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A Network-Ready Random-Access Qubits Memory ✉ Stefan Langenfeld 1 , Olivier Morin1, Matthias Körber1 and Gerhard Rempe1

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A Network-Ready Random-Access Qubits Memory ✉ Stefan Langenfeld 1 , Olivier Morin1, Matthias Körber1 and Gerhard Rempe1 www.nature.com/npjqi ARTICLE OPEN A network-ready random-access qubits memory ✉ Stefan Langenfeld 1 , Olivier Morin1, Matthias Körber1 and Gerhard Rempe1 Photonic qubits memories are essential ingredients of numerous quantum networking protocols. The ideal situation features quantum computing nodes that are efficiently connected to quantum communication channels via quantum interfaces. The nodes contain a set of long-lived matter qubits, the channels support the propagation of light qubits, and the interface couples light and matter qubits. Toward this vision, we here demonstrate a random-access multi-qubit write-read memory for photons using two rubidium atoms coupled to the same mode of an optical cavity, a setup that is known to feature quantum computing capabilities. We test the memory with more than ten independent photonic qubits, observe no noticeable cross-talk, and find no need for re-initialization even after ten write-read attempts. The combined write-read efficiency is 26% and the coherence time approaches 1ms. With these features, the node constitutes a promising building block for a quantum repeater and ultimately a quantum internet. npj Quantum Information (2020) 6:86 ; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-020-00316-8 INTRODUCTION Against this backdrop, it is still an open challenge to find a route Quantum networks enable faithful communication by exchanging toward multi-qubit memories that feature random qubit access, 1234567890():,; photonic qubits that cannot be cloned1. Networks conceived to both for writing and reading, and controlled qubit processability. generate an encryption key that is shared by two essentially Individual real atoms are ideal to achieve this goal. They have classical parties, Alice and Bob, have already been demonstrated already demonstrated, in complementary settings, their potential numerous times2,3. Future genuine quantum-mechanical and as faithful photonic qubit memories as well as qubit processors. multi-functional networks, however, will likely rely on multi- The memory facet has been achieved by strongly coupling the purpose nodes that can receive, store, send, and also process atom to an optical cavity, which enables the efficient interconver- 19 qubits4,5. To accomplish these tasks, such nodes require at least sion between stationary (matter) and flying (photonic) qubits . two processable qubits6–9. Due to the high level of isolation from the environment and For example, an elementary quantum repeater for long-distance control of all degrees of freedom, these memories can feature entanglement distribution requires a chain of nodes, each with long coherence times suitable for qubit storage20. The processor two memory qubits that are pairwise entangled with memory facet has been demonstrated numerous times with qubits in – qubits in the neighboring nodes. This entanglement is typically atomic registers21 25 but without a connection to photonic qubits, – established via photonic channels, which necessitate a corre- or with a connection to photonic qubits26 28, but in this case sponding qubit interface. In addition, such repeater nodes require without multiplexed write-read capabilities. single- and two-qubit gates to also realize efficient entanglement Here we integrate the two facets by realizing an intracavity swaps and complete Bell-state measurements. These properties, in register with two individually addressable atomic memories that essence, represent the celebrated five quantum computation plus can independently write, store, and retrieve photonic qubits. We two quantum communication criteria that were put forward by demonstrate the atom-selective absorption and emission of these DiVincenzo10. It needs to be emphasized that the criteria call for qubits by implementing several different random-access quan- two contradictory physical capabilities11: memories need isolated tum-memory protocols with up to eleven photonic qubits that are qubits, while processors necessitate coupled qubits. subsequently stored in the node without the need for re- In order to realize these nodes, the qubits can either be initialization. In addition to these new capabilities, the capacity distributed over an ensemble of (real or artificial) atoms or be of one qubit per single atom also sets a new benchmark on localized in single (real or artificial) atoms. Important achieve- scalability for constant resources29. ments for ensemble-based nodes include static-access (temporal) multiplexing where qubits are received and retrieved in a fixed order (e.g., first-in-first-out)12–15. This limitation can be resolved with spatial (dynamic-access) multiplexing instead of temporal RESULTS multiplexing. In fact, a random-access quantum memory (RAQM) Apparatus with an architecture resembling that of a classical random-access Figure 1a shows a sketch of the experimental setup. The