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Download Download 105 Viewpoint RELIGIOUS DELUSIONS: IT’S IMPORTANCE IN PSYCHIATRY AND A CASE REPORT Jithu Jacob Varghese1, Sivin P Sam2 *, Roy Abraham Kallivayalil3 1Junior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Thiruvalla 2Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Thiruvalla 3Professor & Head of Department, Department of Psychiatry, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Thiruvalla *Correspondence: [email protected] Submitted on: 26/3/2019 Published online; 22/7/2019 ABSTRACT Religion and spirituality are very important for human beings, even from the older generations itself. These had an important role in evolution. But most of the times, its importance in psychiatry goes unrecognised, especially in the aspects of psychopathology, treatment-seeking, adherence and outcome. Religious beliefs influence help-seeking, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of the individuals. Religious delusions are on its rise in the new era. It has been found out that religious delusions result in a delay in starting treatment, and severity of illness is also found to be high in such patients. Those with religious delusion will be having a higher chance to go to magical healing and compared to other population, and their treatment adherence will be poor. Aggression, violence and self-harm are found to be much higher in these individuals. Overall religious delusions have poorer course and outcome. Religious delusions can influence the concepts and beliefs regarding health and sickness and subsequently lead to poor treatment acquiescence. Keywords: religious delusion; psychosis; case report and DSM 5 treat delusions as an important INTRODUCTION symptom for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Religious delusions are typically connected Presence of “bizarre delusions” itself is ample with a shoddier outcome. Most of the to diagnose schizophrenia. Psychiatrists will bump into patients with Delusions are the false unshakeable beliefs religious delusions, because this sort of which are out of keeping with the culture that delusion is conjoint, particularly in psychosis.1 condenses them as delusional, rather than The management of delusion is based on the religious. But many times, clinicians are biopsychosocial model, along with noticed to have a meagre interest in religious- pharmacological interventions.2 Both ICD 10 themed delusions, which may be having Please cite this article as; Jithu J V, Sivin P S, Roy A K. Religious delusions: it’s importance in psychiatry and a case report. Kerala Journal of Psychiatry. 2018; 31(2):105-112. doi: 10.30834/KJP.31.2.2019.149 // www.kjponline.com 106 dominant importance in the patient. This is Anomalous experiences- These may be despite evidence that religion offers an professed as having religious implication (e.g., important coping resource for people suffering communications from God, etc.) and frequent from a major mental disorder and have a huge anomalous experiences provide constant role in treatment adherence.3 evidence to endure the delusion. Patients' contextual factors, cultural beliefs, Reasoning biases -biases and errors in and outlooks play a vital role in the theme of evidence-based reasoning are important delusions.4 Delusions with religious contexts factors in delusion formation and are found to be more common among Hindu maintenance. These include ‘jumping to and Christian communities, compared to conclusions’, difficulty identifying possible Muslim, or Buddhist societies.4,5,6 Among other explanations, and distress in considering them, middle-aged women in rural areas are the possibility of an error in judgment.16 found to have an increased prevalence of religious delusions. Pakistan, predominantly Affective disturbances- Affective processes an Islamic country was having stumpy rates of have an impact on attentional, perceptual and memory processes. The reason for that would religious delusions.4 African countries report a much higher incidence of religious delusions, be maladaptive coping and affect regulation and it was observed that the cultural content strategies.17 Religious delusions could be associated with these affective disturbances, would be recusing in future episodes too. 4, 7 which could worsen the outcome.18 It has been observed that higher degrees of conviction, higher disability level, poor Beliefs about illness, treatment and recovery - treatment adherence and higher duration of How the person, makes sufficient changes in untreated psychosis are found in people with relation with psychosis is very important in the religious delusions compared to other types of quality of life as well as treatment compliance. delusions. 8, 9, 10 Hence, it is very difficult to 19, 20 treat people with religious delusion. 11, 12, 13 Religious delusions are found to have a better Further studies focusing on poor adherence rationale, and this may underprop the are required to establish the exact reason for connotation of religious delusions with poor this. treatment adherence and follow up.21 RELIGION AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY RELATIONSHIP OF RELIGION WITH Specific factors which maintain a delusion is DELUSIONS AND ITS CLINICAL identified by the cognitive models of ASPECTS psychosis.14,15 Important ones are continuing The common themes of religious delusions are anomalous experiences, reasoning biases, persecution, influence, and self- affective processes, and poor adjustment to significance.3,22 When non-content dimensions psychosis resulting from personal beliefs about of different types of delusions are compared, it illness, treatment and recovery. Religious was found out that religious delusions are held delusions are notoriously famous for its with more affirmation. Another interesting increasing difficulty to handle it. observation is that very poor support was received from religious communities for Kerala Journal of Psychiatry // 31(1 January – June 2018 107 patients suffering from delusions with beliefs and psychopathology, above 40% of religious content.22 studies have found a relationship between Christian patients are having delusions much psychosis and religion.33 Social background, commoner than Islam and Buddhism, and cultural aspects, social circle, friends, interests all could play an important role in the most of them are delusions of guilt and sin.4,5,6 development of a delusion with religious Another study reported a higher prevalence of content. religious delusions in Catholics when Mostly it can be difficult to make the compared to Jews and Muslims.4, 24 Protestants are found to have a much higher rate of distinction between a religious delusion and religious delusions, compared to other the experience of an unusual religious belief or practice. Psychiatric morbidity would be communities.4, 23 suggested if both the patient’s experience and Other studies put forward that religious the observed behaviour conform with known delusions are more common in Korean psychiatric symptoms; that is, the self- patients than Chinese.25 Greenberg et al24 description of this particular experience is studied psychotic features in Judaism and recognisable as being within the found out that, nocturnal variations are symptomatology of a specific psychiatric common in these group, which is mainly based illness, for instance, it has the form of delusion. on the concept that, evil spirits and demons As already described, the thoughts, usually comes at the night time. A study experiences and actions of a person with conducted by Peters et al26 among Hindus, schizophrenia are often concrete, physical and Christians and New Religious Movements not abstract or spiritual; beliefs may be acted found that delusions are much higher among on literally. If he describes, ‘Christ being in New Religious Movements. A study by Kent me’, he might well be able to state in which et al27 religious hallucinations are much organ of his body Christ could be located. commoner in the United Kingdom than among patients from Saudi Arabia. TREATMENT There are no specific guidelines regarding the Some studies reported a higher prevalence of usage of medications. When self-harm or religious delusions among those with high harming others are present, antipsychotics, religiosity, whereas other studies could not hypnotics, or a combination of these agents are found such a relationship.28, 29 Religious needed to treat agitation along with close delusions are found to be related to educational observation. qualification and marital status.29 Cognitive deficits also found to be associated with Multiple studies have made different opinions regarding the presence of religiousness on religious delusions.30 Higher symptom scores, poorer functioning, longer duration of treatment efficacy in patients with psychosis. untreated psychosis are found to be associated Some studies have recommended that with religious delusions. It also influences treatment compliance would be much better in patients having religiousness. 34, 35, 36 But there help-seeking behaviour.31,32 In a systemic review, evaluating religion, supernatural are reports regarding their meagre adherence.1 // www.kjponline.com 108 CASE HISTORY Christians are worshipping him, rather than Mrs X, 39, Year old, married female, with 2 Elohim. She would say that the Holy Spirit children of 12 and 3 years, Christian, MBA was a female, which was changed to male, in graduate, currently not working, from a King James Bible, by POPE, to bring Gay nuclear family of high socioeconomic status concept in Christianity. hailing from
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