DOCSLIB.ORG

The Th E Co Co a Co A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Th E Co Co a Co A THE THE COCOA COAST COCOA COAST T H E BOARD-MANAGED COCOA SECTOR IN GHANA COCOA SECTOR IN GHANACOCOA BOARD-MANAGED THE Shashi Kolavalli and Marcella Vigneri & Vigneri& Kolavalli About IFPRI The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), established in 1975, provides research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end hunger and malnutrition. The Institute conducts research, communi- cates results, optimizes partnerships, and builds capacity to ensure sustainable food production, promote healthy food systems, improve markets and trade, transform agriculture, build resilience, and strengthen institutions and gover- nance. Gender is considered in all of the Institute’s work. IFPRI collaborates with partners around the world, including development implementers, public institutions, the private sector, and farmers’ organizations. About IFPRI’s Peer Review Process IFPRI books are policy-relevant publications based on original and innova- tive research conducted at IFPRI. All manuscripts submitted for publica- tion as IFPRI books undergo an extensive review procedure that is managed by IFPRI’s Publications Review Committee (PRC). Upon submission to the PRC, the manuscript is reviewed by a PRC member. Once the manuscript is considered ready for external review, the PRC submits it to at least two external reviewers who are chosen for their familiarity with the subject mat- ter and the country setting. Upon receipt of these blind external peer reviews, the PRC provides the author with an editorial decision and, when necessary, instructions for revision based on the external reviews. The PRC reassesses the revised manuscript and makes a recommendation regarding publication to the director general of IFPRI. With the director general’s approval, the manu- script enters the editorial and production phase to become an IFPRI book. The Cocoa Coast The Board-Managed Cocoa Sector in Ghana Shashi Kolavalli and Marcella Vigneri A Peer-Reviewed Publication International Food Policy Research Institute Washington, DC Copyright © 2017 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). This publication is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Subject to attribution, you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) or adapt (remix, transform, and build upon) the material for any purpose, even commercially. Third-party content: The International Food Policy Research Institute does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The International Food Policy Research Institute therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. Any opinions stated herein are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily representative of or endorsed by the International Food Policy Research Institute. The boundaries, names, and designations used in this publication do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the authors, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), or its partners and donors. International Food Policy Research Institute, 1201 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA Telephone: 202-862-5600 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896292680 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data may be found on page vi. Cover Design: Jason Chow/IFPRI Project Manager: John Whitehead/IFPRI Book Layout: BookMatters Abstract The book examines how after nearly two decades of decline in cocoa pro- duction, Ghana was able to make reforms that increased the share of export prices going to producers, thus stabilizing and more than doubling produc- tion in the past decade. Moreover, these reforms did not include liberaliza- tion of domestic and export marketing. The issues examined include how a stakeholder-advised process for determining producer prices is delivering an increasing share of export prices to producers; how effective the Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD) is in the activities it undertakes to retain a portion of the producer revenues to enhance productivity on smallholder farms and what the impact is on the private sector; and how centralized marketing and mainte- nance of the high export quality for which Ghana is reputed enables the coun- try to offer stable prices to producers and opportunities for local businesses to participate in the sector and retain some power in the global value chain. Insight into the history, management, and political economy of COCOBOD is combined with detailed analysis of smallholder production, domestic mar- keting, and the global cocoa value chain. These lines of inquiry portray a sec- tor that reemerged as a leading producer of cocoa after periods of disarray under different political administrations. The book concludes with recom- mendations on how Ghana can improve the efficiency of COCOBOD’s nec- essary functions while cutting back on services that would be better provided by a private sector that could