Journal of Coastal Research Fort Lauderdale

The Pliocene Reefs of Miami: Their Geomorphological Significance in the Evolution of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, Southeastern Florida, U. S.A1

Edward J. Petuch

Department of Geology Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida :i3431 ABSTRACT _

PETUCH, E.•I., 1986. The Pliocene reefs of Miami: their geomorphological significance in the evolu­ tion ofthe Atlantic Coastal Ridge, southeasern Florida, U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research. 2(4),391­ 408. Fort Lauderdale, ISSN 0749-0208. ~',"" Construction excavations in western Metropolitan Miami (Metropolitan Dade County), " Florida have recently dredged up coral reefdeposits from depths ofonly 15-20 m below the •.. Atlantic Coastal Ridge. Based upon index fossils, these richly fossiliferous sediments are • ••• • referrable to the Buckingham Formation (~"PinecrestBeds or Formation" of Olsson) and ~ are dated as early Pliocene. A distinctive Pliocene coral fauna was present, including -- ....-...- ~ e Diploria sarasotana Weisbord, Septastrea marylandica (Conrad), Septastrea crassa (Holmes), -2 Porites furcula Lamarck, and the hydrocoralMillepora alcicomin Linnaeus, and over three hun­ --+ *• dred species ofmollusks alongwith several species ofechinoids and crustaceans(collected as fragments). Although being more biohermal in form. the Pliocene reef system under Miami appeared to have distinct zonation, with evidence of four ecological zones being collected at the sampling sites. These zones included the high-energy. reefcrest Millepora­ Trochita Zone (Zone I), the reef platform lJip[oria-Gorgonian Zone (Zone 2), the back reef Porites-Septastrea Zone (Zone 3), and a lagoonal Thalaesio- Turritella Zone (Zone 4) to the west of the reef tract. Based upon both the extent of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge and the implied faunal zonation of the reefs, it is conjectured that the Pliocene reef tract produced the original topographic high along the southeasterncoast ofFlorida. This was latercovered by a crust of oolitic limestone and sand in the late Pleistocene to produce the Atlantic Coastal Ridge. Similar Pliocene reeftracts are known from southwestern and southern Florida. and these linked with the eastern reef tract to form an atoll-like structure around a central. lagoon-like basin. The southern part of this basin infilled with carbonate sediments. and during subaerial exposure in the early Pleistocene, produced the Tamiami Formation. Together, the atoll-like Pliocene reeftracts and the central lagoon-like basin laid down the geomorphological framework for the formation of the Everglades in the Holocene. The Everglades is now seen to be reef-controlled. Fourteen new gastropod species. all index fossils for the reeffacies ofthe Buckingham Formation, and a new genus ofhard substrate muricid gastropods, are proposed.

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Atlantic Coastal Ridge. Buckingham Formation, coral reef, Ecergludvs. Florida, index fossil, Pliocene, Tamiami Formation.

INTRODUCTION sits on top of an anomolous oolitic limestone-capped topographic high referred to as the Atlantic Coastal Recent dredgings and excavations for artificial Ridge (Figure I), the uncovering of this deeper sub­ lakes and housing projects in western Metropolitan surface material offered the first large-scale detailed Miami (Metropolitan Dade County), Florida, have look at what lies below Miami. uncovered the first large quantities of deeper sub­ In 1955, GARDNER (in PARKER, etal.) described a surface sediments from that area. UntiI1980-1983, Pliocene molluscan fauna taken from 20-50 m much of this area was still the swampy Eastern depths in wells that were drilled near the site repor­ Everglades and its subsurface geology was poorly ted in this paper. Based upon index fossils, she cor­ known. Because a large part of Metropolitan Miami related this fauna with the Pliocene Duplin Forma­

18.5006 received 24 January. /986: accepted in recision 211 Feb­ tion of North Carolina. The Floridian equivalent of ruary 1986. this well-known Carolinian formation has since been 392 Petuch

referred to the BuckinghamFormationof MANSFIELD MEEDER (1979) described similar-appearing (1939) (="Pinecrest Beds or Formation" of OLSSON, Buckingham-aged reef material taken in quarries 1968, andin OLSSON and PETIT, 1964. Fora discus­ along the southwestern coast of Florida, from Naples sion of this nomenclatural change, see PETUCH, in north to Estero. Although faunistically similar to press*). Some of the key Buckingham-Duplin index the eastern Floridian reef tract, this western reef fossils taken from below western Metropolitan complex contained a richer coral fauna, with over Miami included Urosalpinx suffolkensis Gardner, forty species of hermatypes. Among these were the Cancellaria tabulata Gardner and Aldrich, Calophos characteristic reef- building genera Stylophora, (Dorsanum of authors) plicatile (Bose), Con­ Acropora, Goniopora, Diploria; Dichocoenia, Sider­ traconus adversarius (Conrad), Sconsia hodgii astrea, Agaricia, andMontastrea. To the east of the (Conrad), and Siphocypraea carolinensis (Conrad). west coast reef tract, MEEDER(1980) later encoun­ Among the extensive list of invertebrate species tered a lagoonal, soft- bottom, solitary coral fauna, given by Gardner, there were several taxa that also characterized by the generaPlacocyathus, Manicina, indicated coral reef or hard bottom, shallow water Antillia, Antillophylia, andFlabellum. In containing environments. These included the gastropods Cru­ Placocyathus, this lagoonal assemblage was similar cibulum multilineatum (Conrad), Trossulasalpinx to the lagoonal assemblage found along the western trossulus (Conrad) new genus, Coralliophila sp., side of the Miami reeftract, which will be discussed and Cerithium leonensis Mansfield, the encrusting later in this paper. bivalvePseudochama striata (Emmons), along with echinoid spines, large barnacles, and small coral fragments. The Buckingham Formation has subse­ quently been radiometrically dated (as the "Pine­ crestFormation") at3.7 millionyears BP (BENDER, 1972), making it the chronological equivalentof the Duplin Formation. Since August, 1983, draglines used in construct­ ing artificial lakes have broughtup large amounts of highly fossiliferous sediments at several sites near SW 146 th Avenue and Bird Road in Greater Miami, all from depths of approximately 15-20 m. While visiting four of these sites, I found that the marly sediments contained a pure and species-rich as­ semblage of Buckingham-Duplin marine inverteb­ rates. This assemblage was similar to that previ­ ously described by Gardner, but contained greater numbers of corals and coralliophilous mollusks. Commonly found at Bird Road were the reef corals EVERGLADES Diploria, Montastrea, Septastrea, and Porites, and NATIONAL these, along with the Duplin-Buckingham gas­ PARK tropod index fossils, give strong evidence for the existence of a Pliocene reef complex in the shallow subsurface of southeastern Florida. For a descrip­ tion of the stratigraphy of this site, see PETUCH (in press). The discovery of the Bird Road construc­ Figure I. Location and extent of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge tion sites also allowed the first detailed look at the (stippled areas) in Dade County, Florida. A Pliocene reef tract shallowly underlies the stippled areas, and represents the south­ structure of the eastern Floridian Pliocene reef tract eastern corner of an atoll-like structure. and gave a possible explanation for the regional topographic high that rises above the rest of the southeastern end of the Floridian Platform. Specimens of Pliocene, Buckingham-aged coral reef index fossils have also been taken farther 'The name Pinecrest Formation is a stratigraphic homonyn of the northward under the Atlantic Coastal Ridge at West Pinecrest Formation of the Triassic of Pinecrest Ridge. Red Butte Creek. Utah, proposed in 1929 (see Keroher, 1966), and cannot he Palm Beach and Boca Raton (SWAYZE and MILLER, used, again, for the Floridian formation. 1984) (designated as reefal limestones and shells),

