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Priprema Za Instalaciju Linux Operativnog Sistema

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Priprema za instalaciju Linux operativnog sistema Sve informacije o Ubuntu distribuciji možete naći ovde Ubuntu LoCo Srbije Autor: Zoran Olujić Zahvaljujem se Zoranu Dojkiću na pomoći 1 Kreiranje particija za instalaciju Linux OS Tvrdi disk se postupkom particioniranja deli u jednu ili više logičkih celina koje se nazivaju particije. Time je omogućeno lakše organiziranje podataka na disku ili koegzistencija više operativnih sistema na jednom disku. Postoji dva tipa particija: primary i extended. Na jednom disku mogu se kreirati maksimalno četiri primarne particije (ili tri primarne i jedna extended) no samo jedna od tih primarnih particija može biti aktivna. Za instalaciju Linuxa na hard disk pored već postojećeg Windowsa, poželjno je da se disk podeli na particije ranije tako da se ne bi zapetljao u toku same instalacije. Razlog je to što svaki Linux na svoj način deli disk, a ovako imaš već sve pripremljeno. Particije mogu da se prethodno pripreme iz Windowsa, pomoću live CD-a Gparted, pomoću Live (neinstaliranog) Linuxa Knoppix i programa QTParted. Ova dva programa se mogu naći i u drugim live distribucijama. Ukoliko prvi put instalirate Linux na svoj računar potrebno je znati da li imate dovoljno prostora za instaliranje. Za instaliranje Ubunut-a morate da imate minimum 128MB RAM memorije i minimum 2GB prostira na hard disku (naravno što više imate, to bolje). Na većini sistema, hard disk je već dodeljen particijama za MS-DOS. Moraćete da promenite veličinu ovih particija da bi napravili mesta za Linux. Upozorenje: za svaki slučaj snimite sve podatke sa hard diska, ili preko Nera ili iz neke live distribucije pomoću K3B-a. Brže i sigurnije ćete snimiti pomoću K3B-a zato što on za razliku od Nera automatski prilagođava brzinu rezanja u toku samog snimanja diska, kao Disc Juggler, ali to je već neka sasvim druga tema. NAPOMENA:- DOS/Windows sistem, koji koristi IDE hard disk i CD-ROM, može da radi čak i ako su master/slave džamperi pogrešno namešteni. Linux ovako neće raditi. Za svaki slučaj, proverite master/slave džampere! 2 Pomoću DVD Live Knoppixa ( ili neke druge distribucije sa ovim programom ) mogu da se pripreme particije za bilo koji Linux. (Takođe je zgodno da i za Knoppix postoji jedna posebna FAT 32 particija sa snimljenim Knoppix podešavanjima, pored Windowsove NTFS, koja bi služila i za Windows, za podatke koje ne treba držati u fascikli „Moji Dokumenti“ i na radnoj površini. Ta particija može da posluži i u slučaju da Windows neće da krene, tako da svi podaci mogu da se pomoću Knoppixa prekopiraju sa C: na tu drugu FAT 32 particiju i onda se Windows jednostavno instalira iz početka.) U BIOS-u treba da bude podešen but ovim redosledom: 1.disketa; 2.CD; 3.hard disk. Ubacte disk sa Knoppixom, resetujte računar i kada se pojavi slika sa tekstom na dnu boot: pritisnite enter. 3 Počinjemo od predpostavke da na hard disku imate samo jednu particiju sa dovoljno slobodnog prostora, recimo 5 GB. Pronađte u K-meniju (startu) u System program QTParted. Povećati prozor i pritisni levim klikom /UNIONFS/dev/hda Desni klik na grafički ili tekstualni prikaz Windows particije i levi klik na &Resize 4 u polje Free Space After Upišite recimo 5000. Pritisni OK. 5 Sada desni klik na novodobijeno sivo polje i izaberite Create Stavku Partition Type ostavite ext3 u polje Label upišite Linux Polje Syze ne dirati, Position ostaviti već izabrano Beginning of unalocated space, a u polju Percent of unallocated space pritisnuti malu strelicu na dole dok ne dođete do 90 (na slici) ili neku drugu željenu veličinu, koju želite da ostavite za kreiranje SWAP particije. Pritisnuti OK. 6 Trebalo bi da ste dobili dve particije za Linux, ext3 od četiri i nešto GB i swap od oko 500MB. Da bi sve tako i ostalo treba da pritisnuti sličicu diskete, u gornjem levom uglu (ili file&commit). Na upozorenje You are commiting all changes, pritisni Yes. Kada završi sve četiri operacije pisaće crvenim slovima: Operations completed sucessfuly. Pritisnuti OK, zatvorti program i restartovati računar. Particije za instalaciju Linuxa su spremne. 