emerge. v Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kolavalli, Shashi, author. | Vigneri, Marcella, 1971– author. Title: The cocoa coast : the board-managed cocoa sector in Ghana / by Shashi Kolavalli and Marcella Vigneri. Description: Washington, DC : International Food Policy Research Institute, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed. Identifiers: LCCN 2017029888 (print) | LCCN 2017033294 (ebook) | ISBN 9780896292697 (ebook) | ISBN 9780896292680 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Ghana Cocoa Board. | Cocoa trade—Ghana. Classification: LCC HD9200.G42 (ebook) | LCC HD9200.G42 K65 2017 (print) | DDC 338.1/737409667—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017029888 Contents Abstract v Figures and Tables ix Foreword xiii Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 The Decline of the Cocoa Sector in Ghana 17 Chapter 3 Reforms, Recovery, and Growth 33 Chapter 4 Efficiency of Current Institutions 53 Chapter 5 Environment, Intensification, and Attractiveness of Cocoa 73 Chapter 6 Effectiveness of Board Programs 97 Chapter 7 Upgrading in the Value Chain by Maintaining Quality 119 Chapter 8 Implications and Options 137 References 149 Appendix Tables 169 Authors 187 Index 189 Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Direct and indirect taxation of cocoa producers, 1966/1967 to 2008/2009 28 3.1 Nominal, real, and US$ prices received by Ghana cocoa producers, 1996/1997 to 2012/2013 50 3.2 Quantity of cocoa purchased by COCOBOD (tons), 1996/1997 to 2012/2013 51 4.1 Distribution of FOB cocoa price in main producing countries (percentage) 55 5.1 Trends in cocoa yields, 1992 to 2011 85 6.1 COCOBOD expenditures on the Hi- Tech fertilizer and CODAPEC pesticide programs, September 2000 to August 2011 99 Tables 3.1 Timeline of key cocoa events and reforms 41 3.2 Accuracy of projections used by the PPRC (ratio of actual to projected) 44 3.3 Derivation of net FOB price in 2013/2014 cocoa season 46 3.4 Producer shares as a proportion of gross FOB and net FOB, PPRC recommended and actual, 1996/1997 to 2012/2013 49 ix x FIGURES AND TABLES 4.1 Share of producers’ proceeds and other costs in FOB (period averages) 55 4.2 Procurement costs before and after the introduction of licensed buying in 1993 62 4.3 Trends in marketing costs, (GH¢) per ton, 1996/1997 to 2012/2013 66 4.4 Projected and actual revenues from cocoa (thousands of GH¢), 1996/1997 to 2010/2011 68 4.5 Growth in industry costs (GH¢), 2002/2003 to 2010/2011 69 5.1 Characteristics of cocoa farms in three regions 75 5.2 Indicators of intensification within a decade, 2001/2002 to 2009/2010 82 5.3 Input application by technology type 83 5.4 Determinants of yield 87 5.5 Yields and application of inputs by holding size, 2002 to 2010 88 5.6 Gross margins in 2009/2010 89 5.7 Trends in yields in selected districts of Western and Ashanti Regions, 2002 to 2014 90 6.1 Quantities and prices of granular and liquid fertilizer purchased by COCOBOD, 2006/2007 to 2009/2010 100 6.2 Reported occurrence, by farmers, of cocoa farm-related problems 104 6.3 Yields losses from black pod and use of preventive measures 105 6.4 Percentages of farmers receiving different chemicals under CODAPEC, 2006 to 2010 107 6.5 Descriptive statistics of variables underlying the fixed effects– augmented models, 2005/2006, 2007/2008, and 2009/2010 107 6.6 Fixed effects model to estimate the effect of public and private sprays 108 6.7 Descriptive statistics for the impact evaluation analysis, ICI data, 2013/2014 109 6.8 Level of imbalance pre- and post-matching 111 6.9 Sample composition: CEM results 111 FIGURES AND TABLES xi 6.10 First- stage regressions, spray initiative beneficiaries, and land under cocoa 113 6.11 Second- stage equation results, evaluating the impact of the spray initiative 114 6.12 Impact of 2009/2010 Hi- Tech and CODAPEC programs on net FOB and producer price 116 6.13 A model simulation of gross returns to fertilizer use at four levels 117 7.1 Share of quality- control costs in total revenues, 1996/1997 to 2012/2013 131 7.2 Reduced incidence of poverty among cocoa households (%), 2005 to 2012 134 7.3 Annual gross margin per household and adult equivalent (GH¢), 2010 135 A.1 Cocoa revenues and expenditures, 1996/1997 to 2012/2013 170 A.2 PPRC projected revenues and recommended expenditures 179 A.3 Ghana cocoa quality-control processes 185 Foreword Ghana has achieved sustained per capita growth over several decades, mak- ing it an economic success story.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Please Be Aware That All of the Missing Pages in This Document Were Originally Blank Bnari Report 1995 -1996
