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Le Caractère Innovant Du Programme Spatial Japonais - 日本の宇宙計画の革新的な性質

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https://lib.uliege.be https://matheo.uliege.be þÿLe caractère innovant du programme spatial japonais - eåg,0n[‡[™Šu;0n—ie°v„0j`'Œê Auteur : Mary, Robert Promoteur(s) : Thele, Andreas Faculté : Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres Diplôme : Master en langues et lettres anciennes, orientation orientales Année académique : 2019-2020 URI/URL : http://hdl.handle.net/2268.2/8555 Avertissement à l'attention des usagers : Tous les documents placés en accès ouvert sur le site le site MatheO sont protégés par le droit d'auteur. Conformément aux principes énoncés par la "Budapest Open Access Initiative"(BOAI, 2002), l'utilisateur du site peut lire, télécharger, copier, transmettre, imprimer, chercher ou faire un lien vers le texte intégral de ces documents, les disséquer pour les indexer, s'en servir de données pour un logiciel, ou s'en servir à toute autre fin légale (ou prévue par la réglementation relative au droit d'auteur). Toute utilisation du document à des fins commerciales est strictement interdite. Par ailleurs, l'utilisateur s'engage à respecter les droits moraux de l'auteur, principalement le droit à l'intégrité de l'oeuvre et le droit de paternité et ce dans toute utilisation que l'utilisateur entreprend. Ainsi, à titre d'exemple, lorsqu'il reproduira un document par extrait ou dans son intégralité, l'utilisateur citera de manière complète les sources telles que mentionnées ci-dessus. Toute utilisation non explicitement autorisée ci-avant (telle que par exemple, la modification du document ou son résumé) nécessite l'autorisation préalable et expresse des auteurs ou de leurs ayants droit. Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres Département des Sciences de l’Antiquité Le caractère innovant du programme spatial japonais 日本の宇宙計画の革新的な性質 Nihon no uchū keikaku no kakushinteki na seishitsu Mémoire présenté par Robert MARY Dans le cadre du Master en langues et lettres anciennes, orientation orientales Année académique 2019 - 2020 Remerciements Je remercie monsieur Andreas THELE mon directeur de mémoire, spécialiste du Japon ainsi que monsieur Philippe SWENNEN mon lecteur de mémoire, spécialiste de l’Inde, de la mythologie comparée mais aussi Président du Conseil des Études en langues et lettres anciennes, orientation orientales. Je tiens à remercier spécialement monsieur le professeur Gregor RAUW, également lecteur de ce mémoire, astrophysicien, titulaire du cours intitulé « Exploration Spatiale » de la faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Liège. Pour ce qui concerne les sciences spatiales il est le garant de la rigueur scientifique de ce mémoire. Cette démarche démontre une réelle coopération interfacultaire (Facultés des Sciences et de Philosophie et Lettres). Mes remerciements vont également à madame la professeure Yaël NAZÉ, astrophysicienne mais aussi spécialiste de l’histoire de l’astronomie, titulaire des cours intitulés « Evolution des idées en Astronomie » et « Initiation à l’esprit critique » de la faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Liège. Je remercie tout particulièrement pour le point de vue japonais au sujet de ce mémoire deux anciens vice-présidents de la Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, à savoir, monsieur Seishiro KIBE, ex-conseiller scientifique principal à la JAXA (département Recherche et Relations Internationales), ainsi que monsieur Tatsuo YASAKA, professeur émérite à l’Université de Kyushu. Remerciements particuliers à Neil ARMSTRONG pour son petit pas… 弘法にも筆の誤り。 Kōbō ni mo fude no ayamari. Even Buddhist teaching scrolls/scripts have some brush slips. Even the greatest expert or master sometimes fails. Proverbe japonais1 illustrant une conséquence malheureusement avérée de la quête d’innovation. 1 Chacun fait des erreurs de temps en temps (Ici, Kōbō fait référence au moine bouddhiste, saint, auteur, et calligraphe, Kōbō Daishi, aussi connu sous son nom de moine Kūkai). Il fonda la secte Shingon en +820 à l’époque Heian et est aussi considéré comme l’un des des trois plus grands calligraphes japonais dans l’histoire. Sources: « Japanese proverbs Executive Summary Short presentation of JAXA Japan is the fourth space power on Earth. JAXA (Japanese Space Exploration Agency) put successfully into orbit a satellite (Ōsumi) in 1970. Japan is the sole Asian country which is part of the International Space Station (ISS) providing logistic and scientific support (Kōnotori, an automated transport vehicle and Kibō as exploration module), demonstrating the high cooperation level Japan achieved among the international community since 1985. A Japanese astronaut was even in charge of the ISS command in 2014. The JAXA space programme is also influenced by the geographical situation of Japan and therefore mainly