.Iournal of Coastal Research. VoL 2, No.4, 1986 Pliocene ReefR of Miami 393

Figure2. Schematic diagram showingthe possihle configurationof the Floridian atoll-feature during its maximumdevelopment in the Pliocene. Black areas denote land above mean sea level, stippled areas denote coral reefs; contour shows depth in meters below mean Pliocenesea level.Pliocene coral reef index fORRilR have been collected, in wellcores and dredging operations, at Bird Road, Miami(B), KromeAvenue,Miami(K)(GARDNER, 1955),Pinecrest (PC) (OLSSON and PETIT, 1964; OLSSON, 1967),MulePen Quarry,Naples (M) and Estero (E) (MEEDER, 1979, 1980), Buckingham (BU) (MANSFIELD, 1939), Olga (0) (MANSFIELD, 19:19), Fisheating Creek (F), and Brighton(BR) (OLSSON and PETIT, 1964; OLSSON, 1967), and West Palm Beach (P) (SWAYZE and MILLF:R, 1984).

and in Broward County (CAUSERAS, USGS, per­ reeftract and the eastern reeftract underthe Atlan­ sonal communication). This evidence indicates that tic Coastal Ridge, these other reeftracts complete the Pliocene reef system of southeastern Florida the picture and demonstrate the existence ofa ring­ formed a relatively continuous tract running from like configuration of coral reefs in southern Florida Palm Beach southward to Miami and possibly during the Pliocene (Figure 2). southern Dade County. Pliocene coral reef index Somewhat overshadowed by the finding of an fossils, primarily mollusks, have also been taken eastern Floridian Pliocene reef fauna, but still of from shallow subsurface digs around the periphery importance, were several other interesting paleon­ of the Everglades region at Brighton and Fish Eat­ tological discoveries. These included the first speci­ ing Creek (OLSSON and PETIT, 1964; OLSSON, mens of the Chesapeake Miocene gastropod genus 1967), Olga (MANSFIELD, 1939), Adine (TUCKER Ecphora from as far south as Miami along the east­ and WILSON, 1932; 1933), Buckingham (MANSFIELD, ern Floridian coast, the largest-known assemblage 1939), and Pinecrest (OLSSON and PETIT, 1964; of gorgonian-commensal ovulid gastropods (seven OLSSON, 1967). Together with Meeder's western species of Cyphoma and one ofNeosimnia) known in

.Iournal of Coastal Research, Vol. 2, No.4, 1986 :394 Petuch ( the fossil record, and the first known species ofthe Zone 1. (Millepora - Trochita Zone) predominantly Indo-Pacifc conid subgenus Virgi­ I conus found in North America. These finds, along This zone encompassed the fore-reef and reef I with the description of the reeffauna, will be expan­ crest and represented a high energy environment. ded upon in the following sections. Some important Large, spathate Millepora alcicornis Linnaeus col­ I new gastropod species, index fossils for the Miami onies (Plate 1, Figure 5) and massive coralline algae 'I Pliocene reefs, and possibly for the entire atoll­ growths formed the main reef framework in this I feature, are described in a separate systematic zone and provided the substrate for a rich fauna of section. limpet and limpet-like gastropods. Some of the l more abundant of these, such as the calyptraeids I STRUCTURE OF THE PLIOCENE Trochita floridana Olsson and Petit (Plate 1, Fig­ I REEFS OF MIAMI ures 3,4) and Crucibulum (Dispotaea) ramosum i' (Conrad) (Plate 1, Figures 1,2), represented groups I An analysis of the fauna from the spoil banks at that were especially adapted to extremely high­ r Bird Road showed that the assemblage represen­ energy environments and, although extinct in the ted a thanatocoenosis. Here, quiet-water, soft­ Recent Atlantic, are extant along wave-pounded I substrate-dwelling species such as Turritella pon­ areas of the eastern Pacific. Figure 5 shows the toni Mansfield, Architectonica watsonensis Mans­ possible life positions of the limpet fauna of Zone 1. I field, Terebra (Myurellina) miamica Olsson, Polinices Masses of the vermetid gastropods Petaloconchus carolinensis (Conrad), Pyruella sarasotaensis Petuch, floridanus Olsson and Harbison, often encrusted I and Oliva carolinensis Conrad, were found mixed withSeptastrea corals (Plate 1, Figure 8), were also together with surf-loving, high energy environment probably from this zone, as was a large and spec­ species such as Trochita floridana Olsson and Petit tacular calyptraeid fauna containing Crucibulum and Crucibulum ramosum (Conrad), and also with spinosum (Conrad), Crucibulum multilineatum J rubble-loving, high energy environment species (Conrad) (Plate 1, Figures 6,7), Crepidula pon­ derosa H. Lea, Crepidula rostrata Conrad, Crepidula such as Diodora carolinensis (Conrad), Turbo cren­ I, ulatoides Maury, Muricanthus sp., Vitularia lingu­ costata Morton, Crepidula cymbaeformis Conrad, ( abison E. Vokes, and Gemophos maxwelli Olsson Crepidula aesop Dall, Crepidula rhyssema Olsson I and Harbison. Within this unnatural grouping of and Harbison, and Calyptraea centralis Conrad, over three hundred species of mollusks, however, a and the fissurellid limpets Diodora alumensis definite pattern of zonation is apparent. Mostofthe (Mansfield), Diodora carolinensis (Conrad), Diodora I key respective paleoenvironmental indicators, such petasa Olsson and Harbison, and several large, as the genera Trochita, Cyphoma; Vitularia, Muri­ undescribed Diodora species. The large barnacle j copsis, Parametaria, and Turritella, are extant in Balanus concavus d. chesapeakensis Pilsbry was I either the Panamic or Caribbean Provinces, and also abundant in this zone, and often encrusted their Recent ecologies were used for determining calyptraeid gastropods (Plate 1, Figure 7). I the following reconstructions. Because it was located in a quiet, back-reef area Zone 2 (Diploria - Gorgonian Zone) west of the main reefcomplex, the sampling site was ideally situated for the accumulation of material This area represented the main reef platform from the other high energy zones to the east. From behind Zone 1 and probably averaged depths ofl-5 the thanatocoenosis that resulted from material m. An extremely rich invertebrate fauna was found washing over the reef platforms and being depos­ in this area of the reef, containing over one hundred ited in the lagoon, four distinct faunal zones can be species of large gastropods, at least thirty pelecy­ inferred. Figure 3 shows both the possible arrange­ pods, several species of decapod crustaceans and ment of the faunal zones on an idealized section of echinoderms (represented by fragments), and at the Miami reef and how they may have related to least six species of stony corals. The substrate was each other along a gradient of depth and wave primarily composed of large heads of the massive energy. Figure 4 shows the hypothetical pattern of corals Siderastrea dalli Vaughan, Montastrea sp., zonation over the entire reef complex. The faunal and Diploria sarasotana Weisbord (Plate 2, Figure compositions of the four zones were as follows. A 1), and numerous smaller encrusting corals such as complete species list is given in PETllCH (in Septastrea crassa (Holmes) (Plate 4, Figure 1). press). These corals were preyed upon by ectocommensal

.Iourna! of Coastal Research. Vol. ~, ,",0. 4. 198(3 ------, Plioce ne Reefs of Miami . 395

.r

Figure 3. Sche mat ic diagram ofthe possible zonational pattern of the Miam i reef tract; Zon e 1 (Millepora - Trochita Zone), high energy, wave-s urge reef crest, exposed at low tide; Zone 2 (Diploria- Gorgonia n Zon e), lower ene rgy reef platform dominated by massive corals and gorgonia ns; Zone 3 (Porites- S epias/rea Zone), deeper wat er, low ene rgy bac k reef area domin ated by fragile, branching corals; Zon e 4 (Thalassia - Turritella Zone), q uiet lagoonal area dominat ed by turtle grass and Turri tella beds and soft-subs trate mollusks.

Figure 4. Possible pattern of zonation along the entire Pliocene Miam i ree f tract, supe rimposed up on the Recent Atlantic Coastal Ridge system. Numbers correspond to reefzones; .. B" indicates the position ofth e Bird Road collection sites; arrows ind icate th e possible direc­ tion of wave act ion.