    PLEASE BE AWARE THAT ALL OF THE MISSING PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK BNARI REPORT 1995 -1996 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND NUCLEAR AGRICULTURE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (BNARI), P. O. BOXAE 50, ATOMIC ENERGY, ACCRA. GHANA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION, MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, GHANA. BNARI and its mandate a) Structure BNARI. a semi-autonomous research institute under the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC), was established in 1993. The organs of BNARI are the Management Board, the Secretariat and three scientific departments, namely, Department of Animal Science, Department of Food Science and Radiation Processing and the Department of Plant and Soil Sciences. b) Mission Its mandate is to advance, through research and related training and development activities, the sustainable improvements in agricultural production and productivity to enhance nutrition, development and economic and social well-being, especially among rural low income people. The paramount objective of the institute is to help Ghana attain self-sufficiency in food security in both crops and livestock products so as to alleviate malnutrition, hunger and poverty. It also provides scientific and technical advice and information in the field of biotechnology and nuclear agriculture in furtherance of socio-economic development and national efforts to improve quality of life. c) Scope BNARI's concerns are: * promoting sustainable agriculture and ensuring food and economic security; * improving the health care; * advocating sustainable management of natural resources, including biodiversity conservation; * catalysing the adoption of science and technology as keys to national development in partnership with local communities and other national and international research institutions and organizations. BNARI aims to achieve these objectives through interactive, mission-orientated research, starting from basic scientific principles through the incorporation of indigenous knowledge and agricultural practices into improved technologies to end-user applications.
    [Show full text]
  • A Political Economy of Social Protection Policy Uptake in Ghana
    Advancing research excellence for governance and public policy in Africa PASGR Working Paper 008 A Political Economy of Social Protection Policy Uptake in Ghana de-Graft Aikins, Ama University of Ghana Alidu, Seidu University of Ghana Aryeetey, Ellen Bortei-Doku University of Ghana Domfe, George University of Ghana Armar , Ralph University of Ghana Koram , Mary Eve Independent Researcher, Legon Accra January , 2016 This report was produced in the context of a multi-country study on the ‘Political Economy Analysis of So- cial Protection Policy Uptake in Africa’, generously supported by the UK Department for International De- velopment (DFID) through the Partnership for African Social and Governance Research (PASGR). The views herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those held by PASGR or DFID. Author contact information: Ama de-Graft Aikins University of Ghana [email protected] de-Graft Aikins, A., Alidu, S., Aryeetey,E. B., Domfe, G., Armah, R., & Koram, M. (2016). A Political Econo- my of Social Protection Policy Uptake in Ghana.Partnership for African Social and Governance Re- search Working Paper No. 008, Nairobi, Kenya. ©Partnership for African Social & Governance Research, 2015 Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] www.pasgr.org ISBN 978-9966-087-40-9 Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... 2 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report: Feed the Future Ghana
    FINAL REPORT FEED THE FUTURE GHANA AGRICULTURE POLICY SUPPORT PROJECT FINAL REPORT FEED THE FUTURE GHANA AGRICULTURE POLICY SUPPORT PROJECT Cover photo: A worker from Victory Farms Ltd. in Koforidua properly drying maize seed after harvest. Through the Agriculture Policy Support Project's training on quality management processes, seed producers now effectively dry their seed to ensure proper moisture content to conserve its viability, quality, and to prevent molding during storage. (Credit: Agriculture Policy Support Project) DISCLAIMER This publication was made possible through support provided by Feed the Future through the U.S. Agency for International Development, under the terms of Contract No. AID-641-C-14- 00001. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development. CONTENTS Acronyms .................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ..................................................................................................... 1 Background and Context ........................................................................................... 1 The Agriculture Policy Support Project Approach .................................................... 1 Highlights of Technical Activities and Results ......................................................... 3 Key Accomplishments at a Glance .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Curiexplore Fiche Ghana Généré Le 22 Janvier 2021
