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Life in Old Loweswater
LIFE IN OLD LOWESWATER Cover illustration: The old Post Office at Loweswater [Gillerthwaite] by A. Heaton Cooper (1864-1929) Life in Old Loweswater Historical Sketches of a Cumberland Village by Roz Southey Edited and illustrated by Derek Denman Lorton & Derwent Fells Local History Society First published in 2008 Copyright © 2008, Roz Southey and Derek Denman Re-published with minor changes by www.derwentfells.com in this open- access e-book version in 2019, under a Creative Commons licence. This book may be downloaded and shared with others for non-commercial uses provided that the author is credited and the work is not changed. No commercial re-use. Citation: Southey, Roz, Life in old Loweswater: historical sketches of a Cumberland village, www.derwentfells.com, 2019 ISBN-13: 978-0-9548487-1-2 ISBN-10: 0-9548487-1-3 Published and Distributed by L&DFLHS www.derwentfells.com Designed by Derek Denman Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd LIFE IN OLD LOWESWATER Historical Sketches of a Cumberland Village Contents Page List of Illustrations vii Preface by Roz Southey ix Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Village life 3 A sequestered land – Taking account of Loweswater – Food, glorious food – An amazing flow of water – Unnatural causes – The apprentice. Chapter 2: Making a living 23 Seeing the wood and the trees – The rewards of industry – Iron in them thare hills - On the hook. Chapter 3: Community and culture 37 No paint or sham – Making way – Exam time – School reports – Supply and demand – Pastime with good company – On the fiddle. Chapter 4: Loweswater families 61 Questions and answers – Love and marriage – Family matters - The missing link – People and places. -
Guide to the Collection of Irish Antiquities
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART, DUBLIN. GUIDE TO THE COLLECTION OF IRISH ANTIQUITIES. (ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY COLLECTION). ANGLO IRISH COINS. BY G COFFEY, B.A.X., M.R.I.A. " dtm; i, in : printed for his majesty's stationery office By CAHILL & CO., LTD., 40 Lower Ormond Quay. 1911 Price One Shilling. cj 35X5*. I CATALOGUE OF \ IRISH COINS In the Collection of the Royal Irish Academy. (National Museum, Dublin.) PART II. ANGLO-IRISH. JOHN DE CURCY.—Farthings struck by John De Curcy (Earl of Ulster, 1181) at Downpatrick and Carrickfergus. (See Dr. A. Smith's paper in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., Vol. III., p. 149). £ OBVERSE. REVERSE. 17. Staff between JiCRAGF, with mark of R and I. abbreviation. In inner circle a double cross pommee, with pellet in centre. Smith No. 10. 18. (Duplicate). Do. 19. Smith No. 11. 20. Smith No. 12. 21. (Duplicate). Type with name Goan D'Qurci on reverse. Obverse—PATRIC or PATRICII, a small cross before and at end of word. In inner circle a cross without staff. Reverse—GOAN D QVRCI. In inner circle a short double cross. (Legend collected from several coins). 1. ^PIT .... GOANDQU . (Irish or Saxon T.) Smith No. 13. 2. ^PATRIC . „ J<. ANDQURCI. Smith No. 14. 3. ^PATRIGV^ QURCI. Smith No. 15. 4. ^PA . IOJ< ^GOA . URCI. Smith No. 16. 5. Duplicate (?) of S. No. 6. ,, (broken). 7. Similar in type of ob- Legend unintelligible. In single verse. Legend unin- inner circle a cross ; telligible. resembles the type of the mascle farthings of John. Weight 2.7 grains ; probably a forgery of the time. -
How Exchange Rates Affect Agricultural Markets
How Exchange Rates Affect Agricultural Markets Introduction The exchange rate between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. The Canadian exchange rate impacts the competitiveness of the agriculture sector by affecting prices of agriculture products and inputs and, therefore, farms’ profits. This module provides an overview of what is an exchange rate, what factors determine the exchange rate, the effects of changes in exchange rates on agricultural markets, and how to manage the risk of currency exchange fluctuation. Although the major market for currency in the world is FOREX, other markets like CME (Chicago Mercantile Exchange) or CBOE (Chicago Board Options Exchange) offer currency exchange rate products. The currency abbreviation or currency symbol for the Canadian dollar is CAD and for the US dollar is USD. In this article, C$ and US$ represent the Canadian and the US dollar respectively, with the dollar sign. What is the Exchange Rate? The exchange rate is the rate in which one currency of one country is valued relative to the currency of another country. There are two ways to express exchange rates: • The number of units of foreign currency necessary to purchase one unit of domestic currency. For example, an exchange rate of 0.9312 means US$ 0.9312 would be needed to purchase one Canadian dollar. or • The number of units of domestic currency necessary to purchase one unit of foreign currency. For example, the 0.9312 rate could also be expressed as requiring C$1.0739 to buy one US dollar. In other words, $0.9312 is really 1/1.0739 and 1.0739 is really 1/0.9312. -
Somalia's Mighty Shilling
