DOCSLIB.ORG

Defining the Art of Grammar: Ancient Perceptions of Γραμματική and Grammatica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Defining the Art of Grammar: Ancient Perceptions of Γραμματική and Grammatica TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS ____________________________________________________________________ SARJA – SER. B OSA – TOM. 379 HUMANIORA Defining the art of grammar: Ancient perceptions of γραμματική and grammatica Minna Seppänen Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, with the permission of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Turku, in the Auditorium of Quantum, on 7 March 2014, at 12 noon. Department of Classics TURUN YLIOPISTO UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Turku 2014 TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS ____________________________________________________________________ SARJA – SER. B OSA – TOM. 379 HUMANIORA Defining the art of grammar: Ancient perceptions of γραμματική and grammatica Minna Seppänen TURUN YLIOPISTO UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Turku 2014 Minna Seppänen Department of Classics University of Turku (School of Languages and Translation studies), Finland Custos: Professor Jyri Vaahtera, University of Turku Opponent: Dr. Martti Leiwo, University of Helsinki External examiners: Dr. Casper De Jonge, University of Leiden Prof. Emeritus Toivo Viljamaa, University of Turku Supervisors: Dr. Anneli Luhtala, University of Helsinki Dr. Jaana Vaahtera, University of Turku The originality of this thesis has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service. ISBN 978-951-29-5671-5 (PRINT) ISBN 978-951-29-5672-2 (PDF) ISSN 0082-6987 Painosalama Oy – Turku, Finland 2014. Tiivistelmä TURUN YLIOPISTO Humanistinen tiedekunta Tohtoriohjelma Utuling / Kieli- ja käännöstieteiden laitos SEPPÄNEN, MINNA: Defining the art of grammar: ancient perceptions of γραμματική and grammatica Väitöskirja, 256 s. Klassilliset kielet ja antiikin kulttuuri (Latinalainen filologia) Maaliskuu 2014 - – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Klassillisen filologiaan kuuluvan väitöstutkimukseni aiheena ovat grammatii- kan määritelmät kreikan- ja latinankielisissä lähteissä klassiselta kaudelta 100- luvulle j.a.a. Tutkimus on toteutettu keräämällä kaikki ajanjaksolle osuvat säi- lyneet määritelmät ja asettamalla ne tarkastelun kohteeksi. Tarkastelen määri- telmiä pääasiassa kahdesta eri näkökulmasta: yhtäältä sitä, kuinka ne on muo- dostettu ja toisaalta sitä, mitä ne kertovat itse oppialasta. Määritelmiä on säilynyt filosofeilta, grammaatikoilta ja yleisoppineilta. Määrit- telemisen taito ymmärrettiin klassiselta kaudelta lähtien tärkeäksi. Grammatii- kan määritelmä näyttää vakiintuneen osaksi käsikirjojen (tékhne, ars) alkukap- paleita, joihin sijoitettiin huomioita oppialan perusteista, tärkeimpänä näistä juuri määritelmä. Tyypillisiä olivat myös listat ”osista”; näitä laadittiin erilaisin perustein, hyödyntäen ”jaottelua” (diaíresis, divisio) tai ”osittelua” (merismós, partitio). Yksittäiset grammaatikot eivät välttämättä näitä teorioita kuitenkaan tunteneet. Parhaiten niitä pystyivät seuraamaan tasavallan ajan lopun oppineet Varro ja Cicero. Merkittäväksi kysymykseksi nousi se, perustuuko grammatii- kan ala kokemusperäiseen tietoon (empeiría) vai taustalla vallitsevaan järjestel- mään (lógos, ratio). Tämä oli kysymys, jonka liittyminen grammatiikkaan juon- taa juurensa Aleksandriassa vaikuttaineista lääketieteen teoreetikoista. Grammatiikan kehityksessä erottuu määritelmissä kolme vaihetta: klassisella kaudella grammatiké koski konkreettisesti kirjaimia (grámmata); hellenistisellä kaudella Aleksandrian oppineiden työn myötä se tuli merkitsemään teksti- ja kirjallisuuskritiikkiä; hellenistisen kauden lopulta lähtien oikeakielisyysaspekti tulee mukaan vähitellen. Asiasanat filosofia – antiikki; kielitiede; klassiset kielet; määritelmät. Abstract UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Faculty of Humanities Doctoral Programme Utuling / School of Languages and Translation Studies SEPPÄNEN, MINNA: Defining the art of grammar: Ancient perceptions of γραμματική and grammatica Doctoral Dissertation, 256 pages Department of Classics March 2014 - – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – The subject of this dissertation, which belongs to the field of Classical Philology, are the definitions of the art of grammar found in Greek and Latin sources from the Classical era to the second century CE. Definitions survive from grammarians, philosophers, and general scholars. I have examined these definitions from two main points of view: how they are formed, and how they reflect the development of the art itself. Defining formed part of dialectic, in practice also of rhetoric, and was perceived as important from the Classical era onwards. Definitions