7 Gnome Partition Editor GParted je Gnome Partition Editor aplikacija. Pre nego što se odlučite da ga koristite, evo nekih osnovnih informacija o ovom programu. Hard disk je u većinu slučajeva, podeljen na jednu ili više particija. Ovim particijama bez odgovarajućeg programa nije moguće promeniti veličinu, napraviti drugu particiju ... Svrha GParted-a je da vam omogući da vršite promene vašeg hadrdiska i menjate particije, pri čemu nećete izgubiti podatke koje već imate na hard disku. GParted je program za kreiranje, brisanje, menjanje veličine, pomeranje, proveravanje i kopiranje particija, i fajlsistema na njima. Što je veoma korisno kada želimo da napravimo prostor za novi operativni sistem ili reorganizaciju diska... GParted koristi GNU libparted da detektuje i manipuliše uređajima i particijama. GParted je napisan u C++ i koristi gtkmm za svoje grafičko okruženje (GUI). Osnovna zamisao je da se koristi što jednostavnije grafičko okruženje. Procedura kreiranja particija se nerazlikuje mnogo od QTparted-a. GParted je pod General Public License 8 Ovako Gparted izgleda 9 Fajlsisteme koje Gparted podržava i njegove mogućnosti 10 Funkcije Gparted-a Desnim klikom na particiju dobija se (kao što je prikazano na slici) meni na kojem se nalaze sledeće mogućnosti: NEW – Kreira novu particiju na prostoru na kojem nema nijedne particije DELETE – Briše particiju 11 RESIZE/MOVE – Promena veličine ili mesta particije COPY – Kopiranje particije PASTE – Nalepljivanje particije FORMAT TO - Formatiranje particije u neku drugu (npr. ext3) 12 INFORMATION – Informacije o particiji Nakon svih promena koje ste uradili uz pomoć Gparted-a potrebno je to i potvrditi, odnosno dati potvrdu da tako želite da ubuduće izgleda vaš hard disk. A to ćete učiniti pritiskom na dugme (ikonicu) Apply. I nakon potvrde će vam se pokazati slika koje će pokazivati svo vreme koja operacija se vrši i koliko ih je još preostalo. 13 Ukoliko kliknete na Details dobićete više informacija o onom što se trenutno radi. 14 Kreiranje particije uz pomoć gprteda Ovde ću preskočiti pravljenje slobodnog prostora i samo vam pokazaki kako sam napravio jednu particiju na drugom hard disku (hdb) na kojoj sam već unapred imao spreman slobodan prostor. Desni klik na slobodan prostor na hard disku (unallocated), pa zatim na new 15 Zatim izaberete koji fajl sistem želite (na slici je to ex3) Nakon toga pritisnete add Pritisnete Apply 16 Nakon toga videćete ovu sliku, što znači da je kreiranje particije u toku. 17 Ovo je moj (hda1) hard disk od 80GB. Kao što vidite disk je podeljen na četri particije: Prva particija (hda1): Ova particiju u Windowsu ćete prepoznati kao C: ona ima NTFS fajl sistem i na njoj se nalazi windows koji ste i do sada imali ukoliko ste dobro kreirali particije. Druga particija(hda2): Ovo je linux particija na kojoj je instalirati linux. Na slici na toj particiji je instaliran Ubuntu 6.10 i kao što vidite ona je velika skoro 8GB a zauzeto je nešto više od 3GB, nakon instaliranja dodatnih programa (naravno igrice quake III) i ostalih stavrčica za moje potrebe. Treća particija(hda3): Swap particija, o njoj će biti više reči kasnije. Četvrta particija(hdb5); Ova particiju u Windows-u ćete prepoznati kao D: Na njoj čuvam muziku, filmove, dokumenta itd.. i preporučujem vam da ona ima FAT32 fajl sistem (kao na slici), iz prostog razloga što FAT32 fajl sitem u potpunosti podržavaju oba OS. NTFS Linux može da vidi i čita, ali pisanje po NTFS je mogiće uz