focused on natural disaster prevention. JAXA cooperates at international level on this aspect, to the benefit of ASEAN countries. The quest for innovation The present study explores the innovative aspect of the Japanese space programme and space missions. The Japanese space programme is innovative but not in all its components, this is due to budget constraints. Innovation also results from the capacity to manage initial failure (Hiten probe managed to deploy Hagoromo satellite in Lunar orbit in 1991 thanks to the very first application in space of a scientific theory dating from 1925). The major drawback of innovation is sometimes the partial failure of space missions (e.g. Hitomi where the spacecraft was lost due to software calculation errors causing satellite break-up of the satellite in space). Japan is the third space power in terms of scientific missions (after USA and Europe), proving its innovation capability. The search for innovation is clearly demonstrated in the following scientific sectors and missions : X-ray (Hitomi in 2016), infra-red (SPICA, a telescope cryogenically cooled by JAXA to be launched in space by JAXA in 2027), space debris management (Kōnotori 6 mission with integrated tether experiment in 2017, only Japan proceeds to tests in space), dicovery of Venus (Akatsuki probe was awakened in 2015 after five years of silence demonstrating also successful use of solar sail Ikaros), study of comets and asteroids (Hayabusa-1 probe bringing samples of Itokawa asteroïd in 2010 - after seven years of silence- using ionic propulsion, and Tsubame microsatellite testing ionic propulsion in super low altitude in 2017), and use of solar energy converted into electricity on Earth (Space Solar System Power System, a project scheduled for 2030). dictionary », Language Realm, disponible à l’adresse suivante: http://www.languagerealm.com/japanese/japaneseproverbs_ko.php, consultée le 22/06/2018 / ULiège : « Introduction aux religions du Japon : shintoïsme et bouddhisme » - Mme Edith Culot (2018-2019) : https://www.programmes.uliege.be/cocoon/cours/ASIE0009-1.html. The influence of culture The Japanese space programme and its space missions have been influenced by Japanese history (including Japanese mythology) and Japanese culture (past and present). Japanese culture explains why JAXA is seeking for excellency (Muga is a quest for excellency derived from a Japanese version of Zen buddhism), it also explains why the director of JAXA publicly apologized in June 2016 towards Japanese citizens and the international scientific community after the failure of Hitomi (when Giri towards his own name -i.e. when moral duty to meet obligations- can not be satisfied, the person has to apologize to « clear his name »). No other space agency ever behaved like this. Make a safer use of space Influenced by the Constitution of Japan in 1947 and the law creating JAXA in 2002, the Japanese space programme has always promoted the use of space for peaceful purposes. However some technologies named « dual technologies » allow the use of space in both the civilian and military. The use of dual technologies for defense purpose can be explained by geopolitical considerations (China tested an antisatellite weapon in 2007 creating space debris). As a result Japan revised a law regarding its activities in space in 2008, allowing the creation of a « space policy division » which was put in place in 2012. This defensive force is responsible for monitoring dangerous debris floating within close vicinity of the Earth, as well as for protecting satellites from collisions or attacks. Space debris monitoring activities of JAXA occur in close cooperation with NASA from 2013 on, sharing a space operation center within the Space Situation Awareness (SSA) project. JAXA is the sole space agency which tested the removal of space debris in space in 2017, even if unsuccessful so far this is another evidence of Japanese innovation. Japan -by its space policy division- is also the leading country advocating the creation of a binding International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities in order to prevent and manage space debris. Conclusion Although limited in scope due to budget constraints, JAXA has demonstrated its regular quest for innovation (especially from the nineties) in different scientific topics throughout different missions over time, knowing both success and failure. Innovation is part of Japanese culture, and is namely intended for the benefit of the international community protecting not only Japan but Earth from various dangers, even though dual technologies by nature can be used « for wrong purposes » in a space offensive strategy. Fortunately Japan’s space strategy promotes the peaceful use of space by defensive ways. Within the framework of a collective self-defence strategy (allowing offensive actions by security laws of 2015),
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