Somalia’s mighty shilling The Economist March 31, 2012 1 / 12 Hard to kill • A currency issued in the name of a central bank that no longer exists 2 / 12 An expression of faith • Use of a paper currency is normally taken to be an expression of faith in the government that issues it • Once the solvency of the issuer is in doubt, anyone holding its notes will quickly try to trade them in for dollars, jewellery or, failing that, some commodity with enduring value 3 / 12 An exception • When the rouble collapsed in 1998 some factory workers in Russia were paid in pickles • The Somali shilling, now entering its second decade with no real government or monetary authority to speak of, is a splendid exception to this rule 4 / 12 A central bank • Somalia’s long civil war has ripped apart what institutions it once had • In 2011 the country acquired a notional central bank under the remit (authority) of the Transitional Federal Government • But the government’s authority does not extend far beyond the capital, Mogadishu. 5 / 12 Backed by no reserves • Why are Somali shillings, issued in the name of a government that ceased to exist long ago and backed by no reserves of any kind, still in use? 6 / 12 Supply xed • One reason may be that the supply of shillings has remained fairly xed • The lack of an ocial printing press able to expand the money supply has the pre-1992 shilling a certain cachet (prestige) 7 / 12 Fakes • What about fakes? • Abdirashid Duale, boss of the largest network of banks in Somalia, says that his sta are trained to distinguish good fakes from the real thing before exchanging them for dollars 8 / 12 Money is useful • A second reason for the shilling’s longevity is that it is too useful to do away with • Large transactions, such as the purchase of a house, a car, or even livestock are dollarised. -
Dollarization in Tanzania
Working paper Dollarization in Tanzania Empirical Evidence and Cross-Country Experience Panteleo Kessy April 2011 Dollarization in Tanzania: Empirical Evidence and Cross-Country Experience Abstract The use of U.S dollar as unit of account, medium of exchange and store of value in Tanzania has raised concerns among policy makers and the general public. This paper attempts to shed some light on the key stylized facts of dollarization in Tanzania and the EAC region. We show that compared to other EAC countries, financial dollarization in Tanzania is high, but steadily declining. We also present some evidence of creeping transaction dollarization particularly in the education sector, apartment rentals in some parts of major cities and a few imported consumer goods such as laptops and pay TV services. An empirical analysis of the determinants of financial dollarization is provided for the period 2001 to 2009. Based on the findings and drawing from the experience of other countries around the world, we propose some policy measures to deal with prevalence of dollarization in the country. Acknowledgment: I am thankful to the IGC and the Bank of Tanzania for facilitating work on this paper. I am particularly grateful to Christopher Adam and Steve O’Connell for valuable discussions and comments on the first draft of this paper. However, the views expressed in this paper are solely my own and do not necessarily reflect the official views of any institution with which I’m affiliated. 2 Dollarization in Tanzania: Empirical Evidence and Cross-Country Experience 1. Introduction One of the most notable effects of the recent financial sector liberalization in Tanzania is the increased use of foreign currency (notably the U.S dollar) as a way of holding wealth and a means of transaction for goods and services by the domestic residents. -
The Milled Coinage of Elizabeth I
THE MILLED COINAGE OF ELIZABETH I D. G. BORDEN AND I. D. BROWN Introduction THIS paper describes a detailed study of the coins produced by Eloy Mestrelle's mill at the Tower of London between 1560 and 1571. We have used the information obtained from an examination of the coins to fill out the story of Eloy and his machinery that is given by the surviving documents. There have been a number of previous studies of this coinage. Peter Sanders was one of the first to provide a listing of the silver coins1 and more recently one of us (DGB) has published photographs of the principal types.2 The meagre documentary evidence relating to this coinage has been chronicled by Ruding,3 Symonds,4 Craig,5 Goldman6 and most recently by Challis.7 Hocking8 and Challis have given accounts of what little it known of the machinery used. This study first summarises the history of Mestrelle and his mill as found in the documents and then describes our die analysis based on an examination of enlarged photographs of 637 coins. We combine these two to propose a classification for the coinage in Appendix 2. Mestrelle and the Milled Coinage of Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth I succeeded her sister Mary I as queen of England and Ireland in November 1558. On 31 December 1558 she signed a commission to Sir Edmund Peckham as high treasurer of the mint to produce gold and silver coins of the same denominations and standards as those of her sister, differing only in having her portrait and titles.9 The coins struck over the next eighteen months mostly never saw circulation because the large amount of base silver coin in circulation drove all the good coin into private savings or, worse, into the melting pot. -