pomoć nekih programa, ali nije preporučljivo. Dok Llinux-ove fajl sisteme Windows ne vidi, moguće je jedino čitati ext2 i ext3 uz pomoć dodatnih programa. Napomena: hda je oznaka za ATA diskove, dok ukoliko imate SATA oznaka će biti sda. A ukoliko imate dva hard diska, drugi disk će biti označen kao hdb ili sdb. 18 Linux zahteva bar jednu particiju za root filesystem ( hda2 na predhodnoj slici ), koja sadrži sam Linux kernel. O fajlsistemu možete misliti kao o particiji koja je formatirana za Linux. Fajlsistemi su napravljeni da sadrže fajlove. Svaki sistem mora da sadrži barem root fajlsistem. Ipak, većina korisnika preferira da koristi višestruke fajlsisteme; po jedan za svaki glavni deo direktorijumskog drveta. Na primer, mozda cete želeti da kreirate odvojene fajlsisteme da bi držali sve fajlove pod /usr direktorijumom. U UNIX sistemima direktorijumi se odvajaju sa kosim crtama unapred (slash), a u MS-DOS-u sa crtama unazad (backslash). U ovom slucaju imate i root fajlsistem i /usr fajlsistem. Kada koristite swap prostor ( hda3 na predhodnoj slici ), Linux premešta nekorišćene strane memorije napolje na disk, dozvoljavajući vam da startujete više aplikacija odjednom na vašem računaru. Ipak, pošto je swap-ovanje veoma sporo, to nije zamena za pravi fizicki RAM. Ali aplikacije koje zahtevaju dosta memorije (kao sto je X Window sistem) se cesto oslanjaju na swap prostor u slucaju da nemate dovoljno fizickog RAM-a. Skoro svi Linux korisnici imaju swap particiju. Npr. ako imate 128MB RAM-a ili manje, swap partcija je neophodna da bi instalirali softver. Preporučuje se da imate swap particiju u svakom slucaju, osim ako imate ogromnu kolicinu fizickog RAM-a. Svaki fajlsistem zahteva sopstvenu particiju. Zbog toga, ako koristite i root i /usr fajlsistem, trebaćete da napravite dve Linux particije. Još plus, većina korisnika kreira i swap particiju, koja se koristi za virtuelni RAM. Ako imate, recimo, 256MB memorije na vašem računaru i 512MB swap particiju, sto se Linux-a tiče, vi imate 768MB virtuelne memorije. Veličina vaše swap particije zavisi od toga koliko vam je potrebno virtuelne memorije. Često se preporučuje da swap particija bude dva puta veća od RAM memorije. Tako, ako imate 256MB RAM-a, trebalo bi da kreirate barem 512MB swap particiju. Pored vaših root i swap particija, možda ćete želeti da postavite jednu ili više particija na kojima možete držati vaš softver i home direktorijume.
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    01_579371 ffirs.qxd 12/27/04 7:54 PM Page i Linux® FOR DUMmIES‰ 6TH EDITION by Dee-Ann LeBlanc 01_579371 ffirs.qxd 12/27/04 7:54 PM Page iv 01_579371 ffirs.qxd 12/27/04 7:54 PM Page i Linux® FOR DUMmIES‰ 6TH EDITION by Dee-Ann LeBlanc 01_579371 ffirs.qxd 12/27/04 7:54 PM Page ii Linux® For Dummies®, 6th Edition Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 Copyright © 2005 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permit- ted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, e-mail: brand [email protected]. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Ubuntu® Certified Professional Study Guide (Exam LPI 199) Michael Jang McGraw-Hill is an independent entity from Canonical, Ltd., and is not affiliated with Canonical, Ltd., in any manner. This publication and CD may be used in assisting students to prepare for an Ubuntu Certified Professional Exam. Canonical Ltd., Linux Professional Institute, or McGraw-Hill, do not warrant that use of this publication and CD will ensure passing the relevant exam. Ubuntu and Ubuntu Linux are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Canonical, Ltd. in the United States and/or other countries. New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-164377-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-159110-9. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs.