The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W3, 2017 3D Virtual Reconstruction and Visualization of Complex Architectures, 1–3 March 2017, Nafplio, Greece FROM OSS CAD TO BIM FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE DIGITAL REPRESENTATION S. Logothetis, E. Karachaliou, E. Stylianidis Faculty of Engineering, School of Spatial Planning & Development Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Commission II KEY WORDS: CAD, BIM, FOSS, HBIM ABSTRACT: The paper illustrates the use of open source Computer-aided design (CAD) environments in order to develop Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools able to manage 3D models in the field of cultural heritage. Nowadays, the development of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) has been rapidly growing and their use tends to be consolidated. Although BIM technology is widely known and used, there is a lack of integrated open source platforms able to support all stages of Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) processes. The present research aims to use a FOSS CAD environment in order to develop BIM plug-ins which will be able to import and edit digital representations of cultural heritage models derived by photogrammetric methods. 1. INTRODUCTION: FROM CAD TO BIM 2. BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING The past years in the field of AEC (Architecture, Engineering, 2.1 BIM Technology Construction), the typical way to represent a model on a paper by hand, was replaced by the use of digital and advanced CAD tools, BIM is a five dimensions (5D) digital representation of a which reinforced the creation, modification, analysis, or building, a structure or an environment with its physical and optimisation of design models (Garagnani and Manferdini, functional characteristics. It consists of intelligent building 2013). CAD systems imported information technology (IT) in the components or characteristics of environments which include design process by using specialised software in order to represent parametric rules and data attributes for each object (Hergunsel, any object with graphics and create databases for storing the 2011). The five dimensions are as follows: the three (3D) primary models. All the design process, from problem identification to the spatial dimensions (width, height and depth), the fourth implementation, was being run by the user/designer, however, dimension (4D) is time and the fifth (5D) is cost. the CAD system was assisting the user in a series of activities. Indicatively, to generate easily and with accuracy the graphical The most important capabilities of the BIM technology are the model of the object, to manage in short time complex design following: to ensure integration management of graphical and analysis, to store and recall the model and modify it (Bilalis, informational data flows; to combine the graphical interface with 2000). the information flows and process descriptions; to develop the strategy of building project design, to construction and Sketchpad is considered as the world's first CAD software, dated maintenance management; to perform life cycle operations of a by in 1963 (Sutherland, 2003). It was written by Ivan Sutherland construction project more faster, effective and with lower cost; to in the course of his PhD for which he received the Turing Award transform individual executors into teams and decentralise tools in 1988, the “Nobel Prize of computing”. into complex solutions, this leading to individual tasks being implemented as complex processes (Popov et al., 2006). Many years later, the first CAD systems, were implementing only 2D modelling and they were able to process entity objects as graphic symbols, representing only the geometrical properties of each element (Ibrahim and Krawczyk, 2003). Nowadays, the evolution in the field of CAD technology revealed the parametric modelling mostly represented by BIM. Building Information Modelling can be considered as an advanced CAD approach, which extends the capability of the traditional design methodology by applying and defining intelligent relationships between the elements in the designed model (Garagnani and Manferdini, 2013). BIM models face the object entity not only as a graphic symbol but as an integrated entity allowing different level of information (geometric and non- geometric) to be included as well as pointing the relations among all the items of the model (Czmocha and Pekala, 2014). Thus allowing BIM to be considered as the next generation of the CAD systems. Figure 1: BIM Model This contribution has been peer-reviewed. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W3-439-2017 439 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W3, 2017 3D Virtual Reconstruction and Visualization of Complex Architectures, 1–3 March 2017, Nafplio, Greece BIM model provides an accurate overall picture to the project In BIM systems is commonly used the Industry Foundation team (architects, civil engineers, surveyors, conservators, Classes (IFC) data model as a collaboration format, intend to contractors, etc.) (Fig. 1). One of the most important BIM’s describe building and construction industry data. In fact, it is an characteristics is the provision of a reliable basis for timely and open file format with a data model developed by rapid decisions, assisting the involved staff to increase quality buildingSMART to facilitate interoperability in the AEC industry and productivity in the design but also during project (Eynon, 2016). implementation. Since, BIM has largely evolved in the recent years by providing high quality information, the technology help The available BIM platforms nowadays, can be distinguish in the to reduce risks and defects in all stages of a project (Logothetis different sets of tools, as illustrated in Table 2 (Logothetis et al., et al., 2015). 2015). Product name Manufacturer BIM use Primary function Supplier web link Creating and reviewing Architectural modelling Revit Architecture Autodesk www.autodesk.com 3D models and parametric design Creating and reviewing www.bentley.com Bentley Architecture Bentley Systems Architectural modelling 3D models Conceptual 3D Conceptual design www.sketchup.google.com SketchUpPro Google Modelling modelling Conceptual 3D Architectural model www.graphisoft.com ArchiCAD Graphisoft architectural model creation Conceptual 3D Architectural 3D model www.tekla.com TeklaStructures Tekla modelling application 3D conceptual modelling Conceptual design and www.beck-technology.com DProfiler Beck Technology with real-time cost cost estimation estimating Conceptual 3D Architectural model www.nemetschek.net Vectorworks Designer Nemetschek modelling creation Conceptual 3D A 3D model application www.trelligence.com Affinity Trelligence modelling for early concept design 5D conceptual model Conceptual 5D which can be used to www.vicosoftware.com Vico Office Vico Software modelling generate cost and schedule data Structural modelling and www.autodesk.com Revit Structure Autodesk Structural parametric design 3D structural modelling www.dsndata.com SDS/2 Design Data Structural and detailing Full suite of structural RISA design applications www.risatech.com RISA Structural Technologies for steel, wood, concrete, and masonry Bi-directional link with www.autodesk.com Robot Autodesk Structural analysis Autodesk Revit structure Measure energy use and www.autodesk.com Green Building Studio Autodesk Energy analysis carbon footprint Weather, energy, water, www.autodesk.com Ecotect Autodesk Energy analysis carbon emission analysis Structural Analysis Structural Measure, assess and Design Detailing, analysis/detailing, www.bentley.com Bentley Systems report building Building Performance quantity take-off, performance building performance Rules-based checking for Model checking & compliance and www.solibri.com Solibri Model Checker Solibri validation validation of all objects in the model Combine models, check www.teklabimsight.com Tekla BIMSight Tekla Model viewer for clashes and share information Open, view IFC files and xBIM Xplorer Open BIM IFC viewer http://xbim.codeplex.com navigate through a model Open all standard IFC Solibri Model Viewer Solibri Model viewer and Solibri model www.solibri.com checker files Table 1. Existing BIM tools (Logothetis et al., 2015) This contribution has been peer-reviewed. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W3-439-2017 440 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W3, 2017 3D Virtual Reconstruction and Visualization of Complex Architectures, 1–3 March 2017, Nafplio, Greece Type of tools Role Revit BIM software, supports the open XML-based IFC standard Which represent the real BIM tools, (developed by the buildingSMART organisation), which allows Tools for design working with solid, parametric objects the parties involved to the project (i.e. client, contractor etc.) to 3D models (3D in sufficient features to virtually require and obtain BIM-based workflow from the different modellers) construct the building. discipline consultants of a building project (Logothetis et al., Tools of 2015). projection/visualis Which aid to realise how the building ation models will “look”, a surface modeller or a 3.2 Scan to BIM add-on (Viewers/Surface viewer (all shapes are empty). modellers) Revit software includes some add-on menus that add Which are third-party software that functionalities and capabilities to the software.