system memory has been developed recently16,17. This device can in consists of two 87Rb atoms trapped close to the center of a high- principle receive and send an almost arbitrarily large number of finesse optical cavity with parameters (g, κ, γ)/2π = (4.9, 2.7, 3.0) qubits, limited only by the ratio of qubit coherence time to qubit MHz. Here, g denotes the single-qubit light-matter coupling access time. In the reported realization, this number was about constant at the center of the optical cavity for the 0 three. However, no scalable information processing capability on jiF ¼ 1; mF ¼ 0 $ jiF ¼ 1; mF ¼ ±1 atomic transition at a wave- and between the atomic qubits in all these ensemble nodes has length of 780 nm, and κ and γ are the cavity field and atomic been realized so far18. dipole decay rates, respectively20. ✉ 1Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany. email: [email protected] Published in partnership with The University of New South Wales S. Langenfeld et al. 2 Fig. 1 Illustrative view of the experimental setup and key elements toward the high-fidelity memory. a Two atoms are trapped close to the waist of the cavity mode, symmetrically around the cavity axis. Via a high-NA objective, the atoms are imaged on an EMCCD camera. The same objective is used for addressing the individual atoms with a control laser beam by means of an acousto-optical deflector (AOD). b Possible cross-talk between the atoms due to their coupling to the same cavity mode. The state of an incoming photon should be mapped onto the addressed atom (A) via a stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) consisting of the cavity field g and the classical control field Ω. However, the unaddressed atom (B) offers a side-channel via off-resonant scattering of the photon. This leads to the storage of a random quantum state and thus a reduced fidelity. The lower part of the figure shows experimental data and a theory curve for how this effect can be 1234567890():,; minimized by increasing the single-photon detuning Δ. The error bars correspond to one standard deviation of the statistical uncertainties. c Cross-illumination of the addressing control field. The control intensity as a function of the addressing axis is shown, including a Gaussian fit yielding a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the addressing beam of 2 μm. As a reference, white and gray regions indicate the trapping potential pattern, in which the typical spatial extent of the atomic wavefunction is about 50 nm. For small cross-illumination, only atomic configurations are used where the inter-atomic distance is at least three times the FWHM. The beam is elliptical (ratio 1:3) so that the atom positioning is less stringent in the direction of the long axis, illustrated by the ellipse in the second plot. The spacing of the atom leads to a reduced atom-cavity coupling g and thus to a reduced STIRAP efficiency (lower part). The blue-shaded rectangles highlight the trapping regions used for this work. The two atoms are trapped in a two-dimensional optical lattice Analysis and cross-talk elimination consisting of a red-detuned standing wave applied perpendicular The main challenge for the realization of a high-fidelity multi-qubit to the cavity axis and a blue-detuned standing wave along the quantum memory lies in avoiding cross-talk between the individual cavity axis. The two atoms are spaced symmetrically around the qubit memories. This means, first, that only the illuminated atom cavity center and therefore couple equally strong to the cavity must couple to the incoming or the outgoing photonic qubit and, mode. The two cavity mirrors have asymmetric transmission second, that cross-illumination of the atoms from the STIRAP coefficients so that photons predominately leave the cavity via the control laser must be eliminated. The first issue arises from the fact high-transmission mirror. Outside the vacuum chamber, a high- that both atoms are identically coupled to the same cavity field. numerical-aperture objective is used for imaging and laser- Ideally, an incoming photon gets stored only in the addressed atom addressing of either atom30. via the described STIRAP process (Fig. 1b). However, as all initialized Both atoms are initialized by optical pumping to the atoms couple to the cavity, the incoming photon can interact with jiF ¼ 1; mF ¼ 0 ground state. Using a stimulated Raman adiabatic any atom including the unaddressed one. Scattering from this atom passage (STIRAP) technique31, a single incoming photonic qubit is can transfer the atom into a random state and in this way scramble absorbed via the application of a classical control pulse. The the fragile information encoded in the photon (Supplementary fi information encoded in the photon polarization (in the basis of Notes 2). A way out of this dilemma is that the STIRAP ef ciency can σ+ σ− be made constant over a large range of negative single-photon right and left circular polarization, and , respectively) is 31 ji¼ ; ¼ detunings Δ, and that the incoherent scattering rate scales like coherently mapped to the two atomic states F 2 mF 1 and Δ−2 fi jiF ¼ 2; m ¼À1 , respectively.
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