Sok: Make JIT-Spray Great Again
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Defeating Memory Corruption Attacks Via Pointer Taintedness Detection
Defeating Memory Corruption Attacks via Pointer Taintedness Detection Shuo Chen †, Jun Xu ‡, Nithin Nakka †, Zbigniew Kalbarczyk †, Ravishankar K. Iyer † † Center for Reliable and High-Performance Computing, ‡ Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, North Carolina State University 1308 W. Main Street, Urbana, IL 61801 Raleigh, NC 27695 {shuochen, nakka, kalbar, iyer}@crhc.uiuc.edu [email protected] Abstract formal methods have been adopted to prevent Most malicious attacks compromise system security programmers from writing insecure software. But despite through memory corruption exploits. Recently proposed substantial research and investment, the state of the art is techniques attempt to defeat these attacks by protecting far from perfect, and as a result, security vulnerabilities are program control data. We have constructed a new class of constantly being discovered in the field. The most direct attacks that can compromise network applications without counter-measure against vulnerabilities in the field is tampering with any control data. These non-control data security patching. Patching, however, is reactive in nature attacks represent a new challenge to system security. In and can only be applied to known vulnerabilities. The long this paper, we propose an architectural technique to latency between bug discovery and patching allows defeat both control data and non-control data attacks attackers to compromise many unpatched systems. An based on the notion of pointer taintedness . A pointer is alternative to patching is runtime vulnerability masking said to be tainted if user input can be used as the pointer that can stop ongoing attacks. Compiler and library value. A security attack is detected whenever a tainted interception techniques have been proposed to mask value is dereferenced during program execution. -
Representing and Reasoning About Dynamic Code
Representing and reasoning about dynamic code Item Type Proceedings Authors Bartels, Jesse; Stephens, Jon; Debray, Saumya Citation Bartels, J., Stephens, J., & Debray, S. (2020, September). Representing and Reasoning about Dynamic Code. In 2020 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE) (pp. 312-323). IEEE. DOI 10.1145/3324884.3416542 Publisher ACM Journal Proceedings - 2020 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2020 Rights © 2020 Association for Computing Machinery. Download date 23/09/2021 23:26:56 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Version Final accepted manuscript Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/652285 Representing and Reasoning about Dynamic Code Jesse Bartels Jon Stephens Saumya Debray Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science The University Of Arizona University Of Texas The University Of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, USA Austin, TX 78712, USA Tucson, AZ 85721, USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT and trace dependencies back, into and through the JIT compiler’s Dynamic code, i.e., code that is created or modified at runtime, is code, to understand the data and control flows that influenced the ubiquitous in today’s world. The behavior of dynamic code can JIT compiler’s actions and caused the generation of the problem- depend on the logic of the dynamic code generator in subtle and non- atic code. E.g., for the CVE-2017-5121 bug mentioned above, we obvious ways, e.g., JIT compiler bugs can lead to exploitable vul- might want to perform automated analyses to identify which anal- nerabilities in the resulting JIT-compiled code. -
Rockjit: Securing Just-In-Time Compilation Using Modular Control-Flow Integrity
RockJIT: Securing Just-In-Time Compilation Using Modular Control-Flow Integrity Ben Niu Gang Tan Lehigh University Lehigh University 19 Memorial Dr West 19 Memorial Dr West Bethlehem, PA, 18015 Bethlehem, PA, 18015 [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT For performance, modern managed language implementations Managed languages such as JavaScript are popular. For perfor- adopt Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation. Instead of performing pure mance, modern implementations of managed languages adopt Just- interpretation, a JIT compiler dynamically compiles programs into In-Time (JIT) compilation. The danger to a JIT compiler is that an native code and performs optimization on the fly based on informa- attacker can often control the input program and use it to trigger a tion collected through runtime profiling. JIT compilation in man- vulnerability in the JIT compiler to launch code injection or JIT aged languages is the key to high performance, which is often the spraying attacks. In this paper, we propose a general approach only metric when comparing JIT engines, as seen in the case of called RockJIT to securing JIT compilers through Control-Flow JavaScript. Hereafter, we use the term JITted code for native code Integrity (CFI). RockJIT builds a fine-grained control-flow graph that is dynamically generated by a JIT compiler, and code heap for from the source code of the JIT compiler and dynamically up- memory pages that hold JITted code. dates the control-flow policy when new code is generated on the fly. In terms of security, JIT brings its own set of challenges. First, a Through evaluation on Google’s V8 JavaScript engine, we demon- JIT compiler is large and usually written in C/C++, which lacks strate that RockJIT can enforce strong security on a JIT compiler, memory safety. -