Penny 1 - 64 5 Penny 65 - 166 15 Threepence 167 - 221 32 4 1914 Halfpenny (Obv 1/Rev A)
LOT 8 LOT 15 LOT 100 LOT 180 Stunning! That was my first impression of this fantastic collection. So many superb grade coins, superb strikes, wonderful old tone, beautiful eye appeal, in a word - sexy… the list of superlatives goes on. Handling a Complete Collection such as the Benchmark Collection is a once in a lifetime opportunity, and we are proud to present this magnificent collection, in conjunction with Strand Coins (who have compiled it over many years with the current owner). We have included many notes and comments by Mark Duff of Strand Coins due to his intimate knowledge of every coin and it’s provenance, as well as a comprehensive, never before released illustrated “Key” to each and every coin Obverse and Reverse die type. As such, the catalogue, the information and images it contains will truly become a Benchmark in their own right. The quality of the George V coins right across the board is simply unbeatable, the Florins contain so many breathtaking coins, the Silver issues are all struck up, the Copper has many amazing coins, and most of the “Varieties” are amongst the finest, if not the finest known. The grading by NGC is very even across every lot, and if anything, is sometimes conservative given the genuine superb quality of the collection. We are proud to offer this complete “Benchmark” collection, the likes of which may not be seen on the market ever again. Viewing In Sydney: Monday 5th to Saturday 10th January 2015, Strand Coins, Ground Floor Shop 1c Strand Arcade, 412-414 George St, Sydney NSW 2000 10am to 5pm. -
A Penny All the Way
SECOND BRITISH g q [\ ] £ Ţ EDITION. A PENNY ALL THE WAY THE STORY OF PENNY POSTAGE BY FRED. J. MELVILLE PRESIDENT OF THE JUNIOR PHILATELIC SOCIETY LONDON : 4 7, S trand. W. C f— 7 l£t * S 'J Photo] [ Passano. THE RIGHT HON. SYDNEY BUXTON M.P. A P e n n y a l l t h e W a y . INTRODUCTORY. n preparing this short story of penny postage at a time when popular interest in the subject is aroused by the inauguration of penny postage between Great Britain and the United States, the writer has given his chief attention to the more obscure phases of the develop ment of the idea of penny postage. Rowland Hill and his great struggle to impress both the Post Office and the Treasury officials with the main arguments in favour of Uniform Penny Postage are matters which are dealt with in our histories. But of his namesake, John Hill, who tried hard to induce the Council of State to look favourably upon a similar plan nearly two hundred years earlier, nothing is known. The name of William Dockwra is known only to students of postal history and to philatelists. Yet he established and conducted what was in many senses a better system of local postage in London in 1680, at the rate of one penny per letter, than was in existence in 1840. After Rowland Hill came one Elihu Burritt, “ the learned blacksmith,” whose memory is cherished in the United States, and who, long before his own country had adopted Uniform Penny Postage, urged Great Britain to give the world what he termed “ Ocean Penny Postage,” which was different to, yet anticipatory of, Imperial Penny Postage and Universal Penny Postage, which became the questions of later years. -
First Session, Commencing at 9.30 Am MISCELLANEOUS AUSTRALIAN
11 First Session, Commencing at 9.30 am Edward VII - Elizabeth II, penny, 1925; threepence, 1910; shilling, 1915H; florins, 1927 Canberra, 1943S, 1951 Jubilee (3), 1953, 1954 Royal Visit, 1957, 1961. Good - uncirculated. (13) $150 12 MISCELLANEOUS AUSTRALIAN COINS George V - Elizabeth II, fl orins, 1918M impressed on obverse 'Sir Charles Hotham' (VG reverse damaged), 1927 Canberra, 1943S, 1954 Royal Visit; shillings, 1943 (VF), 1961-1963; sixpence, 1954; threepences, 1910, 1921M (VF), 1962-1964. 1 In three brand new Supreme albums, uncirculated unless George V, shilling, 1917M; halfpenny, 1930. Attractively otherwise indicated. (14) toned extremely fi ne/good very fi ne; cleaned very fi ne. (2) $250 $50 13 2 George V - Elizabeth II, fl orins, 1927 Canberra (2); sixpence, George V, threepence, 1936; fl orin, 1936. Extremely fi ne; 1922; threepences, 1923 (2); also varieties, fl orins, 1946 mottled toning on obverse, nearly extremely fi ne. (2) large 6 and die cracks, 1951 Jubilee fl orin with die cracks; $70 sixpences, 1928 upright 8, 1934 (3, two with wide date, 3 one with tilted 4); threepences, 1924 dot under emu's tail, George VI, threepence - fl orin, set of four, 1938. The shilling 1934/3 overdate, 1934 arrow close to 4. Very good - very nearly uncirculated, the rest uncirculated, all with mint fi ne. (14) bloom. (4) $100 $200 14 4 Australian medalets, and world issues, also a few tinnies, George V - George VI, penny, 1946; halfpennies, 1914, noted an Irish love token of a gilt Queen Victoria farthing 1930, 1942. The fi rst cleaned now retoning, otherwise very with a green enamel shamrock inset on each side, also silver good - very fi ne. -