of grammar seem to have become established as part of preliminary discussions, located at the beginning of grammatical manuals (tékhnai, artes). These discussions included certain principal notions of the art; in addition to the definition, a list of the parts of the art was also typically included. These lists were formed by two different methods: division (diaíresis, divisio) and partition (merismós, partitio). Many of the grammarians may actually have been unfamiliar with these methods, unlike the two most important scholars of the Late Republic, Varro and Cicero. Significant attention was devoted to the question whether the art of grammar is based on lógos or empeiría. This epistemological question had its roots in medical theories, which were prominent in Alexandria. In the history of the concept of grammatiké or grammatica, three stages become evident. In the Classical era, the Greek term is used to refer to a very concrete art of letters (grámmata); from the Hellenistic era onwards it refers to the art developed by the Alexandrian scholars, a matter of textual and literary criticism. Towards the end of the Hellenistic era, the grammarian also becomes involved with the question of correct language, which gradually begins to appear in the definitions as well. Acknowledgements My deepest thanks are due to Dr. Anneli Luhtala, under whose attentive guidance I have made my way through the process of writing this thesis: starting out as a project researcher in her Finnish Academy Project “The Arts of the Trivium in the Early Middle Ages” and continuing to be funded by Lang- net, The Finnish Graduate School of Language Sciences, and – in the final stage – by the Turku University Foundation (Turun Yliopistosäätiö). Dr. Luhtala, with her knowledge, both deep and wide, of ancient linguistics, as well as in her devotion to scholarship, has been an invaluable support since 2005. Dr. Jaana Vaahtera has been my home-based specialist and tutor; I do not think this work would have been completed without her in-depth teaching and her kind assistance. To Professor Jyri Vaahtera I owe my heartfelt thanks for his patience and support in various matters over the years. The external examiners of the manuscript were Dr. Casper De Jonge and Professor Emeritus Toivo Viljamaa, whom I thank for providing me with numerous corrections and insightful suggestions. Dr. Martti Leiwo has agreed to serve as my examiner in the defence of the thesis, for which – as well as for patience he has shown in the drawn-out final stages of the work – I thank him. My colleagues, many of them completing their theses around the same time as myself, have offered excellent peer group support. For insightful conversation and profound collegiality, I thank above all Dr. Inkeri Kinnari and Dr. Antti Lampinen; thanks are also due to my fellow classicists Tiina Hiekka- linna, Kalle Knaapi, Ville Leppänen, Dr. Martti Nyman, Veli-Matti Rissanen, and Ilkka Valve. I especially thank Emmi Hynönen for sharing with me some of the most significant moments of my life. My friend Ulla Di Mariano has always been there for me no matter what the subject, for which I wish to thank her. Dr. Lotta Lehti has shown a keen interest in my work, never failing to be supportive, for which I cordially thank her. My English was kindly proofread by Dr. Ellen Valle; any remaining errors are my own. Finally, I would like to thank my family: my mother and father, my dear sister and her family, and above all my husband, who is beyond doubt the best husband anyone could ever have. My two daughters, who were born in the course of the writing of this thesis, have been my blissful escape from the academic world, and I could not be more thankful for them. Minna Seppänen Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 The aim of the thesis ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Sources ......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 The ancient theory of defining and definitions ...................................... 5 1.3.1 Defining and the art of dialectic ......................................................... 5 1.3.2 Defining and the art of grammar ....................................................... 14 2. THE ART OF GRAMMAR IN THE MAKING ......................................................... 18 2.1 A starting point: what makes an expertise? ............................................ 18 2.2 Ancient historiography of the early art of grammar ............................. 19 2.3 Plato and Aristotle ...................................................................................... 22 2.4 The Stoics ....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Traditional Grammar
