Making the Switch to 5G and 60 Ghz in Mhealth Applications Using

The me Article: Connecte d Health

M a ki n g t h e S wit c h t o 5 G and 60 G Hz in m Health A p plications Usin g U S R P Har d ware

Stefa n A. Brue n dl Hua Fa ng University of Massachusetts Dart mouth an d University of Massachusetts Dart mouth an d University of Massachusetts Me dical School University of Massachusetts Me dical School

A bstr a ct —The 5 G net works will see i mple mentation in m Health in the upco ming years, and it beco mes increasingly i mportant to be able to test and develop soft ware for the ne w generation of hard ware. This ne w generation will likely utilize higher frequency bands in order to be considered 5 G. The proposed method of utilizing U S R P devices as testbeds should infor m researchers of possibilities of e mulating ne w soft ware in real- world environ ments, to test for various para meters. This article uses other sources to explain the extent of 60 G Hz co m munication capabilities of US RP devices in modern 5 G research.

BACKGROUND & W ITH THE EVER evolving co mponent of con- other factors and pro mised benefits of s witching necte d healt h, t hat is, m Healt h an d its a p plica- to 5 G. Research on 5 G technologies, especially tions co mes the need to test and develop ne w t hose i n hig her, less p o p ulate d fre q ue ncies (u nlike technologies as old ones beco me obsolete due the highly populated 2.4 G Hz frequency) such as to t he s hift of tec hnologies. Wit h 5 G net works on 60 G Hz fre quencies, ai ms to pre pare t he next gen- t he rise, m Healt h devices suc h as EE Gs, E C Gs, fit- eration of devices for the s witch to 5 G. With bit trackers, and other wireless co m munication m m Wave technology and 5 G devices, a ne w era of devices may be required to make the s witch, be wireless co m munication is a bout to begin, making it due to increased s peed, security, accuracy, or testing and the preparation of testing environ- ments increasingly necessary. This article ai ms Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ MI C.2019.2962797 at these testing opportunities, mostly utilizing Date of publication 30 Dece mber 2019; date of current the mostly utilizing the Universal Soft ware Ra dio versi o n 29 A pril 2020. Peripheral ( US RP) fa mily of devices. US RPs are

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A ut h ori z e d li c e n s e d u s e li mit e d t o: U ni v er sit y of M a s s a c h u s ett s - D art m o ut h. D o w nl o a d e d o n N o v e m b er 1 6, 2 0 2 0 at 1 5: 4 0: 2 6 U T C fr o m I E E E X pl or e. R e stri cti o n s a p pl y. Connecte d Health

Soft ware- Defined Radios (S DRs) that are capable give feedback. This often occurs when users are of creating 60 G Hz co m munication testing environ- elderly and prone to forgetting infor mation or ments and enable not only si mulation of ne wly details an d prefer to have a caretaker to a djust developed soft ware, but also e mulation of that t he device i nstea d. technology, allo wing for real- world stress-testing A step beyond Assisted Healthcare is Super- and i mple mentation. There is not too much vised Healthcare. In this subcategory the care- research co mbining 60 G Hz, USRPs and m m Wave taker may be at a re mote location ( most technologies, es pecially with m Health a pplications co m monly a hospital) and receive data fro m the as of t he writi ng of t his article. T his article i ntr o- body sensors re motely. This way the caretaker duced various different ways of co mbining US RPs can oversee, analyze, an d act on t he receive d data an d may potentially be a ble to alter t he configura- and soft ware to ena ble testing and co mputing in a tions and settings of the body sensors re motely. research environ ment and e mbark on 5 G research. This si mplifies the process of patient care for patients that require devices such as EE Gs or STATE OF mHEALTH E C Gs as t hey are all o we d t o leave t he h os pital a n d The technologies surrounding m Health appli- continue wit h t heir lives in natural environ ments cations and devices have largely already been without worrying about adjusting the devices or i mple mented into society and can be seen on var- se n di ng re p orts as it is all a ut o mate d. ious different occasions. Wit h devices suc h as fit- T he dee pest level of auto mation occurs at t he bit trackers, heart rate sensors, porta ble EE Gs, last subcategory of m Health: continuous moni- and E C Gs and various features in other portable toring. T his su bcategory is very si milar to Su per- devices, m Health has already been presented to vised Healthcare, but it re moves the hu man society and widely accepted as medical devices. caretaker co mponent. Instead of a caretaker ana- These mentioned devices operate as on-body lyzing data, an auto mated process uses analysis technology collecting data fro m move ment, heart models and deep learning techniques to analyze rate, activity, an d ot her useful metrics for users the received data and make adjust ments to t o a nalyze. 1 T he use of t hese devices is acce pte d the body sensor re motely, just as the caretaker wi dely an d so me use it casually to i m prove t heir would have done. This auto mated process is o wn health while others may receive fro m physi- also supervised by another hospital me mber, cians a prescription of using or wearing on-body ho wever, not as fre quently as Su pervise d Healt h- se ns ors f or t he c ollecti o n of data. T he latter ofte n care re q uires t his pers o n t o. occurs in hospital settings for when patients These differentiations in techniques sho w need to be monitored over ti me using EEGs, that m Health is being i mple mented in a hospital E C Gs, or ot her me dical e qui p ment. In eit her case, environ ment. Ho wever, as ti me changes, so do sensitive data are handled and may be sent to de mands of soft ware, har d ware, and patient care. ot her devices for analysis. T he evolution of t he Iss ues t hat are c urre ntly at t he s urface of m Healt h, Internet of T hings (Io T) allo ws users to sen d t his body sensor net work, and wireless body area data to servers t hat analyze t he data an d provi de net work ( WB A N) research are security, battery usef ul metrics back t o t he user or patie nt. life, tra ns missio n atten uati on, a n d s pee d. Sec urity There are four subcategories for m Health measures are i mportant since i mportant, personal data a nalysis. 2 Self-healthcare manage ment is me dical data are i n q uestio n of tra ns missio n. Bat- t he lo west level of analysis w here data collecte d tery life matters sig nificantly since devices s ho ul d by an on-body device is trans mitted wirelessly run at least 24 h and s houl d not be re quire d to be to and analyzed by an app on the user’s phone. charged frequently (especially when considering T his tec hni que allo ws for direct self- monitoring i mplant sensors). Battery life is affecte d by t he an d kee ps data well wit hin personal reac h. protocols running inside an on body sensor, type Another technique is Assisted Healthcare, of tra ns missio n, a n d sec urity feat ures. A ny calcu- where data are sent to a caregiver’s phone or latio n de pletes t he battery i nsi de a n d fi n ding acc u- ot her a nalysis device i nstea d of t he user’s direct rate, yet c ost efficient alg orit h ms a n d a p plicati ons phone. This caregiver may take on the role as is a big p oi nt of researc h i n t his fiel d. T his i n t ur n analyst and aid the pri mary user/patient of the affects trans mission s peed, accuracy, and attenu- m Health device in adjusting their routines or ation. Trans mission also requires battery po wer