,Journa l of Coas ta l Research, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1986 396 Petuch

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.. ~ : .

: ;. ;' ..

~ : "

~~ ' ~

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~ ~.~ _ ..

Figure 5. Molluscan fauna of Zone I, expo se d at low tide, showing possible life positions. Large, spiralTrochita floridana dominate. Other species inclu de Crucibulum (Dispotaea) ramosurn (front cente r), the large, ray-patterne d keyhole limpet Diodora alurnensis, and a few erra nt specimens of Urosalpinx and Trossulasalpinx feedin g on barn acle s.

coralliophagous gastropods such as Coralliophila 9,10), the bu ccinid genera Calophos and S trom­ (Babelomurex) mansfieldi (McG inty) (Plate 2, Fig­ binophos, the cance llariid genera Extractrix and ure 2, 3). Massyla, and the tonnid genus Malea (collected Although not pr eserved, gorgonians must have only as fragm ents). The platform of the Pliocene been especially abundant in thi s zone, as implied by Miami reefalso acted as a refugium for Chesapeake an unusually large fauna of octocorallian ect ocom­ Miocene gener a. While these becam e extinct north­ mensal ovulid gastropods. Of seven species collec­ ward, th ey survived on th e southern Floridian reefs, ted, all were new to science and four are described possibl y into th e latest Pliocene. Some of the Flori­ in this paper; Cyphoma viaavensis n.sp.(Plate 3, dian Chesapeake Miocen e species included the Figures 5, 6), e. carolae n.sp. (P late 3, Figure s 7,8), muricids Trossulasalpinx curtus (Dall, 189 0) new e. finkl i n. sp. (P late 3, Figures 13, 14). Colonial as­ genus (Plate 4, Figures 8,9), Trossulasalpinx vokesae cidians were also present, as indicated by abunda nt n. gen. and n. sp. (Plate 4, Figures 6,7), the buccinid individuals of seven species of the urochordate genus Ptychosalpinx and the thaidid Ecphora stri­ ectocommensal gastropod genera Trivia and atula n. sp. (Plate 4, Figures 15,16) (collected only Pusula. as fra gments). Like the genera Trochita and Crucibulum (Dis­ Besid es the paciphilic and Chesapeake relict potaea) of Zone 1, which are living in the Re cent compo nents, the majority ofthe invertebrate faun a only in th e Pacific Ocean, other paciphilic genera in Zone 2 was typ ical of shallow, hard bott om, well­ and species were abundant on th e main reef plat­ oxygenated tro pica l reef enviro nments. T he reef form. These included th e muricid Vitularia liguab­ echinoid Eucidaris spp. was ap parently ab undant son E. Voke s (P late 2, Figures 8-11), the colum­ in thi s zone, as evide nced by numerous fragments bellid Parametaria linda e n.sp. (Plate 3, Figures of spines (Plate 2, Figur e 12). Typical Miami reef

J ourna l of Coas tal Research, Vol. 2, No.4, 1986 I(

I i Pliocene Reefs of Miami 397 r

I gastropods, morphologically similar to Recent reef turritellids Turritella(Eichwaldiella) pontoni Mans­ species, included the muricids Auiliosa oiaaoensis field, Turritella (Eichwaldiella) mansfieldi Olsson, I n. sp. (Plate 4, Figures 14,15), Muricopsis lyonsi n. and Turritella buckinghamensis Mansfield, formed sp, (Plate 4, Figures 12, 13), Dermomurex engo­ beds thatprobablycarpeted large areas of sea floor, I natus (Dall) (Plate 4, Figure 10), Urosalpinx suf­ much as Turritella maiquetiana Weisbord does in I [olhensis Gardner(Plate 4, Figures2, 3), Urosalpinx the relict faunas of the Recent Gulf of Venezuela phrikna Gardner and Aldrich (Plate4, Figures 4,5), (PETUCH, 1981). A species-rich cancellariid fauna the mitridMitra (Scabricola) lindae n. sp. (Plate 3, was also found in this soft- substrate zone, including Figures 3, 4), the fasciolariid Latirus miamiensis n. over twenty-five species comprising the genera sp. (Plate 3, Figures 1, 2), the turbinidAstraea tee­ Cancellaria s.s., Extractrix, Massyla, Olssonella; tariaformis n. sp. (Plate 2, Figures 4, 5) and five Emmonsella, and Trigonostoma. species of the turbinellid genus Hystrioasum. Sand-dwelling, vermivorous conacean gas­ The sessile, reef-loving bivalve mollusk>,Pseudo­ tropods were especially common in this zone, im­ chama striata (Emmons), Pseudochama corticosa plying a rich polychaete fauna. Included were large (Conrad), Spondylus bostrychites Gabb, and Lima species such as Conus (Lithoconus) druidi Olsson, florpacifica Olsson and Petitwere common, as were Conus (Lithoconus) cherohus Olsson and Petit, and the coral-boring bivalves Rupellariagrinnelli (Olsson) Contraconus adoersarius (Conrad), twelve other and Coralliophaga microreticulata Gardner. cone species, eighteen species of the terebrid genera Hastula, Strioterebrum, andMyurellina, ten species Zone 3 (Porites - Septastrea Zone) of the turrid genus Cymatosyrinx, and twenty-six other small turrids in the genera Brachycythara, This zone encompassed a deeper, quiet water Buchema, Carinodrillia, Cerodrillia, Glyphostoma; area (5-10 m depth) behind the main reef platform. Hindsiclava, Sedilia, and Syntomodrillia. Judging from the abundance of Septastrea mary­ The abundant presence ofalgivorous gastropods landica (Conrad) (Plate4, Figure 11) and fragments gives evidence for extensive Thalassia beds in the of Porites furcata Lamarck (Plate 4, Figure 16), vicinity of the Miami reefs. These algivores included these corals must have been the dominant and the dorso-ventrally flattened Siphocypraea car­ characteristic organisms of this zone. The Septas­ olinensis (Conrad) andSiphocypraeapilsbryi (Ingram), trea marylandica colonies often are found to have the strombids Strombus floridanus Mansfield and encrusted gastropods shells and, in this manner, Strombus (Tricornis) n. sp., the modulid Modulus they appear to have been carried about by hermit woodringi Mansfield, and a large cerithiid fauna crabs. comprising species in the genera Bittium, Cerithio­ Especially common in, and probably characteris­ clava, Ochetoclava, andThericium. This community tic of, the Porites - Septastrea Zone were the cyp­ probably closely resembled the turtle grass com­ raeid gastropod Cypraea lindae n. sp. (Plate 2, munites of the Recent Gulf of Venezuela, where Figures 6, 7) and the conid gastropod Conus relict Siphocypraea species have been found living (Virgiconus) miamiensis n. sp. (Plate 3, Figures 11, in, and feeding on, Thalassia (PETUCH, 1979, 1981). 12). A large fauna ofturbinid gastropods, including The lagoonal, solitary coralPlacocyathus was com­ Turbo ayersi Olsson, Turbo uiellsi Tucker and mon in this assemblage. Wilson, Turbo crenulatoides Maury, and Turbo (TaenioturboJ sp., was also found in this zone. The research sites at Bird Road occurred within the GEOMORPHOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL region of this zone (Figure 4). IMPLICATIONS

Zone 4. (Thalassia - Turritella Zone) By fitting the two mirror- image reeftracts together, it can now be seen that the Everglades region of Representing the lagoonal region behind the southern Florida contains a buried atoll-like Plio­ main reef system, this extensive zone was charac­ cene coral reef feature, with the curved tracts sur­ terized by a soft sediment substrate containing a rounding a central lagoon. patchwork of turtle grass (Thalassia) beds, open During the middle of the Pliocene (Buckingham sandy areas, and large beds of the gastropods Tur­ time), the Floridian reef complexes had expanded ritella spp. Over one-half of the gastropods collec­ along the eastern edge of the continental shelffrom ted at the Bird Road site appear to have lived in this present-day Palm Beach County south to southern quiet, deeper water (10-20 m) area. The giant Dade County, producing the foundation for the