    Traditional Grammar Traditional grammar refers to the type of grammar study Continuing with this tradition, grammarians in done prior to the beginnings of modern linguistics. the eighteenth century studied English, along with many Grammar, in this traditional sense, is the study of the other European languages, by using the prescriptive structure and formation of words and sentences, usually approach in traditional grammar; during this time alone, without much reference to sound and meaning. In the over 270 grammars of English were published. During more modern linguistic sense, grammar is the study of the most of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, grammar entire interrelated system of structures— sounds, words, was viewed as the art or science of correct language in meanings, sentences—within a language. both speech and writing. By pointing out common Traditional grammar can be traced back over mistakes in usage, these early grammarians created 2,000 years and includes grammars from the classical grammars and dictionaries to help settle usage arguments period of Greece, India, and Rome; the Middle Ages; the and to encourage the improvement of English. Renaissance; the eighteenth and nineteenth century; and One of the most influential grammars of the more modern times. The grammars created in this eighteenth century was Lindley Murray’s English tradition reflect the prescriptive view that one dialect or grammar (1794), which was updated in new editions for variety of a language is to be valued more highly than decades. Murray’s rules were taught for many years others and should be the norm for all speakers of the throughout school systems in England and the United language.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 X 10 Long.P65
    Cambridge University Press 0521853060 - Strabo’s Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia Edited by Daniela Dueck, Hugh Lindsay and Sarah Pothecary Index More information Index of geographical names g. = gulf; is. = island; l. = lake; mt. = mountain; s. = sea Acarnania is. 95, 97 Anti-Lebanon 241 Ace (Acre) 253 Antioch 148 Achaea 146, 147, 153, 158, 160, 162, 176, 178 Antitaurus 210 Achaeans 124, 125 Apamea 205 Acherusian marsh 78 Apollonia 10, 11, 17 Acrocorinthus 153-4 Aquitania 168, 169, 177 Actium 67, 130, 149, 195, 197, 198 Arabia 92, 95, 245, 251, 257 Adriatic s. 173, 176 Arabian s. 36 Aea 229 Arabs 245 Aega 99 Arcadia 136, 152, 153, 154 Aegean is. 131 Argaeus mt. 210, 212 Aegean s. 145 Argos 10, 99 Aegina is. 94, 98 Aria 52 Aequi 126 Arians 49 Aetna mt. 78 Arimaspians 229 Africa see also Libya 221 Armenia 180, 193, 195, 198, 200-3, 205, 210, 214 Ahmed Serai 192 Armenians 203, 245 Ainali-Maghara 188 Ascalon 254 Alabanda 12, 129 Ashdodites 256-7 Albania 224 Asia see Asia Minor Alexandria 2, 41, 92, 106, 108, 116, 117, 132, 137, Asia Minor 44, 46, 59, 73, 79, 92, 99, 100, 122, 125, 139, 148, 208, 238, 254 129, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140-1, 142, 143, Alpes Maritimae 169-70, 173, 178 151, 155, 158, 159, 175, 177, 180, 185, 198, 199, Alps 92, 169-70, 171, 173, 178 202, 203, 204, 209, 214, 218, 219, 220, 221, Alps, Pontic 180 223, 225 Amanus r. 210 Asphalt l. see also Dead Sea 239, 241, 242, 243, Amasia 1, 58, 69, 82, 131, 141, 180-99, 224 244, 245 Amastris 192 Aspurgiani 198, 227 Amasya see Amasia Asteeis r.
    [Show full text]
  • Hegel's Critique of Ancient Skepticism
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Philosophy Theses Department of Philosophy Summer 8-1-2012 Hegel's Critique of Ancient Skepticism John Wood Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses Recommended Citation Wood, John, "Hegel's Critique of Ancient Skepticism." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2012. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/113 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Philosophy at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HEGEL’S CRITIQUE OF ANCIENT SKEPTICISM by JAY WOOD Under the Direction of Dr. Sebastian Rand ABSTRACT Recent work on the philosophy of G.W.F. Hegel has emphasized his interest in skeptical concerns. These contemporary scholars argue that, despite common opinions to the contrary, Hegel actually had a very keen interest in skepticism, one that informed and motivated much of his overall project. While I welcome this recent literature, I argue here that contemporary scholars have overemphasized the importance of skepticism for Hegel. By looking closely at Hegel’s arguments against skepticism in the Phenomenology of Spirit, I argue that Hegel’s anti-skeptical arguments are in fact major failures. Hegel’s failure is at odds with the emphasis that contemporary literature places on Hegel’s interests in skepticism. For a philosopher who was supposedly centrally concerned with skeptical issues, Hegel sure does not act like it. I conclude that the tension here is the result of contemporary scholars’ overemphasis of the role that skepticism plays in Hegel’s project.