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A ut h ori z e d li c e n s e d u s e li mit e d t o: U ni v er sit y of M a s s a c h u s ett s - D art m o ut h. D o w nl o a d e d o n N o v e m b er 1 6, 2 0 2 0 at 1 5: 4 0: 2 6 U T C fr o m I E E E X pl or e. R e stri cti o n s a p pl y. for successful, accurate execution. Research is being conducte d in all of t hese ﬁel ds to i mprove perfor mance of body sensors and WB A Ns.

m m- WAVE OF 60 GHZ AND mHEALTH A subject t hat is al ways a fiel d of interest is wireless co m munication. Cheaper and faster trans mission is t he goal of a lot of researc h surrounding this field. The next wave of i mprove ment is ai med at 5 G net works utilizing frequencies suc h as 60 G Hz to trans mit more data more rapidly. Fi g ur e 1. T wo US RPs, each with one antenna Looking at m Health and body sensor products, connecte d to either RF1 or RF2. the s witch to 60 G Hz could mean much more than a perfor mance increase due to higher speeds and soft ware-defined radios (S DR) that can be used accuracy. The most significant point of i mprove- as a testbed with various different para meters ment lies within attenuation of messages, espe- and capabilities. Co mbined with G N U Radio or cially in the current day and age. Many machines M ATL AB, USRPs can e mulate different testbed use t he near over po pulated fre quency of 2.4 G Hz. scenarios with different frequencies (2.4, 5, 30 Micro waves, Internet, Bluetooth, and other wire- G Hz, etc.) depending on the installed daughter- less co m munications operate on the 2.4 and board. These daughterboards and the custo miz- 5 G Hz frequencies, causing interference to other ability of US RP devices make the m an extre mely machines and trans missions that are occurring strong testbed and testing environ ment. Using nearby. WB A Ns use an internal structure in the multiple US RPs at the sa me ti me to configure a case a net work has multiple nodes within. For net work can aid in e mulating multinode WB A Ns exa mple, an EEG and ECG may both atte mpt to and other m Health net works. While there are co m municate the collected data with a third node currently no publicly released node net works wit hin t he net work t hat can t hen sen d t hese data operating at 60 G Hz wavelengths, these USRP to an analysis center over Wi-Fi. This co m munica- devices can foster research of methods that may tion net work is local and is currently affected by potentially be i mple mented in such a net work attenuation of any 2.4 G Hz signal t hat interferes. once it is created/released publicly. US RPs are Hence, s witc hing to a hig her frequency suc h as 60 S D R, which means that they can be easily coded G Hz and upgrading sensors to internal 5 G net- and altered through coding the test environ- works would i mprove co m munication tre men- ment. This allo ws for the i mple mentation and d o usly, wit h less packages l ost a n d, t herefore, less e mulation of deep-learning algorith ms, path- battery po wer require d to resen d data. finding, encryption, frequency adjust ments, and The 5 G net works and 60 G Hz co m munication many more variables within the USRP device are currently being researc he d in various differ- and its underlying net work. This high custo miz- ent ways, but only so me connect m Health and a bility ca n c over t he setti ngs of vari o us differe nt 60 G Hz co m munication together. There are, ho w- devices an d t heir res pective features. Setting u p ever, tec hnologies availa ble to test, develo p, an d a US RP to e mulate an EE G sending data to a sec- potentially deploy 60 G Hz node net works. While ond USRP e mulating a trans mission node in a many of these devices are prototypes or cur- net work that uses 30 G Hz or higher frequencies rently ex pensive e qui p ment, t hey are still a goo d for co m munication is made incredibly easy due way of testing and e mulating code that can work to the custo mizability of features, li mitations, wit hin a 60 G Hz net work. and para meters within a US RP and its daughter- board using G N U Radio or M ATL AB. USRP TESTBED AND APPLICATI ONS A sa mple setup of t wo USRP devices can be WIT H 5 G seen in Figure 1. Here, t wo US RPS are connected US RP Device to a single host co mputer with the help of a The Universal Soft ware Radio Peripheral Giga bit Et hernet s witc h (as seen in Figure 2) an d fro m Ettus Research consists of a variety of their respective Ethernet cables. Each device is