Rust: Systems Programmers Can Have Nice Things
Rust: Systems Programmers Can Have Nice Things Arun Thomas [email protected] @arunthomas EuroBSDCon 2019 On Systems Programming [A] systems programmer has seen the terrors of the world and understood the intrinsic horror of existence -James Mickens, The Night Watch 2 What Makes Systems Software Hard? • Stakes are High: Systems software is critical to enforcing security and safety • Kernels, hypervisors, firmware, bootloaders, embedded software, language runtimes, browsers, … • Usually written in C or C++ for performance • BUT C and C++ are not memory-safe • Memory corruption vulnerabilities abound (and are exploited) • See recent Microsoft study (next slide) 3 Memory Unsafety is a Problem https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2019/07/16/a-proactive-approach-to-more-secure-code/ Microsoft found ~70% of CVEs in their products each year continue to be memory safety issues (Matt Miller, MSRC @ Blue Hat IL 2019) 4 Microsoft and Rust 5 Intel and Rust 6 Talk Overview “Systems Programmers Can Have Nice Things” -Robert O’Callahan Random Thoughts On Rust • Why Rust? • Rust for Systems Software • Getting Started with Rust on BSD 7 Why ust? 8 I like C. 9 But it turns out programming languages have evolved in the last 50 years. 10 Rust is a safe, fast, productive systems programming language. 11 Mozilla and Rust • Rust was originally created by Mozilla Research • Initial use case: Servo browser engine • Mozilla began shipping Rust components in Firefox 48 in 2016 • Oxidation is Mozilla’s term for “Rusting out” components • Rust code has improved Firefox’s -
Memory Corruption Vulnerabilities, Part II Gang Tan Penn State University Spring 2019
Memory Corruption Vulnerabilities, Part II Gang Tan Penn State University Spring 2019 CMPSC 447, Software Security Integer Overflow Vulnerabilities * slides adapted from those by Seacord 3 Integer Overflows An integer overflow occurs when an integer is increased beyond its maximum value or decreased beyond its minimum value Standard integer types (signed) signed char, short int, int, long int, long long int Signed overflow vs unsigned overflow An unsigned overflow occurs when the underlying representation can no longer represent an integer value. A signed overflow occurs when a value is carried over to the sign bit 4 Overflow Examples unsigned int ui; signed int si; ui = UINT_MAX; // 4,294,967,295; ui++; ui = 0 printf(“ui = %u\n", ui); si = INT_MAX; // 2,147,483,647 si++; si = -2,147,483,648 printf(“si = %d\n", si); 5 Overflow Examples, cont’d ui = 0; ui‐‐; ui = 4,294,967,295 printf(“ui = %u\n", ui); si = INT_MIN; // ‐2,147,483,648; si‐‐; si = 2,147,483,647 printf(“si = %d\n", si); 6 Integer Overflow Example int main(int argc, char *const *argv) { unsigned short int total; total = strlen(argv[1]) + strlen(argv[2]) + 1; char *buff = (char *) malloc(total); strcpy(buff, argv[1]); strcat(buff, argv[2]); } What if the total variable is overflowed because of the addition operation? 7 Vulnerability: JPEG Example Based on a real‐world vulnerability in the handling of the comment field in JPEG files void getComment(unsigned int len, char *src) { unsigned int size; size is interpreted as a large size = len ‐ 2; positive value of 0xffffffff -
Practical Control-Flow Integrity
Practical Control-Flow Integrity by Ben Niu Presented to the Graduate and Research Committee of Lehigh University in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science Lehigh University January, 2016 Copyright © 2015 Ben Niu. All rights reserved. ii Approved and recommended for acceptance as a dissertation in partial fulfillment of the re- quirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Ben Niu Practical Control-Flow Integrity Date Gang Tan, Dissertation Director Accepted Date Committee Members Gang Tan (Chair) Mooi-Choo Chuah Michael Spear Stephen McCamant iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to my great advisor Prof. Gang Tan. I had no idea how to do research when I came to Lehigh, and he taught me what to think of, how to think, how to present my thoughts, and how to write them down. His door was always open for discussion, he replied emails during weekends, and he provided detailed guidance on any technical problem. I was constantly surprised at his breadth of knowledge and depth of understanding, and I enjoyed working with him. I also thank my thesis committee members, Prof. Mooi-Choo Chuah, Prof. Michael Spear, and Prof. Stephen McCamant for their courses, research works and insightful comments on my research. Michael’s parallel programming course introduced me lock-free algorithms and his operating system course consolidated my system programming skills. Stephen’s research on SFI provided me a foundation in my research, without which I would be still looking for decent solutions. I appreciate my colleagues at MSRC during my internship at Microsoft, especially Matt & Ken, Suha, Vishal, Swamy, Joe, Axel and Marcus. -