    [Show full text]
  • The Problem of the Criterion
    Chapter 5 The Problem of the Criterion i "The problem of the criterion" seems to me to be one of the most important and one of the most difficult of all the problems of phi- losophy. I am tempted to say that one has not begun to philosophize until one has faced this problem and has recognized how unappealing, in the end, each of the possible solutions is. I have chosen this problem as my topic for the Aquinas Lecture because what first set me to thinking about it (and I remain obsessed by it) were two treatises of twentieth century scholastic philosophy. I refer first to P. Coffey's two-volume work, Epistemology or the Theory of Knowledge, pub- lished in 1917.1 This led me in turn to the treatises of Coffey's great teacher, Cardinal D. J. Merrier: Criteriologie generale ou theorie gen- erate de la certitude.2 Mercier and, following him, Coffey set the problem correctly, I think, and have seen what is necessary for its solution. But I shall not discuss their views in detail. I shall formulate the problem; then note what, according to Mercier, is necessary if we are to solve the prob- lem; then sketch my own solution; and, finally, note the limitations of my approach to the problem. What is the problem, then? It is the ancient problem of "the dial- lelus"—the problem of "the wheel" or "the vicious circle." It was 61 62 • PROBLEM OF THE CRITERION put very neatly by Montaigne in his Essays. So let us being by para- paraphrasing his formulation of the puzzle.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Gamma in Place of Digamma in Ancient Greek
    Mnemosyne (2020) 1-22 brill.com/mnem The Use of Gamma in Place of Digamma in Ancient Greek Francesco Camagni University of Manchester, UK [email protected] Received August 2019 | Accepted March 2020 Abstract Originally, Ancient Greek employed the letter digamma ( ϝ) to represent the /w/ sound. Over time, this sound disappeared, alongside the digamma that denoted it. However, to transcribe those archaic, dialectal, or foreign words that still retained this sound, lexicographers employed other letters, whose sound was close enough to /w/. Among these, there is the letter gamma (γ), attested mostly but not only in the Lexicon of Hesychius. Given what we know about the sound of gamma, it is difficult to explain this use. The most straightforward hypothesis suggests that the scribes who copied these words misread the capital digamma (Ϝ) as gamma (Γ). Presenting new and old evidence of gamma used to denote digamma in Ancient Greek literary and documen- tary papyri, lexicography, and medieval manuscripts, this paper refutes this hypoth- esis, and demonstrates that a peculiar evolution in the pronunciation of gamma in Post-Classical Greek triggered a systematic use of this letter to denote the sound once represented by the digamma. Keywords Ancient Greek language – gamma – digamma – Greek phonetics – Hesychius – lexicography © Francesco Camagni, 2020 | doi:10.1163/1568525X-bja10018 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0Downloaded license. from Brill.com09/30/2021 01:54:17PM via free access 2 Camagni 1 Introduction It is well known that many ancient Greek dialects preserved the /w/ sound into the historical period, contrary to Attic-Ionic and Koine Greek.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy. Volume 31, Winter 2006
    LIVING IN DOUBT: CARNEADES’ PITHANON RECONSIDERED SUZANNE OBDRZALEK I though the interpretation of ancient texts is inevitably di¶cult, Carneades presents what one might call a worst-case scenario. In the first place, he wrote nothing. To complicate matters, Carneades’ views were so obscure that his faithful disciple Clitomachus con- fessed that he could never figure out what Carneades actually be- lieved (Cic. Acad. 2. 139). Showing remarkable fortitude in the face of such an obstacle, Clitomachus, attempting to play Plato to Carneades’ Socrates, reportedly recorded Carneades’ teachings in 400 books (D.L. 4. 