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Kebijakan Luar Negeri Australia Terhadap Indonesia: Pemerintahan John Howard Dari Partai Koalisi Liberal (1996-2007) Dan Pemerin

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Kebijakan Luar Negeri Australia Terhadap Indonesia: Pemerintahan John Howard Dari Partai Koalisi Liberal (1996-2007) Dan Pemerin KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI AUSTRALIA TERHADAP INDONESIA: PEMERINTAHAN JOHN HOWARD DARI PARTAI KOALISI LIBERAL (1996-2007) DAN PEMERINTAHAN KEVIN RUDD DARI PARTAI BURUH (2007-2010) Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pada Jurusan Hubungan Internasional Oleh: Christa Mc Auliffe Suryo Puteri NIM: 106083003625 PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2011 LEMBAR PERNYATAAN Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa : 1. Skripsi ini merupakan hasil karya asli saya yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar strata 1 di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Semua sumber yang saya gunakan dalam penulisan ini telah saya cantumkan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Jika di kemudian hari terbukti bahwa karya ini bukan hasil karya saya atau merupakan hasil jiplakan dari karya orang lain, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Jakarta, 29 Juli 2011 Christa Mc Auliffe Suryo Puteri i ABSTRAK Penelitian di dalam skripsi ini memaparkan tentang kebijakan luar negeri Australia terhadap Indonesia dari dua pemerintahan Australia yang dipimpin oleh dua Perdana Menteri dari dua partai besar yang berbeda di Australia, yakni pemerintahan John Howard dari Partai Koalisi Liberal (1996-2006) dan pemerintahan Kevin Rudd dari Partai Buruh (2007-2010). Konsep yang dipakai penulis untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian di dalam skripsi ini adalah konsep kebijakan luar negeri model adaptif milik Rosenau yang dikaitkan dengan faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal yang mempengaruhi kebijakan luar negeri Australia. Model adaptif ini menggambarkan bahwa kebijakan luar negeri Australia terhadap Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh faktor- faktor internal dan eksternal serta gaya kepemimpinan (leadership) Perdana Menteri dari Partai Koalisi Liberal dan Partai Buruh. Selanjutnya, skripsi ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan mengandalkan data-data primer dan skunder yang bertujuan untuk memaparkan atau mendeskripsikan tentang kebijakan luar negeri Australia terhadap Indonesia pada pemerintahan John Howard dan Kevin Rudd. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa terdapat faktor-faktor internal dan eksternal serta gaya kepemimpinan dari Perdana Menteri John Howard dari Partai koalisi Liberal dan Kevin Rudd dari Partai Buruh yang mempengaruhi kebijakan luar negeri Australia terhadap Indonesia. Di antara faktor-faktor tersebut, faktor gaya kepemimpinanlah yang menjadi fokus penulis dari penelitian ini. ii KATA PENGANTAR Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, segala puji bagi Allah SWT atas segala rahmat dan nikmatnya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Sebagai syarat untuk mendapatkan gelar sarjana pada jurusan Hubungan Internasional. Terimakasih dan syukur penulis ucapkan atas segala dukungan dan motivasi yang telah diberikan kepada penulis dari berbagai pihak sehingga penulis mampu menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Penulis menyadari bahwa dukungan dan motivasi dari berbagai pihak tersebut sangat membantu penulis dalam melalui hambatan selama proses penyelesaian skripsi ini. Berbagai pihak yang membantu di antaranya: kedua orang tua penulis, Papa dan Mama tersayang yang telah memberikan yang terbaik untuk penulis, baik kasih sayang, doa, nasehat, dukungan dan motivasi dalam segala hal dari awal hingga akhir, terimakasih Papa dan Mamaku tersayang. Selain itu, penulis ingin menyampaikan rasa terimakasih kepada kedua kakak penulis, Mas Agnesch dan Mas Ronald yang selalu menemani, membantu, menjaga, menyayangi dan berbagi banyak hal kepada penulis. Terimakasih banyak karena kalian telah memberikan dan menjadi yang terbaik untukku. Kemudian, penulis juga menyampaikan rasa terima kasih yang sebesar- besarnya kepada dosen pembimbing sekaligus Ketua Jurusan Hubungan Internasional, Ibu Dina Afrianty, Ph.D, yang telah membimbing penulis dalam memahami permasalahan di dalam skripsi ini, meluangkan waktu untuk membaca skripsi ini, mendengarkan penulis, memberi dukungan penulis, menyemangati di saat suka maupun duka. Semua itu sangat membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Terimakasih atas arahan, ilmu, nasehat, dukungan serta motivasi yang telah Ibu Dina berikan selama ini. Penulis sangat bersyukur sekali dapat bertemu dan dibimbing oleh Ibu Dina. Sekali lagi terimakasih Ibu Dina atas smuanya. Selanjutnya, terimakasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada Bapak Ali Munhanif Ph.D. selaku Penasehat Akademik, Bapak Agus Nilmada Azmi M.Si. selaku Sekretaris Jurusan Hubungan Internasional, Bapak Nazaruddin Nasution, iii MA dan Bapak Adian Firnas, M.Si