An Examination of the Generic Memory Corruption Exploit Prevention
AN EXAMINATION OF THE GENERIC MEMORY CORRUPTION EXPLOIT PREVENTION MECHANISMS ON APPLE'S LEOPARD OPERATING SYSTEM Haroon Meer SensePost, Rhodes University [email protected] AN EXAMINATION OF THE GENERIC MEMORY CORRUPTION EXPLOIT PREVENTION MECHANISMS ON APPLE'S LEOPARD OPERATING SYSTEM ABSTRACT The Win32 platform has long been the whipping boy of memory corruption attacks and malware, which has forced Microsoft into implementing aggressive anti-exploitation mechanisms into their newer Operating Systems. Apple's Mac OS X (Leopard) has had a much smoother run, both in the media, and in terms of high profile attacks and the reason for this is less clear. In light of Apple's increased market-share, a comparison between Microsoft's defences and Apple's defences is required as the number of anti-exploitation techniques increases with time. In order to produce a side-by-side comparison, an overview of memory corruption attacks is provided and the common generic anti-exploitation techniques for these attacks are enumerated and described. For each operating system, the quality and effective of each implemented defence is evaluated. The results of the study show that Leopard trails Windows Vista in both the number of defences, as well as the quality and effectiveness of the defences that are implemented. KEY WORDS exploit memory corruption stack heap shellcode overflow ret-2-libc 1 INTRODUCTION This paper will cover the basics of memory corruption exploits, and will then examine how Microsoft Windows Vista and Apple MacOS X Leopard combat these attacks in their default state. The intention is to examine how Apple’s Leopard measures up against the automatic exploit mitigations built into Vista. -
Getting Started with Firefox OS JOHN DEVIGHT
Getting Started with Firefox OS JOHN DEVIGHT DMVMUG Reston, VA http://dmvmug.com AGENDA Overview Conference Application Demo Overview Mobile OS Market Company OS Market Share Apple iOS 13.4% Google Android 81.3% Microsoft Windows Phone 4.1% Blackberry Blackberry OS 1.0% Nokia Series 40 N/A Linux Foundation Mer < 1.0% Tizen Association Tizen N/A Sailfish Alliance Sailfish OS N/A Canonical Ltd. Ubuntu Phone ? * Taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_operating_systems Overview Why Firefox OS? Firefox OS smartphones will arrive in extremely cost-sensitive markets like India and Indonesia where people often buy phones from a bin in a store." With an anticipated device price point of $25, Google (GOOG) and Apple (AAPL) have reason to fear. The Indian and Indonesian markets are the most under-saturated in Asia.... smartphone penetration had reached just 23% in Indonesia and 18% in India... that leaves 1.2 billion users in the two countries currently without access to smartphones or tablets. Smartphone makers have struggled to satisfy the price sensitivity of the lower-end markets in both of these countries, and in doing so have lost out on driving brand adoption for first time users. * Taken from: http://seekingalpha.com/article/2042973-1_2-billion-reasons-why-firefox-os-is-important Overview Why Develop for Firefox OS? Demand for Web Technologies to be used in mobile app development. On July 25, 2011, Dr. Andreas Gal, Director of Research at Mozilla Corporation, announced the "Boot to Gecko" Project (B2G) on the mozilla.dev.platform mailing list. The project proposal was to "pursue the goal of building a complete, standalone operating system for the open web" in order to "find the gaps that keep web developers from being able to build apps that are – in every way – the equals of native apps built for the iPhone [iOS], Android, and WP7 [Windows Phone 7]." Make Web Technologies a 1st Class Citizen in a mobile operating system. -
An Evil Copy: How the Loader Betrays You
An Evil Copy: How the Loader Betrays You Xinyang Ge Mathias Payer Trent Jaeger Microsoft Research Purdue University The Pennsylvania State University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—Dynamic loading is a core feature used on current the value that is being written. Despite significant investment in systems to (i) enable modularity and reuse, (ii) reduce memory bug finding techniques, memory corruption is still an important footprint by sharing code pages of libraries and executables problem, as 745 individual CVEs for 2015 and 692 CVEs for among processes, and (iii) simplify update procedures by elim- 2016 are reported. While not all these vulnerabilities allow an inating the need to recompile executables when a library is attacker to compromise a system with arbitrary code execution, updated. The Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) is a generic many do. specification that describes how executable programs are stitched together from object files produced from source code to libraries Without any defense, attackers inject and execute code to and executables. Programming languages allow fine-grained con- trol over variables, including access and memory protections, so take control of a system through memory corruption vulner- programmers may write defense mechanisms assuming that the abilities. Over the past decade, a set of defense mechanisms permissions specified at the source and/or compiler level will hold have been deployed on commodity systems. Data execution at runtime. prevention [5] is a common defense that enforces code in- tegrity. Code integrity prohibits an attacker from injecting new Unfortunately, information about memory protection is lost code into a running process and is usually enforced by hard- during compilation. -
