hopewell information and material Junior Division: sented. Several new members also par­ Medina County ticipated this year. The Presidential Award Best collection - Caleb Zemrock Ashland, Richland, Holmes, was given to Jeb Bowen for his many 2nd Place - James Brown and Wayne Counties contributions to our chapter. Indian portraits The Johnny Appleseed Chapter #19 of Best flint type - Robin Risner 2nd Place (tie) - Chad Enkemann the Archaeological Society of Ohio meets Flared base drill Wayne County at Kingwood Center, 900 Park Avenue Ashland County 2nd Place (tie) - Jason Hickey West, Mansfield, Ohio. Meetings are held 2nd Place - Gary Risner Ashland County the first Wednesday of the month (April Unfluted Paleo Best flint type - Becky Jones through November) at 6:30 p.m., and the Ashland County Large Ashtabula point first Saturday of the month (December Wayne County through March) at 9:30 a.m. New members 3rd Place - Josh Risner and visitors are always welcome. Archaic bevel 2nd Place - Cole Risner Ashland County Following is a list of this year's award Pin type drill winners: Best slate type - Randy Hancock Ashland County Miniature winged bannerstone Adult Division: Ashland County 2nd Place - Tom Wolfe Best collection - James Brown Hopewell rectangular gorget All Pipe Creek artifacts Crawford County Huron County Best stone type - Josh Risner 2nd Place - Tom Wolfe Granite Hopewell celt Different types Ashland County Crawford County

•^ Figure 1 (Zemrock) Top row, left to right: Archaic bevel, large bottleneck or corner- notch, flared base drill, Paleo knife, diag­ onal notched bevel, stemmed serrated Figure 2 (Zemrock) Center, Hopewell rectangular gorget, point. miniature winged bannerstone, partial pendant or gorget, (Junior find). Clockwise from top right, pitted stone, celt, 3/4 grooved axe, Hopewell granite celt, 3/4 grooved axe, notched celt, hoe.

t_*>j±i_ i? I ^•g ™M; X •••

Figure 3 (Zemrock) James Brown's outstanding collection of all Figure 4 (Zemrock) Tom Wolfe's excellent display of personally Pipe Creek flint artifacts from Huron County - Best Collection found artifacts of different types and cultures, from Crawford Award. County. A very close second place for best collection award. 49 NEW BOOK FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING Pre-Publication Offer YOU ARE CORDIALLY INVITED TO Price Tax per book Shipping/Handlina PARTICIPATE IN THE 5TH ANNUAL per book (Ohio Residents) per order NATIVE AMERICAN ARTIFACT EXHIBIT $1.25 $5.00 30c SATURDAY, AUG. 3,1996 This publication is about the first Ohioans who entered the Exhibitors Set-Up Time — 8:00 a.m. until 9:00 a.m. region at the end of the Ice Age more than 11,000 years ago. OPEN TO PUBLIC 9 a.m. until 2 p.m. This volume includes: Sponsored By: -actual size images of more than 40 previously unpublished Grave Creek Mound State Park Fluted points & -actual size images of a total of more than 60 Fluted points The Ohio Valley Chapter -more than 15 maps West Virginia Archeological Society -a bibliography including all references cited as well as an Help to provide an educational setting for the public. annotated list of particularly useful works dealing with Paleo- Show your "GENUINE" artifact exhibit and compete Indians of the greater Ohio region for the following awards: -a total of approximately 50 pages Best Table Display The 18,000 square kilometer study area includes all or portions Best Educational Display of more than one-quarter of Ohio's 88 counties. It consists of People's Choice Display two slightly overlapping rectangular tracts. The north-central Ohio tract includes the Findlay area east to the Ashland area, FREE EXHIBIT SPACE AVAILABLE: the Fremont area south to the Kenton area. The west-central RESERVATIONS DUE BY JULY 31, 1996 Ohio tract includes the Van Wert area east to the Marysville Send Your Reservations To: area, the Bowling Green area south to the Sidney area. Grave Creek Mound State Park Please make payable to: Sandusky Valley Chapter, ASO 801 Jefferson Avenue Moundsville, WV 26041 Send this order form to: 304-843-1410 James E. Milum, 17306 CR 113, Harpster, OH 43323 1996 Native American Artifact Exhibit ANNOUNCING REGISTRATION PREHISTORIC INDIANS FROM DARKNESS INTO LIGHT NAME A new book by Col. Raymond C. Vietzen ADDRESS