selaku dosen Hubungan Internasional, dan juga seluruh staf Dosen di jurusan Hubungan Internasional yang telah mengajarkan dan membagi ilmunya kepada penulis selama masa studi di UIN. Terimakasih penulis ucapkan kepada Prof. Dr. Ikrar Nusa Bhakti selaku peneliti LIPI, yang telah meluangkan waktunya untuk diwawancara oleh penulis dan menjelaskan secara detail kepada penulis mengenai hubungan Australia- Indonesia. Terimakasih juga Prof. Ikrar untuk beberapa masukannya. Terimakasih kepada seluruh keluarga besar penulis atas dukungan dan doanya. Pakde, Bude, Oom, Tante, dan Sepupu-sepupu (Suryo Putero dan Suryo Puteri) yang telah menghibur penulis di saat bosan, terimakasih. Terimakasih juga kepada: Ali Fikri, Natiqoh, Qory , Izzun dan Anne, yang turut serta membantu penulis dalam mencari dan mendapatkan bahan-bahan untuk skripsi ini. Teman-teman penulis yang selalu ada untuk mendengarkan isi hati penulis: Dian, Diah, Desty dan Astrid, terimakasih. Untuk sahabat kecil penulis Septiani, makasih atas dukungannya selama ini. Serta untuk teman-teman HI lainnya: Insan, Firman, Nanda, Ican, Alfi Perdana, Julian, dan lain-lain yang tidak bisa penulis tuliskan satu persatu, namun tanpa mengurangi rasa terimakasih kepada kalian, thank you so much and best luck for you mates. Penulis juga sampaikan terimakasih kepada rekan-rekan kerja di Toeic Center Indonesia yang telah memberikan kesempatan serta pengalaman kepada penulis. Terimakasih atas dispensasi waktu yang diberikan kepada penulis untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Tidak lupa penulis ucapkan terimakasih yang tulus untuk Mustafid yang selama ini telah setia menemani, mendengarkan dan memberikan kecerian serta nasehat kepada penulis. Terimakasih untuk perhatian dan dukungan yang diberikan. Semangat buat skripsinya Mustafid, Jeg Elsker Deg. Terakhir, terlepas dari adanya kekurangan di dalam skripsi ini, penulis berharap skripsi ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi siapapun yang membacanya. Dan untuk semua pihak yang membantu dalam penyelasaian skripsi ini semoga diberikan balasan kebaikan yang berlipat. Christa Mc Auliffe Suryo Puteri iv DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR TABEL BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang…………………………………….........................1 B. Pertanyaan Penelitian…………………………...............................6 C. Kerangka Pemikiran C.1 Konsep Kebijakan Luar Negeri.................................................7 C.2 Konsep Kepentingan Nasional................................................12 D. Metode Penelitian………………………………….......................13 E. Sistematika Penulisan………………………….............................14 BAB II FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI AUSTRALIA A. Faktor Internal A.1 Faktor Sejarah dan Demografis...............................................17 A.2 Faktor Geografis......................................................................22 A.3 Kepentingan Nasional..............................................................26 A.4 Pembuatan Kebijakan Luar Negeri Australia..........................30 A.5 Kebijakan Pertahanan Australia..............................................38 B. Faktor Eksternal B.1 Perkembangan Konstelasi Politik, Keamanan dan Ekonomi Regional dan Internasional......................................................40 v BAB III KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI AUSTRALIA TERHADAP INDONESIA: PEMERINTAHAN JOHN HOWARD DARI PARTAI KOALISI LIBERAL (1996-2007) DAN PEMERINTAHAN KEVIN RUDD DARI PARTAI BURUH (2007-2010) A. Kebijakan Luar Negeri Australia Terhadap Indonesia di Bawah Pemerintahan John Howard dari Koalisi Liberal (1996-2007).........44 B. Kebijakan Luar Negeri Australia Terhadap Indonesia di Bawah Pemerintahan Kevin Rudd dari Partai Buruh (2007-2010)..............66 BAB IV ANALISA GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN JOHN HOWARD DARI PARTAI KOALISI LIBERAL DAN KEVIN RUDD DARI PARTAI BURUH Analisa Gaya Kepemimpinan John Howard dari Partai Koalisi Liberal dan Kevin Rudd dari Partai Buruh......................................................78 BAB V PENUTUP A. Kesimpulan…………………………………..............................87 DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN vi DAFTAR TABEL Tabel III.1 Bantuan Australia untuk Kegiatan Anti-Teroris: 2002-2005..............56 Tabel III.2 Barang Ekspor Utama Australia ke Indonesia: 2000-2004....……......59 Tabel III.3 Barang Impor Utama Australia dari Indonesia: 2000-2004........…….61 Tabel III.4 Grafik Perdagangan Indonesia-Australia: 2001-2006..........................62 Tabel IV Neraca Perdagangan Indonesia-Australia: 2007-2010..........................74 vii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1: Transkrip Wawancara Lampiran 2: Defence White Paper 2009 viii BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Australia dan Indonesia merupakan dua negara yang secara geografis dekat, namun memiliki banyak perbedaan, baik dalam segi sejarah, politik, ekonomi, sosial dan budaya. Karena begitu banyaknya perbedaan
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