    CurieXplore Fiche Ghana généré le 22 janvier 2021 Politique d'enseignement supérieur, de recherche et d'innovation Orientation stratégique Enseignement supérieur et recherche : L’élaboration des politiques liées à ESRI relève de la compétence du gouvernement. Les gouvernements qui se sont succédé ont souhaité donner les priorités suivantes dans le domaine de l’enseignement supérieur et recherche : la parité de genre dans l’accès à l’enseignement supérieur (action positive), les STEM (Science, Technologie, Ingénierie, Mathématiques), l’élargissement de l’accès des jeunes Ghanéens aux études supérieures. De grands changements dans le secteur de l’éducation ont été opérés depuis 2016 et l’arrivée au pouvoir du président Akufo-Addo : i) Gratuité de l’enseignement dans les lycées publics ghanéens (free SHS) en septembre 2017 qui va générer un afflux important d’étudiants au niveau tertiaire dès 2020, ii) Transformation des instituts polytechniques en universités techniques (2017), iii) Transformation des diplômes délivrés par les Colleges of Education en Bachelor of Education (2018), iv) Exigence du doctorat pour l’enseignement à l’université instauré en 2018. Toutes ces réformes visent à améliorer la qualité de l’enseignement tertiaire. En juin 2019, le gouvernement ghanéen a lancé une nouvelle réforme de l’enseignement tertiaire ayant pour objectif d’améliorer les résultats académiques, et la gouvernance des institutions tertiaires. Ce document aborde de nombreux aspects comme la gestion et la gouvernance des universités publiques, la liberté d’expression dans la recherche, l’égalité d’accès à l’enseignement supérieur, la répartition et la diversité de l’offre d’enseignement sur le territoire. La recherche est un élément clé du développement du Ghana et est reconnu comme tel par le gouvernement actuel.
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining Success in Reducing Under- Nourishment Numbers in Ghana
    Explaining Success in Reducing Under- Nourishment Numbers in Ghana Emmanuel Aggrey-Fynn, Godsway Banini, Andre Croppenstedt, Yvonne Owusu-Agyapong and George Oduru ESA Working Paper No. 03-10 June 2003 (updated March 2006) Ag riculture and Economic Development Analysis Division Th e Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations www.fao.org/es/esa ESA Working Paper No. 03-10 www.fao.org/es/esa Explaining Success in Reducing Under-Nourishment Numbers in Ghana June 2003 (updated March 2006) Emmanuel Aggrey-Fynn Godsway Banini Ministry of Food and Agriculture Ministry of Food and Agriculture Accra-Ghana Accra-Ghana Andre Croppenstedt Yvonne Owusu-Agyapong Agriculture and Economic Division Ministry of Food and Agriculture Economic and Social Department Accra-Ghana Food and Agriculture Organization Italy e-mail: [email protected] George Oduru Ministry of Food and Agriculture Accra-Ghana Abstract The FAO Food Security measure shows that the number of under-nourished Ghanaians has fallen from 64 to 12 percent between 1979-1981 and 1998-2000. The paper shows that most of the increase in the DES was explained by an expansion in maize, cassava, yam and plantain production. The production increase was mostly due to acreage expansion which in turn can be attributed to the improved economic environment and market access for farmers. Improved varieties did help raise yields for maize and cassava quite substantially and helped raise output, particularly in the 1990s. Much of the reduction in under-nourishment was driven by increased cassava production and we note that a break in the series in 1991 makes comparison between 1979-1981 and 1998-2000 prone to error.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Thesis Looking at the Public Private Partnerships and the Traditional Way of Construction of Projects
    Master thesis Looking at the Public Private Partnerships and the Traditional way of construction of Projects By George Owusu Afriyie The Master’s thesis is carried out as a part of the education at the University of Agder and is therefore approved as such. However, this does not imply that the University answers for the methods that are used or the conclusions that are drawn. Supervisor: Professor Øystein Husefest Meland The University of Agder, Kristiansand 25-05-2010 i Acknowledgements The nature of this work could not be attributed to the effort of the researcher alone. Glory be to God, it would have been next to impossible to write the thesis without the Most High God who gave me the strength, knowledge and wisdom. May His name be praised and glorified now and forever more. I am heartily thankful to my supervisor Professor Øystein Husefest Meland whose encouragement, guidance, moral support and significant role from the initial to the final level enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject and to write this thesis. I really appreciate the advice and services he rendered to me. I could not have imagined having a better advisor like him. I am also indebted to my professors, lecturers, staff and workers at the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration in Agder University for their knowledge sharing and guidance. My deepest gratitude goes to all individual participants who availed themselves to be interviewed in offering their experiences and ideas that made the research a success. Special thanks go to the engineers at Public Roads Administration in Norway and lecturers at the University of Cape Coast in Ghana.