.lournal of Coastal Research, Vol. 2, No.4, 1986 398 Petuch

Atlantic Coastal Ridge. Similarwide reeftracts also over time. This probably reflects a molluscan zona­ were building along the southern and southwestern tion pattern that is determined more by wave-surge coasts of Florida, producing the foundation for the energy regimes than by the actual species of sub­ Immokalee Rise (MEEDER, 1979), and for the strate corals A zonated reef from the Recent Indo­ Everglades keys and hammocks of Everglades Pacific will characteristically support a molluscan National Park. fauna containing species of Virgiconus, Cypraea, Based upon the absence of marine molluscan Latirus, Coralliophila, Vitularia; Scabricola, and fossils in the 10-15 meters of sand above the Buck­ numerous ovulids. These same gastropod genera ingham deposits (PETUCH, in press), the topographic were abundant components of the reefs of the Plio­ high produced by the eastern reef tract may have cene southern Floridian atoll-feature. become an island in the late Pliocene and early-to­ middle Pleistocene and was subsequently buried SYSTEMATIC SECTION by latest Pleistocene sediments. During the very high sea level stand during the Sangamon Intergla­ The following new species of gastropod mollusks cial Stage, this barrier island was covered with a are important index fossils for the coral reef facies thin (5 meters) cap of oolitic limestone. This cap, of the Buckingham Formation. The characteristic the Miami Formation, in turn, conforms to the sub­ assemblages containing these, and the other gas­ surface morphology of the Pliocene reefs and Pleis­ tropod species previously mentioned, can be used tocene island and produces the ridge system that to map the extent of the Pliocene reef systems in underlies most of Metropolitan Miami. southern Florida. The type material is deposited in The lagoonal region between the eastern and the paleontological collections of the Museum of western Buckinghamian reef tracts produced a large Comparative Zoology (The Agassiz Museum.), depositional basin. The southern part, in par­ Harvard University, and bear MCZ numbers. The ticular, was filled with carbonate sediments through­ type locality for all species is the Lakes of the out the Pliocene and lithified, under subaerial con­ Meadows subdivision, S.W. 146 th Avenue and ditions at the end of the Pliocene, to produce the Bird Road, Metropolitan Dade County (Met­ Tamiami Limestone (sensu stricto) of MANSFIELD ropolitan Miami), Florida. Material was dredged (1939) (now Tamiami Formation). Since the end of from 15-20 m depth while digging artificial lakes, the Pleistocene, the reef tract-topographic highs from August, 1983 to May, 1984. Stratigraphic con­ have directed the southward flow of water from trol was achieved by asking for excavation depths Lake Okeechobee over the impervious Tamiami from the crane operators during active dredgings limestone and are directly responsible for the for­ (PETUCH, in press) The new taxa include: mation of the Everglades. The structure of the Floridian Pliocene reefs dif­ Trossulasalpinx new genus (Type: Fusus trossulus fered greatly from Recent Caribbean, Florida Keys, Conrad, Yorktown Formation of Virginia, family and Indo-Pacific coral reefs, and more closely re­ Muricidae). sembled giant bioherms than actual growing, true Turbinidae - Astraeinae reefcomplexes (MEEDER, 1979, 1980). Even with a Astraea tectariaformis new species biohermal structure, a zonational pattern was still Ovulidae apparent, with spathate Millepora hydrocorals oc­ Cyphoma viaavenis new species cupying the high-energy reef crest and ramose Cyphoma carolae new species Stylophora, Septastrea, and Porites corals occupy­ ing the reef platform and back reef.

Although having great differences in the com­ Plate 1. (Facing page) Gastropods and Coelenterates of Zone positions of the framework corals, the Miami reefs 1. (Millepora- Trochita Zone). still supported a molluscan, gorgonian, and echino­ Figures 1 and 2. Crucibulum (Dispotaea) ramosum (Conrad. derm fauna that closely resembled those found on 1842). Ventral ann dorsal aspects of 4;1 mm specimen. Figures S and 4. Trochita [lorulana Olsson and Petit. 1964. Ventral and coral reefs of the Recent Caribbean, Florida Keys, dorsal aspect s of 40 mm specimen. Figure 5. Millepora alcicornis and Indo-Pacific regions. It can be construed from Linnaeus, 17!lH. Specimen 44 rnm in length. Figures f) and I. this data that, although the composition of the reef Crucibulum multilineatum. IConrad. 18421. Ventral and dorsal framework coral species may change throughout aspects of 4'~ mm specimen. Two large Balanus conCQl'w. cf. time, the composition of the reef-dwelling mollus­ ch«xapeahcn»:» OIl dorsum, MCZ 29240 Figure R Petaloccmchus florulana Oleson and Harbison. 19S:L colonv /9 mm in diameter, can fauna, once established, will remain constant with small colonv of Septa-urcu crass(] (Holme-v, lX:-lr\) coral.

Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 2. N, ;. 1!IHI, Pliocene Reefs of Miami 399

,Journal of Coasta l Resear ch. Vol. 2, No.4, 1986 400 Petuch

Cyphoma [inkli new species Cyphoma oiaaoensis new species (Plate 3, Figures 5,6) Cyphoma miamiensis new species Cypraeidae Material Examined HOLOTYPE: Length 19 mm, width 9 mm, MCZ29217. Cypraea lindae new species Description: Shell small for genus, thickened, narrow in outline, Muricidae extremities blunt, lateral callus very thick; transverse ridge on dor­ Attiliosa viaavensis new species sum narrow, well-developed; aperture narrow, flaring at anterior Muricopsis lyonsi new species end; dorsum and base smooth, without striations. Etymology: Named for Bird Road. the type locality. Trossulasalpinx vokesae new species Paleoecology: Cyphoma oiaarensis was probably ectocommen­ Thaididae salon thin- branched gorgonians such as Plexaurella, Pseudop­ Ecphora striatula new species terogorgla, or Pterogorgia. Fasciolariidae Discussion; Cyphoma ouiaoensis closely resembles the Panamic­ Latirus miamiensis new species eastern Pacific Cyphoma emarginatum (Sowerby, 18:\0), hoth in size and development ofthe lateral callus, but differs in lackingthe Columbellidae large lahial projection on the lateral callus. Cyphoma (Pseudo­ Parametaria lindae new species cyphoma) intermedium (Sowerby, 182iJ) from the Recent Carib­ Mitridae bean region is similar, but is a larger shell without a dorsal trans­ Mitra (Scabricola) lindae new species verse ridge. Conidae Cyphoma carolae new species (Plate 3, Figures 7,8) Conus (Virgiconus) miamiensis new species Material Examined Gastropoda HOLOTYPE: Length 24 mm, width 10 mm, MCZ29218. Archeogastropoda Description: Shell of average size for genus, thickened, narrow Turbinidae in outline, extremities rounded; lateral callus well-developed but Astraeinae thin and compressed; transverse ridge on dorsum narrow, weakly­ developed, low; aperture narrow, flaring at anterior end; dorsum genus Astraea Reding, 1798 and base smooth. Astraea tectariaformis new species (Plate 2, Figures 4, 5) Etymology: Named for Mrs. Carole Lyons, St. Petersburg, Florida who collected, and kindly donated, the holotype. Material Examined Paleoecology: Like the other Cyphoma species described here, HOLOTYPE: Length 19 mm, width 18 mm, MCZ29216. C. carolae probably lived on gorgonians. .ludging from its slender PARATYPES: 2 specimens, lengths 21 and 27 mm, MCZ shape, C carolae may have lived on Plexaurella or Pseudoptero­ 29230. gorgia-type octocorallians. Description: Shell of average size for genus, high-conic in pro­ Discussion: Also like Cyphoma oiaauensis; C carolae is similar file, with straight sides; sculpture consists of 8-10 coarse spiral to C. intermedium but differs in having a dorsal transverse ridge. ribs on each whorl; ribs beaded, with beads of each rih lining-up in Cyphoma carolae is also similar to the Recent C. rhomba Cate, I longitudinal rows; beading strongest near suture, impressed; base 1979 from the Florida Keys, but differs in having a more slender, of shell with five or six strong scabrous ribs, strongly covered with elongated shape. J imbricated lamellae; hody and spire whorl rihs covered with fine lamellae, giving shell surface scaly appearance; periphery orna­ Cyphoma fink Ii new species (Plate 3, Figures 17, 18) mented with 21-27 small axial ribs that are, in turn, extensions of headed rows on whorls. Material Examined Etymology: In reference to this new species' resemblance to the HOLOTYPE: length Sfl mm, width 14 mm, MCZ29219. littorinid genus Tectarius (little tent or hut). PARATYPES: 2 specimens lengths ai and :J:3 mm, MCZ Paleoecology: Like its Recent relative, Astraea tecta (Lightfoot, 292:J 1. 1786), A.tectariaformis lived on coral rubble in shallow water on Description: Shell of average size for genus, thickened, heavy, the reef platform. The holotype has a scar produced by a harnacle rhomboid in outline; extremities blunt; lateral callus very thick, attachment on the whorls adjacent to the aperture, implying an occasional commensal relationship. Discussion: Astraea tectoriaformis is closest to A scolopax i Olsson and Harbison, 195:J, of the Buckingham Formation at St Plate 2. (Facing page) Gastropods, Coelenterates, and Echino­ Petersburg and to A. precursor (DaIL 1892) of the Caloosahatchee derms of Zone 2. (Diploria - Gorgonian Zone). 1 Formation. The new species differs from both of these species by Figure 1. Dipioria sarasotnna Weisbord, 1974. Specimen 87 heing a consistently smaller shell, by having finer, more delicate mm in diameter. Figures 2 and :l. Coratliophila (Babelomurex) I sculpturing, and by lacking the large, prominent, rounded knobs mansfieldi (McGI~TY, 1940). Dorsal and ventral aspects of21 mm along the periphery. The Astralium americanum Gmelin illus­ specimen. Figures 4 and Pi. Astraea tectariaformis new species. I trated by TUCKER and WILSON (1933: Plate :J, Figures 1,4) ap­ Dorsal and basal aspect of holotype, length 19 mm, MCZ29216. pears to be this new species. Figures 6 and 7. Cypraea lindae new species. Dorsal and ventral I aspects of holotype, length :\6 mm, MCZ29221. Figures 8 and 9. Caenogastropoda Vitularia lingua bison E. Vokes, 1967. Dorsal and ventral aspects I Cypraeacea of 49 mm specimen. Figures 10 and II. Vitularia ci.Iinpuabieon E. Ovulidae Vokes. Dorsal and ventral aspects of2:1 mm specimen. Figure 12. I genus Cyphoma Roding, 1798 Eudidaris sp. Fragment of spine, length 14 mm. I I .Iournal of Coastal Research, Vol. 2, No.4, 1986 ------~ ------

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.Iournal of Coasta l Research. Vol. 2, No. 4, 1986 402 Petuch

wide; transverse ridge on dorsum wide, very well-developed, pro­ Etymology: Named for my wife, Linda, who found the type minent, inscribed with 4-6 fine raised threads; aperture wide, flar­ specimen. ing at anterior end; dorsum and base smooth. Paleoecology: Like many other small cowries with narrow aper­ Etymology: Named for Dr. Charles W. Finkl, J nr., of the Coastal tures, Cypraea lindae probahly lived under large blocks of coral Education and Research Foundation (CERF), Fort Lauderdale, rubble on the main reef platform. Cypraea lindae may have fed on Florida. sponges, as do similar-appearing Recent Australian species of the Paleoecology: Being the largest of the fossil Cyphoma species subgenus Zoila -Iousseaume, 1884. found at the Bird Road site, C'. [inhli probahly lived on larger Discussion: Of the known cyraeids of the Neogene southeastern gorganian genera such as Plexaura and Gorgonia, much as is seen United States, Cypraea lirulae comes closest to Siphocypraea car­ in the Recent C'. gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758) and C'. signatum olinensis (Conrad, 1841), but differs in being a much smaller, more Pilsbry and McGinty, 1939. inflated shell with a much higher, humped dorsum. The aperture Discussion: Cyphoma finkli is closest to the Recent C'. signatum of S. carolinensis is wide and flaring at the anterior end, while that from the Florida Keys and Caribbean region, but differs in being a of C. lindae is very narrow throughout without the anterior widen­ smaller shell with a much more pronounced transverse ridge. In ing. The labial dentition of C. lindae is also much coarser and the form of the ridge, C. [inhli is similar to C'.gibbosum from the better- developed than that of S. carolinensis. Caribbean region and to the fossil C.precursor Dall, 1897 from the Caloosahatchee Formation (early Pleistocene of southern Florida). The raised threads on the ridge of C. [inhli are unique, however, setting this new species aside from all known members of the Muricidae genus. Muricinae genus Attiliosa Emerson, 1968 Attiliosa oiaaueneis new species (Plate 4, Figures 14,15) Cyphoma miamiensis new species (Plate 3, Figures 13, 14) Material Examined HOLOTYPE: Length 16 mm, width 8 mrn, MCZ29222 Material Examined PARATYPE: length 15 mm, MCZ292:I:J. HOLOTYPE: Length 16 mm, width 6 mm, MCZ29220. Description: Shell average size for genus, thickened, with ele­ Description: Shell small for genus, very thin, narrow in outline; vated spire, broadly hiconic; body whorl with 9-10 large spiral extremities rounded; lateral callus thin, poorly developed, pro­ cords; 7-11 varix-like axial ridges per whorl; siphonal canal short ducing only slight thickening of lip; transverse ridge on dorsum, and open, ornamented with 4-6 large cords; siphonal cords of same low, poorly-developed; aperture wide, flaring, increasing in width size as those on hody whorl; suture weakly impressed, undulating; at anterior end; dorsum and base smooth. aperture round with 9-11 large lirae on inside of lip; columella Etymology: Named for Miami, Florida, site of the main part of adherent. the Pliocene reef tract Etymology: Named for Bird Road, the type locality. Paleoecology: Judging from its small size and narrow outline, Paleoecology: As in the three known living species, Attiliosa via­ Cyphoma miamiensis was probably ectocommensal on slender aoensi« probahly lived in and among coral rubble piles on the main gorgonian genera such as Plexaurella; Eunicea, and Pseudo­ reef platform. Here it may have preyed upon harnacles or small pterogorgia. sessile bivalves. Discussion: The tiny, fragile Cyphoma miamiensis is only similar Discussion: Attiliosa viaaoensis is most similar to the Recent I to one other small species from the Recent Florida Keys, C'. Gulf of Mexico and Pleistocene Floridian (Bermont Formation) A sedlacki Cate, 1978. The fossil species differs from the Recent .I species by having a pronounced transverse ridge and wider aper­ ture. This is the smallest Cyphoma species known from the fossil record. Plate :J. (Facing page) Gastropods of Zone 2. ({Jiploria­ Gorgonian Zone). Figures 1 and 2. Latirus miamiensis new species. Dorsal and ven­ tral aspects of holotype, length :J5 mm (incomplete), MCZ29226. Cypraeidae Figures S and 4. Mitra (Scabricola) linda» new species. Dorsal and genus Cypraea Linnaeus, 1758 ventral aspects of holotype, length 22 mm (incomplete), MCZ Cypraea lindae new species (Plate 2, Figures 6, 7) 29228. Figures f) and 6. Cyphoma oiaarensis new species. Dorsal and ventral aspects of holotype, length 19 mm, MCZ29217. Material Examined Figures 7 and S. Cyphoma carolae new species. Dorsal and ventral HOLOTYPE: Length :J6 mm, width 22 mm, MCZ29221 aspects of halotype, length 24 mm, MCZ29218. Figures 9 and 10. PARATYPES: 2 specimens, lengths :J6 and 52 mm, MCZ Parametaria lindae new species. Dorsal and ventral aspects of 29n2. holotype, length 2:J mm, MCZ29227. Figures II and 12. Conus Description: Shell average size for genus, inflated, with high (VirRiconus) miamiensis new species. Dorsal and ventral aspects of humped dorsum; posterior canal straight, simple in form, slightly holotype, length:J2 mrn, MCZ29229. Figures 1:1 and 14. Cyphoma curving to right; anterior canal narrow, well developed, with pro­ miamicnsis new species. Dorsal and vent ral aspects of holotype. nounced extremities; aperture narrow, straight. with slight curve length 16 mm, MCZ29220. Figure 15. Ecphora siriatula new to left at posterior end; fossula poorly-developed, almost absent; species. Fragment of spire, length 11 mm. from Miami. Paratype. lip with 17-21 large, coarse teeth; columella with 14-18 large, MCZ292:J5. Figure 16. Ecphora striatula new species. Dorsal coarse teeth; labial teeth extend onto base of lip; color pattern, aspect of holotype, length :11 mm, from Macasphalt Pit Mine when preserved, is made up of numerous tiny brown flecklings on Numher 0800826, Sarasota, Florida. MCZ29225. Figures 17 and dorsum and broad brown bands on base of lip; each basal lip hand 18. Cvphoma fi"kli new species. Dorsal and ventral aspects of extends from one labial tooth to margin. holotype. length:lO mm. MCZ29219.

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philippiana (Dall, 1889), both in size and shape, but differs in hav­ Description: Shell small for genus, fusiform, with high protrac­ ing a far more ornate sculptural pattern on the body whorl and ted spire; body whorl and spire whorls ornamented with 15-20 I spire, These strong sculptural cords somewhat give A viaavensis strong, vertical ribs that are, in tum, intersected by 12-15 equally­ the appearance of the closely-related, ornately-sculptured genus strong spiral ribs; large beads produced at junction of vertical and I Calotrophon Hertlein and Strong, 1951, but tile shape, form of the spiral rib; fine spiral thread present between each pair of spiral spire whorls, and protoconch all point to inclusion in the biconic ribs; aperture small, oval; inner edge of lip with 8-10 large, roun­ I genus Attiliosa. ded teeth. Etymology. Named forDr, Emily Vokes of Tulane University, I New Orleans, in recognition of her pioneer work on the syste­ Ocenebrinae matics of the American Cenozoic muricid gastropods. I genus Trossulasalpinx new genus Paleoecology: Trossulasalpinx vokesae, and the genus as a whole, probably lived under and among coral rubble in shallow J Diagnosis: Shells fusiform in shape, solid, thickened; spires pro­ water and fed upon small sessile bivalves and barnacles. tracted; body whorls and spire whorls covered by cancellate sculp­ Discussion: Trossulasalpinx cohesae is similar to the sympatric I ture comprising numerous strong spiral cords intersected by Ticurtus (DALL,1890) (Plate 4, Figures 8,9), but differs in being a " equally-spaced longitudinal varix-like ribs; in some species, spiral smaller, much more slender shell with coarser, more regular cords and logitudinal ribs are of equal size producing cancellate ornamentation The beads on T curtus are more elongated in pattern of beads; other species have horizontal spiral cords more shape, while those of T vokesae are more knob-like and well I prominent than ribs, producing sculpture of revolving cords with defined. low. elongated beads; some species with knob-like varices along At the contemporaneous Buckingham shell beds at Sarasota I shoulder; columellae adherent; outer edge of lip with numerous (Macasphalt Pit Mine Number 0800826; PETlICH, 1982), the teeth along aperture; siphonal canals short, open. closely-relatedT'.subsidus (Dall, 1890) is very common, along with j several other un-named species. Interestingly enough, bothT cur­ Type Species: Fusus trossulus Conrad, 1832 tus and T vokesae are absentfrom the predominantly lagoonal and I deltaic environments of Sarasota. This implies that there may (~Urosalpinx trossulus of authors), Yorktown Formation of Vir­ have been ecological partitioning within Trossulasalpinx, with ) ginia and North Carolina. T subsidus and the un-named species living in estuarine and neritic environments and with T vohesa« and T curtus living on Other Species in Trossulasalpinx coral reefs.

1. Trossulasalpinx vokesae new species, reef facies of the Buck­ ingham Formation, southern Florida. Muricopsinae 2. Trossulasalpinx eurtus (Dall, 1890), Buckingham Formation. genus Muricopsis Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus, 1892 southern Florida (Plate 4, Figures 8,9). Muricopsis lyonsi new species (Plate 4, Figures 12, 13)

3. Trossulasalpinx subsidus (Dall, 1890), Buckingham and Caloo­ Material Examined sahatchee Formations, southern Florida; Duplin Formation, North HOLOTYPE: Length 28 mrn, width 1:3 mrn, MCZ29224. Carolina: Waccamaw Formation, North and South Carolina. Description: Shell very elongated, spire 11/2 times length of body whorl and siphonal canal; 6 large, prominent varices per 4. Five undescribed species from the Buckingham Formation at whorl; varices with 15-25 short spines and abundant small scales, Ft. Basinger and Sarasota, Florida. giving varices frilly appearance; aperture oval, small in proportion to total shell size; sip banal canal short, open; intervarical areas Discussion: This genus of fusiform, beaded, small muricids has with numerous low, scaly cords. generally been consigned to the genus Urosalpinx Stimpson, 1865 by most malacologists from DALL(1890: 148-149) to OLSSON and HARBISON (1953: 253-254). Trossulasalpinx differs from Urosal­ Plate 4. (Facing page) Gastropods and Coelenterates of Zones 2 pinx, however, in being consistently more fusiform in outline and and 3. (Diploria- Gorgonian Zone and Porites-Septastrea Zone). by lacking the characteristic strong varices and varical blades. Figure 1. Septastrea crassa (Holmes, 1858). SpecimenH mm in I Trossulasalpinx also lacks the fimbriations and foliations seen on diameter. Figures 2 and S. Urosalpinx suffolkensis Gardner. 1948. Urosalpinx and has, instead, the characteristic rows of beads. Dorsal and ventral aspects of specimen, length :12 mm. Figures 4 \ Morphologically, Trossulasalpinx is similar to the early Miocene and5. Urosalpinxphrikna Gardner and Aldrich. 1919. Dorsal and genusMiocenebra E. Vokes, 1963, but differs in having consisten­ I ventral aspects of specimen, length 16 mm. Figures 6 and 7. tly lower spires and in having open siphonal canals instead of Trossulasalpinx vokesae new genus and new species. Dorsal and I closed canals. Trossulasalpinx appears to have arisen in the late I ventral aspects of holotype, lengtb 19 mrn, MCZ29223. Figures 8 Miocene and became extinct in the early Pleistocene. having re­ and 9. Trossulasulpinx curtus (Dall, 1890). Dorsal and ventral mained morphologically conservative and biogeographically con­ I aspects of 27 mm specimen. Figure 10. Dermomurex engonatus fined to the southeastern United States throughout its entire (Dall, 1890). Ventral aspect of24 mm specimen. Figure 11. Sep­ I stratigraphic range. tastrea marylandica (Conrad. 1841). Specimen length 79 rnrn, MCZ292:19. Figures 12 and 1:1. Muricopsis lyonsi new species. I Trossulasalpinx vokesae new species (Plate 4, Figure 6, 7) Dorsal and ventral aspects of holotype, length 28 mm, MeZ 29224. Figures 14 and 15. Attiliosa. uiaacensis new species. Dorsal I Material Examined and ventral aspects of holotype, length 15 rnrn, MCZ29222. HOLOTYPE: Length 19 mrn, width, 10 mm, MCZ29223 Figure 16. Porites [urca!a Lamarck, 1816. Fragment. length 26 I PARATYPES: 3 specimens, lengths 15-22 mm, MCZ29234. mm. I