67). Not one remains. None the less, Clito- machus’ attempt to make a philosophy of Carneades’ anti-theoreti- cal stance was not a complete failure; Carneades had a tremendous influence on the later Academy as well as the Stoa, and his views (or lack thereof) have been handed down to us by both Sextus Em- piricus and Cicero. These sources are, however, problematic. As a Pyrrhonist, Sextus was critical of the Academy and may have ex- aggerated what he took to be Carneades’ dogmatism. Cicero, on the other hand, a student of Philo, was undoubtedly influenced in his interpretation of Carneades by his teacher’s dogmatic scepti- cism. Carneades is perhaps best known for proposing the pithan»e phantasia (probable impression) as a criterion for life. However, the status of his theory of the pithanon (probable) is completely unclear.1 Was it merely a dialectical move against the Stoic charge of apraxia (inaction)? Was it a theory that Carneades himself en- ã Suzanne Obdrzalek 2006 I would like to thank Alan Code, Tony Long, Julius Moravcsik, and David Sedley for their comments on this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Against the Logicians Edited by Richard Bett Frontmatter More Information
    Cambridge University Press 0521531950 - Sextus Empiricus: Against the Logicians Edited by Richard Bett Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE TEXTS IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY SEXTUS EMPIRICUS Against the Logicians © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521531950 - Sextus Empiricus: Against the Logicians Edited by Richard Bett Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE TEXTS IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Series editors KARL AMERIKS Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame DESMOND M. CLARKE Professor of Philosophy at University College Cork The main objective of Cambridge Textsin the History of Philosophy is to expand the range, variety and quality of texts in the history of philosophy which are available in English. The series includes texts by familiar names (such as Descartes and Kant) and also by less well-known authors. Wherever possible, texts are published in complete and unabridged form, and translations are specially commissioned for the series. Each volume contains a critical introduction together with a guide to further reading and any necessary glossaries and textual apparatus. The volumes are designed for student use at undergraduate and postgraduate level and will be of interest not only to students of philosophy, but also to a wider audience of readers in the history of science, the history of theology and the history of ideas. For a list of titles published in the series, please see end of book. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521531950
    [Show full text]
  • Grammar: a Historical Survey
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 10, Issue 6 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 60-62 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.Iosrjournals.Org Grammar: A Historical Survey Dr Pandey Om Prakash Associate Professor, Dept of English, Gaya College, Gaya (Under Magadha University, Bodh Gaya India) The term grammar has been derived from the Greek word ‘grammatica or grammatika techne’ which means ‘the art of writing’. The Greeks considered grammar to be a branch of philosophy concerned with the art of writing. In the middle ages grammar came to be regarded as a set of rules, usually in the form of text book, dictating correct usage. So in the widest and the traditional sense, grammar came to mean a set of normative and prescriptive rules in order to set up a standard of ‘correct usage’. The earliest reference of any grammar is to be found in 600 B.C.. Panini, in 600 B.C., was a Sanskrit grammarian from Pushkalvati, Gandhara, in modern day Charsadda District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Panini is known for his formulation of 3959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax, semantics in the grammar known as Ashtadhyayi meaning eight chapters. After Panin observations on Language are found in the records we have of pre-Socratic philosophers, the fifth century rhetoricians, Plato and Aristotle. The sources of knowledge of the pre-Socratic and the early theoraticians are fragmentary. It would be wise therefore to begin with Plato. The earliest extinct document in Greek on the subject of language is Cratylus, one of Plato’s dialogues.