Col. Vietzen put forth great effort to finish this manuscript in CITY STATE ZIP order to share this knowledge with his many readers. This was accomplished and he released the manuscript to be published PHONE just a few days before his death. This book will be published as a Memorial to him. A chapter on "Original Man" is interesting and the book also Please check all items you will display. contains information on Paleo, Archaic and Fort Ancient Man, ITEMS FOR DISPLAY: also Cahokia, Seaman Fort and the South Park Site which is at TABLE Independence near Cleveland, Ohio. Much of the South Park Arrow/Projectile Points RESERVATIONS: chapter contains just recently released records and material. Stone Weapons/Tools Trade Axes and Tomahawks are mentioned and artifacts of Pottery 1 table many people you know are pictured. Closing is A Memorial i L Record, Eulogy by D. W. Gehlbach and A Tribute. Jewelry/Shell Items 2 tables This is a 6" x 9" book, about 200 pages with 184 illustrations. Other (list): i L It is hard-bound with Maroon cover stamped with Gold. A desir­ able book you will want to own. 3 tables Because of cost, this is a very limited edition so order soon to i L assure your copy. The price is $45.00. These can be picked up at the address below to save shipping charges. If shipped by mail, please add Ohio Sales Tax plus $3.00 for DO YOU BELONG TO ANY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY? shipping and handling for each book. Send check or Money Order to: Ruth Vietzen, Indian Ridge Museum, 8714 West Ridge ( )YES ( )NO Road, Elyria, Ohio 44035 WHICH ONE?

50 MERCER COUNTY 130 East Market • P.O. Box 512 • Celina, Ohio 45822 • (419) 586-6065 H ISTORICAL Joyce L. Alig, Director ^™»™ SOCIETY, INC. Join us for our Summer Exhibits at the Museum. June 23, 1996 : "Prehistoric Indian Artifacts" Mercer County Indian Relic Collectors

CONTACT: OHIO Tom Wolf HISTORICAL Public Education Manager Ohio Historic Preservation Office SOCIETY (614) 297-2470 < SINCE 1885

RELEASE DATE: February 1,1996 NEWS For Immediate Release Building Successful Communities Conference is May 1-3, 1996 Building Successful Communities: Preservation and Economic Development Akron Hilton Inn at Quaker Square Statewide conference on reinvestment in historic properties as a tool for eco­ nomic development, featuring two pre-conference training courses, Historic Preservation Commissions and Design Review Boards and Historic Preserva­ tion Basics. Contact: Ohio Historic Preservation Office, (614) 297-2470 OBITUARIES CLAUD F. LAHM HERBERT W. LENHART On August 25, 1995, Claud F. Lahm of Herbert W. Lenhart, of Dola, died Baltic, Ohio, died after a brief illness. Thursday, Feb. 16, 1995 at home. He Claud, a former carpenter, was a was 75 years old. retired supervisor with 27 years of service Mr. Lenhart was born June 6, 1919 in with General Electric. Claud is survived by Hardin County to Alonzo and Grace his wife of 58 years, the former Annabelle Pugh Lenhart. He married Dorothy Ames, three daughters, three grandchil­ Thompson Nov. 21, 1942. dren, one step-granddaughter, two great­ Mr. Lenhart was a farmer and bulldozer grandchildren, a brother, and a sister. operator for 20 years. He attended Claud was an original charter member of County Line Church of the Brethren in the Sugarcreek Valley Chapter of The rural Ada and was a member of the Ohio Archaeological Society of Ohio and was Archeological Society. continuously an active chapter member. He was also a member of the Zion United Church of Christ at Baltic where he taught Sunday school and sang in the choir for over 40 years. He was a member of the Schoenbrunn Valley Barbershop Chorus for 17 years. He was also a member of the Alpine Hills Museum, the Wilderness Center at Wilmot, the German Culture Museum at Walnut Creek, the West Lafayette Masonic Lodge No. 602, and the Scottish Rite at Canton. Claud's other interests included car­ pentry, photography, and basket making. Claud will be greatly missed by all his family.

Back Cover: A shovel pendant in the collection of Earl Mumaw, Versailles, Ohio. Made of red slate, this Ohio pendant is typical of the Hopewell culture.

51 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.