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El Sistema Es Antinosotros Culturas, Movimientos Y Resistencias Juveniles José Manuel Valenzuela Arce (Coordinador) El sistema es antinosotros Culturas, movimientos y resistencias juveniles El sistema es antinosotros Culturas, movimientos y resistencias juveniles José Manuel Valenzuela Arce (Coordinador) UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA METROPOLITANA UNIDAD IZTAPALAPA Consejo Editorial de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades El sistema es antinosotros. Culturas, movimientos y resistencias juveniles © José Manuel Valenzuela Arce (Coord.) Fotografía de la cubierta: Pável Valenzuela Diseño de la cubierta: Luz Ma. Zárate M. Primera edición noviembre de 2015, Ciudad de México, D.F. Impreso en México Printed in Mexico D. R. 2015 © El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, A. C. Carretera escénica Tijuana- Ensenada, Km. 18.5 San Antonio del Mar, 22560 Tijuana, B.C., México. www.colef.mx © Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Prolongación Canal de Miramontes 3855 Ex Hacienda San Juan de Dios 14387, Tlalpan Ciudad de México, D.F. México. Unidad Iztapalapa Consejo Editorial de la División de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, edificio H Segundo piso. Col. Vicentina, 09340 Iztapalapa Ciudad de México, D.F., México. Derechos reservados para todas las ediciones en castellano © Editorial Gedisa, S.A., Barcelona ISBN Gedisa 978-84-16572-06-9 UAM 978-607-28-0519-4 El Colef 978-607-479-186-0 IBIC: JPWQ Este libro ha sido dictaminado positivamente por pares académicos ciegos y externos a través del Consejo Editorial de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, y también por la Secretaría General Académica de El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, A. C., los cuales se privilegian con el aval de la editorial coeditora Gedisa. Queda prohibida la reproducción total o parcial por cualquier medio de impresión, en forma idéntica, extractada o modificada, en castellano o cualquier otro idioma. EL COLEGIO DE LA FRONTERA NORTE, A. C. Presidente Dr. Tonatiuh Guillén López Secretario General Académico Dr. José Manuel Valenzuela Arce Secretario General de Planeación y Desarrollo Institucional Dr. Gerardo Ordóñez Barba Director General de Vinculación Institucional Mtro. Sergio Eleno Zermeño Ochoa Coordinadora de Publicaciones Mtra. Érika Moreno Páez UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA METROPOLITANA Rector General Salvador Vega y León Secretario General Norberto Manjarrez Álvarez Director de Publicaciones y Promoción Editorial Bernardo Ruiz López Subdirector de Distribución y Promoción Editorial Marco A. Moctezuma Zamarrón UNIDAD IZTAPALAPA Rector José Octavio Nateras Domínguez Secretario Miguel Ángel Gómez Fonseca Directora de la División de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Juana Juárez Romero Coordinadora General del Consejo Editorial de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Alicia Lindón Villoria Índice Introducción ......................................................................................... 17 José Manuel Valenzuela Arce Escena I Las voces de la calle 1. Las voces de la calle… y de las redes sociales, los movimientos juveniles y el proyecto neoliberal ............................................................ 29 José Manuel Valenzuela Arce 11 Escena II Primavera árabe, okupas e indignados 2. “La ‘revolución’ contra los jóvenes”: movimientos políticos juveniles y producciones discursivas en la insurrección egipcia .................................................................. 71 José Sánchez García 3. Occupy Wall Street. Necedades, hacks y nuevas coyunturas: registro de un repertorio táctico ampliado ....................................... 103 Pablo Benson Silva 4. #Ocupalascalles #Tomalasredes. Disidencia, insurgencias y movimientos juveniles: del desencanto a la imaginación política .................................. 129 Rossana Reguillo 5. El peregrino indignado: topías y utopías del 15M ...................................................................................... 157 Carles Feixa, Maurício Perondi y Guillermo Castro 6. Tecnopolítica y 15M: la insurgencia de la multitud conectada ....................................................... 185 Javier Toret Medina Escena III Apartheid educativo, soñadores y bioresistencias 7. El movimiento estudiantil en Chile: cómo colapsó el proyecto neoliberal en la educación ................ 213 Rodrigo Rivera Concha 12 8. Ideas que transitan la calle: geopolítica, gubernamentalidad y sociedad en Chile .......................... 225 Gabriel Medina Carrasco 9. Mesa Amplia Nacional Estudiantil (MANE). Herencias y emergencias de la izquierda estudiantil colombiana ...................................... 253 Alexandra Agudelo López 10. #YoSoy132: entre la estructura y la agencia, protocolos de resistencia ...................................................... 