The Ship Halfpenny (1937 – 1970)
THE SHIP HALFPENNY (1937 – 1970) This Brushwood Coin Note is the first in the series and explores one of our favourite coins - the ‘ship’ halfpenny - the reverse was inspired by Sir Francis Drake’s “Golden Hind.” The design was created by Mr T H Paget OBE in 1937, and you will find his initials (HP) in the field below the stern on each coin. The ship halfpenny design was issued into circulation between the years of 1937 and 1967, eventually being demonetised on 31 July 1969. However, a final ship halfpenny was minted retrospectively for 1970, but only issued in proof sets of that year. In 1971 the much smaller and less popular “new half pence” was then introduced as part of the new decimal coinage. The original coin was not often called a 'half penny', neither was the plural said as 'half pence'. The usual pronunciation sounded like 'hayp-knee' referring to a single coin or 'hay- punce' in the plural, as for example in 'three halfpence'. Manufactured in bronze, with a diameter of 25.4 mm (one inch) and a weight of about 5.7g, there were 480 halfpennies in a pound (£1). Before the reign of Edward I the halfpenny had been generally obtained by cutting pennies in half and was at that time, like the penny, originally minted in silver. Copper half pennies made their first appearance in 1672, and in turn were replaced in 1860 by the bronze version, of which the ship halfpenny is the final example of pre-decimal coinage. KING EDWARD VIII On the accession of Edward VIII the new reverse design of the bronze halfpenny was first produced showing the Golden Hind, the ship used by Sir Francis Drake the noted Elizabethan sailor. -
A Group of Coins Struck in Roman Britain
A group of coins struck in Roman Britain 1001 Antoninus Pius (AD.138-161), Æ as, believed to be struck at a British travelling mint, laur. bust r., rev. BRITANNIA COS III S C, Britannia seated on rock in an attitude of sadness, wt. 12.68gms. (Sp. COE no 646; RIC.934), patinated, almost extremely fine, an exceptional example of this very poor issue £800-1000 This was struck to commemorate the quashing of a northern uprising in AD.154-5 when the Antonine wall was evacuated after its construction. This issue, always poorly struck and on a small flan, is believed to have been struck with the legions. 1002 Carausius, usurper in Britain (AD.287-296), Æ antoninianus, C mint, IMP C CARAVSIVS PF AVG, radiate dr. bust r., rev. VIRTVS AVG, Mars stg. l. with reversed spear and shield, S in field,in ex. C, wt. 4.63gms. (RIC.-), well struck with some original silvering, dark patina, extremely fine, an exceptional example, probably unique £600-800 An unpublished reverse variety depicting Mars with these attributes and position. Recorded at the British Museum. 1003 Carausius, usurper in Britain (AD.287-296), Æ antoninianus, London mint, VIRTVS CARAVSI AVG, radiate and cuir. bust l., holding shield and spear, rev. PAX AVG, Pax stg. l., FO in field, in ex. ML, wt. 4.14gms. (RIC.116), dark patina, well struck with a superb military-style bust, extremely fine and very rare thus, an exceptional example £1200-1500 1004 Diocletian, struck by Carausius, usurper in Britain (AD.287-296), Æ antoninianus, C mint, IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG, radiate cuir. -
An Observance for Commonwealth Day 2012
AN OBSERVANCE FOR COMMONWEALTH DAY 2012 In the presence of Her Majesty The Queen, His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh, His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales and Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall Monday 12th March 2012 at 3.15pm Founded in 1868, today the Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS) is a modern charity working to promote international understanding. Its programmes range from creative writing, film and photography competitions to an innovative international youth leadership programme. Headquartered at London’s Commonwealth Club, the RCS has some 4,000 members in the UK and a presence in over 40 Commonwealth countries through a network of branches and Commonwealth societies. The RCS organises the Observance on behalf of the Council of Commonwealth Societies (CCS), and in consultation with the Dean of Westminster. www.thercs.org. To find out more, visit www.commonwealththeme.org Photographs from this event are available from www.picturepartnership.co.uk/events It is my great pleasure, as Chairman of the Council of Commonwealth Societies, to welcome you to this very special event. Each year, on the second Monday in March, the Council and the Royal Commonwealth Society are responsible for this occasion. The Observance marks Commonwealth Day, when people across the world celebrate the special partnership of nations, peoples, and ideals which constitutes the modern Commonwealth. The Observance is the UK’s largest annual multi-faith gathering, and today we are honoured by the presence of Head of the Commonwealth Her Majesty The Queen, His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh, His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales, Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall, the High Commissioners, and faith leaders of each major religion.