    [Show full text]
  • Riy/A Frj3l(CR6
    17 riy/a frj3L(CR6 EVALUATION OF MANAGED INPUT AND DELIVERY OF AGRICULTURAL SERVICES (MIDAS) PROJECT, GHANA (USAID/G PROJECT 641-0067) June 1, 1979 EVALUATION REPORT TO MIDAS PROJECT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT MISSION TO GHANA Report Revised August 15, 1979 .,­ v q ',1 .. 0 . ACRONYLMS ADB Agricultural Development Bank AESC Architectural 3nainesrLne Servico Corporation AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council AID Agency for International Development (U.S.) BIRD Bureau of Integrated Rural Development, UST JOG Bank of Ghana CRI Crops Research Institute CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research DAP Development Lssistance Plan of USAID/G DERPS Division of Economic Research and Planning Services, MOA FLO Farm Loan Office, ADB GDB Grain Development Board GFC Ghana Fertilizer Company GOG Government of Ghana GSC Ghana Seed Company GSIS Ghana Seed Inspection Service ZITA International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibandan, Nigeria EP Ministry of Economic Planning MIDAS Managed Inputs and Delivery of Agricultural Services Project MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOP Ministry of Finance MPAC MIDAS Project Advisory Commnittee NPEC MIDAS Project Executive Committee PIO/C Project Implementation Order/Co~modities PIO/T Project Implementation Order/Technical PP Project Paper, NIDAS PRP Project Review Paper, AID S4C Supreme Military Council S1U Seed Multiplication Unit, MOA SRI Soils Research Institute, CSIR TVA Tennessee Valley Authority USAID/G The Ghana Mission of the Agency for International Development UST University of Science and Technology, .iKumasi TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. I Sunary Evaluation Statement . ... .......... 3 MIDAS Strategy and Administration . ... ... ....... 8 Administrative Structure. ...... ...... .. 8 Actions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 External Conditions .. ..... ....o. 0.10 Economic Projections .
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation
    Republic of Ghana MEDIUM TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK (MTEF) FOR 2020-2023 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION PROGRAMME BASED BUDGET ESTIMATES For 2020 Republic of Ghana MINISTRY OF FINANCE Responsive, Ethical, Ecient, Professional – Transforming Ghana Beyond Aid Finance Drive, Ministries-Accra Digital Address: GA - 144-2024 M40, Accra - Ghana +233 302-747-197 [email protected] mofep.gov.gh @ministryofinanceghana © 2019. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Ministry of Finance On the Authority of His Excellency Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, President of the Republic of Ghana MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION i |2020 BUDGET ESTIMATES The MESTI MTEF PBB Estimates for 2020 is also available on the internet at: www.mofep.gov.gh ii |2020 BUDGET ESTIMATES Contents PART A: STRATEGIC OVERVIEW OF THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION (MESTI) ............................................... 2 1. POLICY OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................... 2 2. GOAL ............................................................................................................... 2 3. CORE FUNCTIONS ......................................................................................... 2 4. POLICY OUTCOME INDICATORS AND TARGETS .......................................
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Expanding Job Opportunities in Ghana Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Human Development Expanding Job Opportunities Public Disclosure Authorized in Ghana Maddalena Honorati and Sara Johansson de Silva Public Disclosure Authorized Expanding Job Opportunities in Ghana DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Human Development Expanding Job Opportunities in Ghana Maddalena Honorati and Sara Johansson de Silva © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpreta- tions, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Honorati, Maddalena, and Sara Johansson de Silva.