273 Irene Imuris Valle 11. Indocumentados y sin miedo. Los jóvenes dreamers en Estados Unidos ............................................... 313 Carlos Amador 12. I have a dream… Los dreamers mexicanos, más allá de la lucha por la educación ............................... 329 María Eugenia de la O 13. Gramáticas corporales, juventudes y malestar social ....................................................................... 363 Alfredo Nateras Domínguez Escena IV Integrados y disidentes: voces del cono sur 14. Del que se vayan todos a militar por, para y desde el Estado. Desplazamientos y reconfiguraciones del activismo juvenil y las causas militantes luego de la crisis de 2001 en Argentina ............................................................ 383 Melina Vázquez 13 15. Prácticas, subjetivaciones y politizaciones: las dinámicas de movilización juvenil en la América Latina actual ................................................ 429 Pablo A. Vommaro Anexos Numeralia sobre la condición juvenil contemporánea .............................................................................. 471 Juan Manuel Ávalos González Información de las/los autoras/es .................................................. 497 14 V: Sra. Justicia… Aquí, “V”. Justicia: El pobre chico está loco por mí… V: Lo siento, madame, no es así en absoluto. La admiraba… Aunque a distancia. La miraba desde la calle cuando era chico. Le decía a mi padre, ¿quién es esa dama? Y me contestaba, “es la señora Justicia”. Y le decía, ¿no es bonita? No era solo algo físico, sé que no es de esas. No, la amaba como persona, como ideal. Eso fue hace mucho. Ahora hay alguien más. Justicia: ¿Qué? ¡V! ¿Me has traicionado por una ramera vanidosa de labios pintados y sonrisa incitante? V: ¿Yo? ¡Disiento! ¡Fue tu infidelidad que me echó en sus brazos! ¡Ajá! Te sorprendí, ¿eh? Pensabas que no sabía lo tuyo. Pues lo sé, ¡lo sé todo! No me sorprendió. Siempre te gustaron los uniformes. Justicia: ¿Uniformes? No sé de qué me hablas, tú siempre fuiste el único, V… V: ¡Mentirosa! ¿Niegas que te lanzaste a sus brazos y sus botas? Te has mostrado por fin. Ya no eres mi justicia, ahora eres su justicia. Te acostaste con otro. Justicia: ¡Sniff! ¿Quién es ella? y ¿cómo se llama? V: Se llama Anarquía ¡y me ha enseñado más que tú como mujer! Las llamas de la libertad, qué hermosas. Ahh, mi preciosa, Anarquía… Hasta ahora no conocía tu belleza. V de Venganza, Moore y Lloyd (2005, p. 39-41). 15 Introducción José Manuel Valenzuela Arce El Colegio de la Frontera Norte Las manifestaciones, marchas, plantones, activismo en redes socia- les y protestas sociales que observamos en la presente década en di- versas partes del mundo, se inscriben en los marcos de exclusión y precarización de amplios sectores de la población y en una inmoral ampliación de la desigualdad social. Esta situación ha propiciado la digna indignación de amplios sectores sociales en diversas partes del planeta donde las y los jóvenes adquirieron papeles protagónicos y liderazgos reconocibles. Indignadas e indignados recuperan atisbos de esperanza amplificada por la fuerza potenciada de los colectivos juveniles que despliegan consignas, demandas, deseos y emociones. El futuro se disocia de vacuas promesas de progreso dejando paso a un presente cotidiano cargado de incertidumbre y aprehensiones, pero también de un ahora que inspira resistencias y luchas que prefi- 17 El sistema es antinosotros. Culturas, movimientos y resistencias juveniles guran nuevas formas de estar juntos y la certeza interiorizada de que otro mundo es posible. Millones de jóvenes enfrentan la incertidumbre y los efectos de una crisis ampliada que afecta sus condiciones de vida, sus expectativas de empleo, su acceso a prestaciones sociales, el decremento de su seguri- dad en contextos cada vez más violentos. Entre los jóvenes, persisten marcadas diferencias en opciones y expectativas de vida a partir de regiones, países, clase, género adscripción étnica, preferencia sexual, aspectos que inciden en las bases objetivas que definen u obstaculizan sus posibilidades de desarrollar proyectos viables de vida. En el actual escenario tardocapitalista destacan problemas vinculados a la situación laboral de los jóvenes, como son el desempleo, la precarización y la in- formalidad. La población juvenil registra tasas de desempleo superio- res a las existentes en otros rangos de edad, pues, constituye una quinta parte de la población mundial en edad de trabajar, pero conforma 40 por ciento de los desempleados (CONAPO, 2010, p. 45). Complemen- tando este escenario de precariedad y vulnerabilidad, resulta adecuado apuntar que en 2005, 308.5 millones de jóvenes trabajadores, es decir, 56% del total de jóvenes empleados, permanecían en la pobreza con ingresos inferiores a dos dólares diarios. En 2011, el desempleo en el mundo llegó a 200 millones
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