A Review Paper on Firefox Os
© 2014 IJIRT | Volume 1 Issue 6 | ISSN : 2349-6002 A REVIEW PAPER ON FIREFOX OS Deepak Kumar, Divanshu Kaushik Department of Information Technology, Dronacharya college of engineering, Gurgaon , Haryana, India Abstract- Firefox OS (project name: Boot to Gecko, also OS as more accessible: "We use completely open known as B2G) is a Linux kernel-based open-source standards and there’s no proprietary software or operating system for Smartphone's and tablet technology involved." Gal also said that because the [8] computers and is set to be used on smart TVs. It is software stack is entirely HTML5, there are already a being developed by Mozilla, the non-profit organization large number of established developers. This best known for the Firefox web browser. Firefox OS is designed to provide a complete community-based assumption is employed in Mozilla's WebAPI. These alternative system for mobile devices, using open are intended W3C standards that attempt to bridge standards and approaches such as HTML5 the capability gap that currently exists between native applications, JavaScript, a robust privilege model, open frameworks and web applications. The goal of these web APIs to communicate directly with cell phone efforts is to enable developers to build applications hardware, and application marketplace. As such, it using WebAPI which would then run in any competes with commercially developed operating standards compliant browser without the need to systems such as Apple's iOS, Google's Android, rewrite their application for each platform. Microsoft's Windows Phone[9] and Jolla's Sailfish OS as well as other community-based open source systems II. -
413 Advanced Debugging and the Address Sanitizer 03 D.Key
Developer Tools #WWDC15 Advanced Debugging and the Address Sanitizer Finding your undocumented features Session 413 Mike Swingler Xcode UI Infrastructure Anna Zaks LLVM Program Analysis © 2015 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Redistribution or public display not permitted without written permission from Apple. Overview Overview View Debugger Overview View Debugger Advanced Breakpoint Actions Overview View Debugger Advanced Breakpoint Actions Address Sanitizer Overview View Debugger Advanced Breakpoint Actions Address Sanitizer Demo View Debugger and Advanced Breakpoints Mike Swingler Xcode UI Infrastructure Summary Summary View Debugger • Focus on troublesome views • Visualize your constraints Summary View Debugger • Focus on troublesome views • Visualize your constraints Advanced Breakpoint Actions • Catch exceptions at throw, print message • Print expressions without adding clutter Summary View Debugger • Focus on troublesome views • Visualize your constraints Advanced Breakpoint Actions • Catch exceptions at throw, print message • Print expressions without adding clutter Address Sanitizer Address Sanitizer Anna Zaks LLVM Program Analysis Memory Corruption Memory Corruption Memory Corruption Is Hard to Debug Hard to consistently reproduce The source of error is often far from its manifestation Language Memory Safety Language Memory Safety Less error prone • Swift • Objective-C Automatic Reference Counting Language Memory Safety Less error prone • Swift • Objective-C Automatic Reference Counting More susceptible to memory issues • Direct -
NLP-EYE: Detecting Memory Corruptions Via Semantic-Aware
NLP-EYE: Detecting Memory Corruptions via Semantic-Aware Memory Operation Function Identification Jianqiang Wang Siqi Ma ( ) Yuanyuan Zhang ( ) [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Shanghai Jiao Tong University CSIRO DATA61 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Juanru Li ( ) Zheyu Ma [email protected] [email protected] Shanghai Jiao Tong University Northwestern Polytechnical University Long Mai Tiancheng Chen Dawu Gu [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai Jiao Tong University Abstract overflow and double-free in real-world software and their Memory corruption vulnerabilities are serious threats to soft- number is steadily increasing. For customized memory opera- ware security, which is often triggered by improper use of tion functions, some private memory operation functions are memory operation functions. The detection of memory cor- poorly implemented and thus carry some memory vulnera- ruptions relies on identifying memory operation functions bilities at birth. On the other hand, developers keep making and examining how it manipulates the memory. Distinguish- common mistakes, such as using the memory after it has been ing memory operation functions is challenging because they released (i.e., the use-after-free vulnerability), during the de- usually come in various forms in real-world software. In this velopment process. Both cases aggravate the emerging of paper, we propose NLP-EYE, an NLP-based memory corrup- memory corruption vulnerabilities, which endow the attack- tion detection system. NLP-EYE is able to identify memory ers higher chance of compromising a computer system.