    [Show full text]
  • New Challenges in the Cassava Transformation in Nigeria and Ghana
    EPTD DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 118 NEW CHALLENGES IN THE CASSAVA TRANSFORMATION IN NIGERIA AND GHANA Felix Nweke Environment and Production Technology Division International Food Policy Research Institute 2033 K Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20006 USA www.ifpri.org June 2004 Copyright © 2004 International Food Policy Research Institute EPTD Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results and are circulated prior to a full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Discussion Papers will eventually be published in some other form and that their contents may also be revised . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The foundation for this discussion paper was field studies supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). The Chairman, Felix Oresegun and the Managing Director, Sunday Folayan of GDES (General Data Engineering Services) PLC, Ibadan, Nigeria, provided the logistics support. In Nigeria and Ghana, some agricultural policy makers, cassava scientists, and private entrepreneurs provided valuable information. Special thanks are due to O. A. Edache, Michael Ejemba, Ernest Okadigbo (late), Jonathan Akorhe, Alfred Dixon, Adeyinka Onabolu, Uche Iwuamadi, Francis Ofori, E. V. Doku, John Otoo, Samuel Asuming-Brempong, Ramatu Al- Hassan, Chikelu Mba, Martin Fregene, and S. K. Hahn. Thanks are also due to Afuekwe Nweke, Anthony Ezekwesili, Uche Achebe, Rapheal Akude, Godwin Asumugha, Chuma Ezedinma, and Linley Chiwona-Karltun who assisted in the fieldwork. In 2002 during one of the field studies in Nigeria, the author spent three weeks with Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana, an Emergent Oil Producer: Background and U.S
    Ghana, an Emergent Oil Producer: Background and U.S. Relations Nicolas Cook Specialist in African Affairs December 1, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS22809 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Ghana, an Emergent Oil Producer: Background and U.S. Relations Summary This report provides information on current developments in Ghana and Ghanaian-U.S. relations, which are close. Warm bilateral relations were signaled by President Barack Obama's July 2009 trip to Ghana. Ghana was chosen for his first travel as president to Africa because of its democratic and economic development successes. In Ghana, President Obama made the last of a four-part thematic series of major overseas speeches on key foreign policy issues. The speech in Ghana, to the national parliament, centered on the integral relationship between democracy, good governance, and development in Africa and in the wider developing world. Close ties were also signaled by a trip to Ghana by former President George W. Bush in 2008. While Ghana has not been the focal subject of recent U.S. legislation, hearings, or other major Congressional actions it regularly hosts travel by Members and is widely seen as a key U.S. partner in sub-Saharan Africa. Ghana's national elections in late 2008 drew international attention because they marked Ghana's fifth consecutive democratic national election, preceded its second democratic transfer of power from one political party to another and, at the presidential level, were reportedly among the closest ever in post-colonial Africa. They signified Ghana's further maturation as a democracy following a transition from “no-party” rule that began in 1992, and were seen as a benchmark for democratic consolidation in Africa following a series of highly contested, volatile elections and other democratic setbacks on the sub-continent.
    [Show full text]
  • “The President's Prerogative”?
    Politics & Gender, (2021), page 1 of 28 “The President’s Prerogative”? The Cabinet Appointment Process in Ghana and the Implications for Gender Parity Gretchen Bauer University of Delaware Akosua K. Darkwah University of Ghana This article seeks to understand why Ghana, unlike several other African countries, has seen relatively few women appointed as ministers to the cabinet since the transition to democracy. We draw on Annesley, Beckwith, and Franceschet’s 2019 book Cabinets, Ministers and Gender, which provides an in-depth analysis of the cabinet appointment process in seven democracies (but no African cases) and demonstrates that the cabinet appointment process is gendered — that is, men and women have different (and unequal) opportunities to be appointed as cabinet ministers. This article covers Ghana’s Fourth Republic, during which women’s presence in cabinets has increased slowly but steadily. We rely on media reports from five recent presidential administrations and semistructured, in-depth interviews with selected informants, as well as other primary and secondary sources. We find that while Ghana has a fairly empowered president who could appoint a gender parity cabinet, the formal and informal rules governing the selection of cabinet ministers — for example, those related to regional balance and “minister MPs”—work against more women in the cabinet. Keywords: Women cabinet ministers, women in politics, Ghana, cabinet ministers in Africa We would like to acknowledge the Merian Institute for Advanced Studies in Africa at the University of Ghana, which hosted Gretchen Bauer for a Senior Fellowship in late 2019, during which time the research for this article was completed.
    [Show full text]