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Etymology: Named for Mr. William Lyons, Florida Department Fasciolariidae of Natural Resources, St. Petersburg, Florida, in recognition of his genus Latirus Montfort, 1810 many contributions to Caribbean malacology. Latirus miamiensis new species (Plate 3, Figures 1, 2) Paleoecology: As in the living Muricopsis species, M lyonsi pro­ bably lived under blocks of coral rubble on the shallow reef plat­ Material Examined form and fed upon small sessile bivalves. HOLOTYPE: Length:l5 mm, width 16 mm, MCZ29226, (holo­ Discussion: Muricopsis lyonsi is closest to the Recent Caribbean type incomplete, missing spire). M oxytatus (M. Smith, 1938), but differs in lacking the large vari­ Description: Shell elongated, fusiform, thick and heavy; whorls cal spines of the modern species and in having, instead, large vari­ ornamented with 11 thick, prominent, elongated vertical ridges cal scales. that resemble varices; vert.ical ridges int.ersected and overlaid by 12 well-developed spiral cords; cord along shoulder larger than Thaididae ot.hers, producing angled sboulder; siphonal canal long, well­ Rapaninae (?) developed, bearing 7 st.rong spiral cords; aperture oval in shape, genus Ecphora Conrad, 1843 wit.h 7 raised cords on int.erior of lip; labial cords break up into Ecphora striatula new species (Plate 3, Figure 15, 16) beads along edge of lip; columella wit.h 3 weak plications. Et.ymology: Named for Miami, Florida. Material Examined Paleoecology: Like all members of the genus Latirus; L mia­ HOLOTYPE: Length 31 mm, width 29 mm, MCZ29225, from miensis lived on and among coral and rock rubble in shallow back lower units of Buckingham Formation in Macasphalt Pit Mine reef areas, feeding on small bivalves and gastropods. Number 0800826, Newburn Road, Sarasota, Florida. Discussion: Latirus miamiensis most closely resembles L. PARATYPES: 2 fragments; one ofthe spire, length 11 mm, one angustatus Gabb, l8n from the Gurabo Formation of t.he Domin­ piece of rib, length 10 mm, MCZ29235, both from Bird Road ican Republic (reillust.rated, in better quality, by PILSHRY, 1922: site, Miami. Plat.e 26, Figure 1), but differs in baving a coarser sculpture of Description: Shell inflated, thin for genus, with four prominent larger spiral cords and in having a sharply-angled shoulder. ribs; ribs thin, bladelike, with edges flattened; rib along shoulder flat, horizontal in orientation; anterior three ribs tipped downward; areas between ribs and along spire ornamented with numerous, Columbellidae conspicuous, fine raised cords; siphonal canal long, well-developed, genus Parametaria Dall, 1916 ornamented with numerous large, raised spiral cords; umbilicus Parametaria lindae new species (Plate 3, Figure 9, 10) open Jut narrow; outer calcitic layer of shell reddish-brown in color with ribs being darker. Mat.erial Examined Etymology: In reference to the shell ornamentation of many fine HOLOTYPE: Length 2:3 mm, width 12 mm, MCZ29227. spiral cords that differentiates this new species from closely­ PARATYPE: Length 17 mm, MCZ29n8. related forms. Description: Shell t.hin, biconical in outline; shoulder close to Paleoecology: Based upon morphological similarities to living sut.ure, well-developed, sharp-edged; spire whorls protracted, thaidids of the subfamily Rapaninae, Ecphora may have also had scalariform; protoconch mamillat.e, protracted, bulbous, com­ the same ecology - feeding on small bivalves and barnacles, drill­ posed of 11/2whorls; ant.erior half of body whorl and siphonal canal ingthem in the same manner as do members of the family Muricidae ornament.ed with prominent. spiral cords; posterior half of body and the subfamily Thaidinae, whorl and spire whorls smooth; aperture narrow, flaring at pos­ Discussion: Although only two fragments of the new Ecphora t.erior end, producing posterior canal; apertural side of lip with 12­ species were found in Miami, the discovery of this" Chesapeake 15 st.rong lirae; color pattern (preserved on one of paratypes) Miocene" genus from as far south as the tip of Florida is an composed of large vertical, evenly spaced flammules with clear interesting biogeographical range extension. A fairly complete band around mid- body, similar to color pattern of Recent P mac­ specimen of Ecphora striatula had previously been collected from rostoma (Reeve, 1858). the Buckingham Formation in the Macasphalt pit mine in Sara­ Et.ymology: Named for my wife, Linda ,J. Petuch, who collected sota, and this specimen is designated as the holotype. The ribs on the holot.ype. the spire fragment from Miami are of the same thickness, shape, Paleoecology: As in the two known living species of Parame­ and color as those of the holotype, so the Miami fragments are here taria, P lindae probably lived under coral slabs and large rocks considered to represent the same species. and fed upon ectoprocts, hydroids, and other small, encrusting Ecphora striatula is closest to E. ouadricostata (Say, 1826), invertebrates. which is restricted to the Yorktown Formation of Virginia and the Discussion: Parametaria lirulae is the first member of the genus Carolinas, but differs in the following ways; by having thinner ribs to he collected in Florida or the southeast.ern United Stat.es. The that lack the T-shaped distal flange, by having the three anterior new species is very close to P prototypus (Guppy, 1867) (reillus­ ribs tipping in a downward (anteriorward) direction instead of trat.ed by JUN(i, 1969: Plate 52, Figures 1, 2) from the Pliocene being horizontal in orientation, and by being heavily ornamented Springvale Formation of Trinidad, especially in the st.ructure of with small raised cords between the ribs and on the siphonal canal the sharp-angled shoulder, the posterior canal, and the anterior Ecphora quadricostata is a smooth shell, lacking any cording be­ sculpture. Parametaria lindae differs from its southern Caribbean tween the ribs or on the siphonal canal. Poorly-preserved speci­ congener. however, in being a more slender shell with a much mens of what may be the new species have also been collected, higher spire, embedded in a dense limestone, in the stratigraphically higher Tamiami Formation in Collier County, Florida. The fragment Mitridae illustrated by OLSSON and PETIT (1964; Plate 82, Figure 7) (as genus Mitra Lamarck, 1798 "Ecphora quadricostata umbilieata'J from the" Pinecrest Beds" subgenus Scabricola Swainson, 1840 (~Buckingham Formation) at Brighton, Florida, appears to be Mitra (Scabricola) lindae new species (Plate 3, Figures Ecphora striatula. :" 4)

Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 2. No.4, 1986 1 I Pliocene Reefs of Miami 407 I Material Examined C. (Virgiconus) [lauidus exposed on algae-covered reef platforms I HOLOTYPE: Length 22 m m (incomplete), MCZ29228. and beach rock ridges at low tide in the Fiji Islands, where they PARATYPE: 2 fragments, (spire) 15 mm and (body whorl) 26 were feeding on small interstitial polychaete worms. It is pre­ l mm, MeZ 292:l6. sumed that C.(Virgiconus) miamiensis lived in a similar habitat or Description: Shell elongated, thickened; spire high, stepped, in slightly deeper water, as does C. (Virgieonus) terebra. I with incised suture; body whorl ornamented with 1;3-15 large verti­ Besides the un-named fossil species from the Dominican cal ribs that are, in turn, intersected by 9-12 large thick, spiral Republic, C. (Virgiconus) miamiensis is closest to the Recent C. ! cords; large, elongated bead formed where rib and cord intersect, (Virgieonus) thomasi from the Red Sea and to C. (Virgiconus) giving shell surface beaded appearance; cord along shoulder lar­ emaciatus from the southwestern Pacific. The shell sculpture, I ger than other spiral cords, producing well-developed and angled rounded shoulder, flattened spire, and narrow aperture of the shoulder and spire whorls; columella with 3 large plications and 1 Floridian fossil is virtually identical to those features of the living I small anterior plication; aperture narrow. Indo-Pacific species. The new fossil species differs from those liv­ Etymology: Named for my wife, Linda ,J. Petuch in recognition ing species, however, in being a squatter, less elongated shell of her invaluable help in collecting study material from several without the slight constriction around the midbody. research sites around Florida. Conus (Virgie onus) miamiensis, along with Vitularia linguabison, Paleoecology Like living Scabricola species, Mitra lindae pro­ represents the last vestiges of old Tethyan stocks in Florida bably lived under coral rubble and rocks and fed upon interstitial Already by the late Pliocene, their distributions were probably polychaete worms on the main reef platform. relictual in nature, as these old groups found a final haven in the Discussion: Mitra (Scabricola) lindae is the first member of this United States along the Miami reef tract. subgenus of reef-loving mitrids ever recorded from the Pliocene of Florida and the southeastern United States. The closest contem­ poraneous western Atlantic species is M (Scabricola) rudis Gabb, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 187:3 from the Gurabo Formation of the Dominican Republic, but the new Floridian species differs in having a much coarser beaded sculpture and in having an angled, well-developed shoulder. The I especially thank Mr. David Brown, president of closest morphology toM. (Scabricola) lindae is seen in the Recent the Miami Mineralogical and Lapidary Guild, for M (Scabricola) rupicola Reeve, 1844 and M (Scobricola) muri­ discovering the Bird Road site and for helping me cata Broderip, 18;16, both of the Panarnic Province, which share collect large suites of study material. I also thank the same large vertical ribs and sharp-angled shoulder. the following for their help in collectingandfor their Conidae generous donations of valuable material: Mr. and genus Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Mrs. David Pugh, their daughter Terri, Mr. Steven Subgenus Virgiconus Iredale, 1945 Sparks, and Mr. and Mrs. Robert McNaughton, all Conus (Virgiconus) miamiensis new species (Plate 3, of Miami, Mr. Jack Spengler, Boyton Beach, Florida, Figures 11, 12) Mrs. Frank Diegel and her daughter Pamela, West

Material Examined Palm Beach, Florida, Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth Keaton, HOLOTYPE: Length :32 mrn, width 20 mm, MCZ29229. Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, Mr. and Mrs. William PARATYPE: length 22 rnm, MCZ292:17. Lyons, St. Petersburg, Florida, Mr. and Mrs. Lee Description: Shell classically conical in outline, thickened; spire Kremer, Crystal Lake, illinois, Dr. StevenM. Stanley, flat, with shallow groove running between edge of shoulder and The Johns Hopkins University and last, but not suture; protoconch mamillate; shoulder distinctly rounded; body whorl ornamented with numerous fine, spiral threadlike cords, least, my wife Linda, who found numerous undes­ producing silky surface texture; aperture uniformly narrow. cribed species. The excellent photographs were Etymology Named for Miami, Florida. done by Dr. M.G. Harasewych, National Museum Paleoecology: As in the small Virgiconu» species of the Recent of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Mrs. Indo- Pacific, C. (Virgiconus) miamiensis lived among coral rubble in the back reef environment and fed on polychaete worms. Ana Cortada typed the manuscript. Special thanks Discussion: The finding of a fossil Virgiconus in southern also to Mr. John J. Nemethy, director of Land Florida was a totally unexpected discovery. This group of reef­ Development and Engineering, Arvida Southern loving cones is, in the Recent, confined to the Indo-Pacific region Inc., and to the Arvida Co., Inc. for allowing us the and has never been recorded from the eastern Pacific (Panamic) or opportunity to conduct field research at the Lakes Atlantic Oceans, either as a fossil or living species. A still un­ named and closely-related species has recently been collected of the Meadows site. from the Pliocene Gurabo Formation of the Dominican Republic (Basel Museum of Natural History), and this seems to have been LITERATURE CITED the closest relative to C (Viruiconus) miamiensis. Characteris­ tically, this group of cones, as typified by the Recent C. (Virgi­ BENDER, M.L. 1972. Notes on the Fauna of the Chipola conus) [laoidus Lamark, 1810, C. (Virgiconus) emaciatus Reeve, Formation -- IX. Helium-Uranium Dating Studies of 1849, C.(Virgiconus) [rigidus Reeve, 1848, C.(Vir/iiconus) terebra Corals. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology Born. 1778. and (' (Vir/iiconus) thomasi Sowerby, 1881, lives on 10(1): 51-52. the reef platform and lagoon areas be bind the reef and is a hard DALL, W.H., 1890. Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of substrate-loving offshoot of the larger, sand-dwelling C. (Vir/ii­ Florida. Part I, pp. 148-149. Philadelphia: Wagner Free conus) virgo Linnaeus - 17!)R, C (Virgiconus) coclinae Crosse, Institute of Science. 18SS species complex. I have found C (Virf.ticonus) omaciatus and GARDNER, ,J.in Parker, G.G., G.E. Ferguson, and S.K

.Ioumal of Coastal Research, Vol. 2, No.4, 1986 408 Petuch

Love. 1955. Water Resources in Southern Florida. United OLSSON, A.A. and HARBISON, A., 1953. Pliocene States GeologicalSurvey, Water-Supply Paper 1255,70­ mollusca of Southern Florida. Academy of Natural 81. Sciences of Philadelphia, Monograph 8, 1-409. JUNG, P., 1969. Miocene and Pliocene mollusks from OLSSON, A.A. and PETIT, R.E., 1964. Some Neogene Trinidad. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 55(247), mollusca from Florida and the Carolinas. Bulletins of 293-657. American Paleontology, 47(217), 511-575. KEROHER, G., 1966. Lexicon of Geological Names of PETUCH, E.J., 1979. A new species of Siphocypraea the United States for 1936-1960, part 3 (P-Z). United (Gastropoda: Cyraeidae) from northern South America States Geological Survey Bulletin 1200-3029. with notes on the genus in the Caribbean. Bulletin of MANSFIELD, W.C., 1939. Notes on the Upper Tertiary Marine Science, 29(2), 216-225. and Pleistocene mollusks of peninsular Florida. Stateof PETUCH, E.J., 1981. A relict Caenogastropod fauna Florida Department of Conservation, Geological Bul­ from northern South America. Malacologia 20(2), 307­ letin, 18, 17-33. 347. MEEDER, J.F., 1979. AField Guide with Road Log to the PETUCH, E.J., (in press). The Pliocene reefs of Miami Pliocene Fossil Reef of Southwest (sic) Florida. Miami; with notes on the Floridian Pliocene reef-associated Miami Geological Society, 1-19. molluscan Fauna. Geology of Florida (Miami Geological MEEDER, J.F., 1980. New information on Pliocene reef Society), Memoir 3. limestones and associated facies in Collier and Lee PILSBRY, H.A., 1922. RevisionofW.M. Gabb'sTertiary Counties, Florida.In: P.J. Gleason (ed.), Water, Oil; and molluscan of Santo Domingo.Proceedings of the Academy of Geology of Collier, Lee, and Hendry Counties. Miami: Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 73-(2), 305-435. Miami Geological Society, 27-30. SWAYZE, L.•J. and MILLER, WL., 1984. Hydrologyofa OLSSON, A.A., 1967. Some TertiaryMollusks from South zone of secondary permeability in the surficial aquiferof Florida and the Caribbean. Ithaca: Paleontological eastern Palm Beach County, Florida. Us. Geological Research Institution, 5-61. Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 83-4249, OLSSON, A.A., 1968. A review of Late Cenozoic stra­ 1-39. tigraphy of southern Florida. In: R. D. Perkins (ed.), Late TUCKER, H.I. and WILSON, D., 1933. A second con­ Cenozoic Stratigraphy of Southern Florida - A Reap­ tribution to the Neogene paleontology of south Florida. praisal. Miami: Miami Geological Society, 66-82. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 18(66),65-83. ,!I!!!f!!!!,.. ~....

•Journal of Coastal Research. VoL 2. No.4, 1986