    [Show full text]
  • Epistemic Relativism, Scepticism, Pluralism
    Synthese (2017) 194:4687–4703 DOI 10.1007/s11229-016-1041-0 S.I.: OBJECTIVITY IN SCIENCE Epistemic relativism, scepticism, pluralism Martin Kusch1 Received: 5 September 2015 / Accepted: 6 February 2016 / Published online: 23 February 2016 © The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract There are a number of debates that are relevant to questions concerning objectivity in science. One of the eldest, and still one of the most intensely fought, is the debate over epistemic relativism. —All forms of epistemic relativism commit themselves to the view that it is impossible to show in a neutral, non-question-begging, way that one “epistemic system”, that is, one interconnected set of epistemic standards, is epistemically superior to (all) others. I shall call this view “No-metajustification”. No-metajustification is commonly taken to deny the objectivity of standards. In this paper I shall discuss two currently popular attempts to attack “No-metajustification”. The first attempt attacks no-metajustification by challenging a particular strategy of arguing in its defence: this strategy involves the ancient Pyrrhonian “Problem of the Criterion”. The second attempt to refute No-metajustification targets its metaphysi- cal underpinning: to wit, the claim that there are, or could be, several fundamentally different and irreconcilable epistemic systems. I shall call this assumption “Plural- ism”. I shall address three questions with respect to these attempts to refute epistemic relativism by attacking no-metajustification: (i) Can the epistemic relativist rely on the Problem of the Criterion in support of No-metajustification? (ii) Is a combination of Chisholmian “particularism” (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Download 2.4 Mb
    Lucian and the Atticists: A Barbarian at the Gates by David William Frierson Stifler Department of Classical Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ William A. Johnson, Supervisor ___________________________ Janet Downie ___________________________ Joshua D. Sosin ___________________________ Jed W. Atkins Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classical Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Lucian and the Atticists: A Barbarian at the Gates by David William Frierson Stifler Department of Classical Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ William A. Johnson, Supervisor ___________________________ Janet Downie ___________________________ Joshua D. Sosin ___________________________ Jed W. Atkins An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classical Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by David William Frierson Stifler 2019 Abstract This dissertation investigates ancient language ideologies constructed by Greek and Latin writers of the second and third centuries CE, a loosely-connected movement now generally referred to the Second Sophistic. It focuses on Lucian of Samosata, a Syrian “barbarian” writer of satire and parody in Greek, and especially on his works that engage with language-oriented topics of contemporary relevance to his era. The term “language ideologies”, as it is used in studies of sociolinguistics, refers to beliefs and practices about language as they function within the social context of a particular culture or set of cultures; prescriptive grammar, for example, is a broad and rather common example. The surge in Greek (and some Latin) literary output in the Second Sophistic led many writers, with Lucian an especially noteworthy example, to express a variety of ideologies regarding the form and use of language.
    [Show full text]
  • Approaches to Grammar. Minnesota Univ., Minneapais
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 027 325 24 TE 001 272 Unit 903: Approaches to Grammar. Minnesota Univ., Minneapais. Center forCurriculum Development in English. Spons Agency-Office of Education (DHEW),Washington, O.C. Bureau of Research. Bureau No-BR-5-0658 Pub Date 68 Contract OEC-SAE -3- 10-010 Note- 68p. EDRS Price MF-$0.50 HC-S3.50 Descriptors-*Curriculum Guides, DiachronicLinguistics, English, English Curriculum, *English Inttruction,*Grade 9, *Grammar, InstructionalMaterials, *Language, Linguistics,Linguistic Theory, Secondary Education, Structural Grammar, Teaching Methods,Traditional Grammar, Transformation Theory(Langua9e) Identifiers-Minnesota Center Curriculum Developmentin English, *Project English This unit is intended fagive ninth-grade studentsa brief survey of the changes in the .study of language from thetime of the Greeks to the present. Organizedto proceed from the teacher'sintroduction of a subject to classexamination and discussion ofan excerpt from a grammarian's work, the unit focuseson the belief that a grammarian's methods,values, symbols, and classifications reflectthe age in which he lives and* thepurposes for which he works. Thesurvey begins by examining excerpts frorn Aristotle and Dionysius Thraxto show the Greek grammarian'sconcern for logic and rhetorical6nalysis. Next, the 18th-century desirefor the purification and preservation of languageis revealed by excerpts from Dr. Johnson,Robert Lowth, and others.Nineteenth-century historical andcomparative studies, are represented by excerpts from T. R.Lounsbury and Fitzedward Hall, whilethe concern of the Victorian middleclasses for "proper usage"is illustrated, by excerpts from "McGuffey's Readers." Currentinterest in transformational theoryis discussed with references to the work of Robert S.Wachal and Noam Chomsky. Anappendix includes a review sheet and culminating activities for theunit.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Diathesis and Its Didactic Practices in Latin Grammars from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages
    Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title An examination of diathesis and its didactic practices in Latin grammars from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages Author(s) O'Rorke, Jason Publication Date 2016-12-21 Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/6772 Downloaded 2021-09-29T21:56:48Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. An examination of diathesis and its didactic practices in Latin grammars from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages A Thesis by Jason O’Rorke In Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor Philosophiae Classics School of Languages, Literatures and Cultures College of Arts, Social Sciences and Celtic Studies National University of Ireland, Galway December 2016 Research Supervisor: Dr. Jacopo Bisagni Head of Discipline: Prof. Michael Clarke Table of Contents Table of Contents Declaration Regarding the Work ........................................................................... iv Abstract .................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ vi Translator’s Notes ................................................................................................ vii List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................... viii Chapter
    [Show full text]