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environ ment and applying it to the ﬁeld of W B A Ns and other m Health applications.

Initial Ex posure to U S R Ps at 60 G Hz Since Ettus Research allo ws for higher frequency capabilities in their US RP devices, daug h- terboards and antennas, testing has beco me widely acce ptable and easy for any researc h tea m. Dating back to 2015, US RPs started seeing expo- sure to research tea ms atte mpting to utilize the US RP at higher frequencies. A certain study 3 h a s developed and i mple mented their o wn hard ware Fi g ur e 2. C o n n e cti o n of t h e U S R P s t o t h e Gi g a bit and circuits in co mbination with USRP mother- Et h er n et S wit c h t h at i s c o n n e cti n g t h e d e vi c e s t o boards ( most co m monly using the USRP N200/ t h e h o st. N210 series) t o allo w ot her researc h gr ou ps access to 60 G Hz experi mentation and testing. Alongside connected to a 850 M Hz–6.5 G Hz antenna to allo w a guide on ho w to set up the hard ware and soft- the m to co m municate and e mulate a range of ware environ ment, t he group release d extra func- differe nt fre q ue ncies. T his set u p c oul d be altere d tions for M A TL A B/ Octave to test this setup at 60 to exclude antennas altogether if the US RPs were G Hz t o all o w ot her grou ps t o s uccessfully re plicate linke d directly wit h a ca ble i nstea d of a ntennas f or findings of t he study. This initial ste p to war d 60 trans mission, but since attenuation and package G Hz research utilizing rather inexpensive US RPs l oss d o n ot occur realistically i n t hat case, a nten- was o ne of t he major starting p oi nts f or i nitiati ng nas are still being used to be more accurate to researc h in t he 60 G Hz fiel d. While t here may have real- world para meters. One antenna is set up to been so me issues with the distribution of these be a Trans mitter while the other is connected a d diti o n al C þ þ based, 60 G Hz enhancing files, t o t he receiver p ort of t he US R P. t hey s houl d still work if installe d correctly into MATLAB or Octave. Ho wever, there have been more recent research experi ments that utilize Past Si mulations/ E mulations De monstrated co mpletely different environ ments and settings to Wit h U S R P achieve 60 G Hz capabilities with US RPs. Due to the i mpending s witch to 5 G net works, experi mentation with soft ware and hard ware capable of co m municating at those frequencies USRP and G N U Radio is beco ming incredibly i mportant. There are var- The most co m monly accepted soft ware ious US RP models on the Ettus Research website develop ment environ ment for USRP devices is that are capable of co m municating at frequen- t he free G N U Ra dio a p plication. It features si mi- cies above 5 G Hz and giving this exact testing lar features as Si mulink within MATLAB does, environ ment for a rather lo w price. Research but focuses more deeply on S DRs such as the has been perfor med in various different fields US R P fa milies. G N U Ra dio is most easily installe d utilizing US RP hard ware and different daughter- on Linux and Mac devices but may run into b oar ds t o a dj ust f or trial para meters. T his article so me issues if installed on windo ws. The official mainly focuses on sho wcasing and elaborating G N U Radio website gives detailed instructions on recent researc h utilizing US R Ps an d test envi- on ho w to set up the environ ment and it con- ron ments t hat utilize hig her fre quencies (inclu d- nects directly to USRPs through an Ethernet ing 60 G Hz) to prove viability in using these connection if set up and referenced correctly. devices to test, not only for high-frequency Si milarly to other S DR-based progra ms such as co m munication, but also to sho wcase potential Si mulink, G N U Radio is a block diagra m based for m Health application tests. To our kno wledge, environ ment where nodes are connected to fe w research has been done co mbining this modify waves sent out fro m the US RP including high-frequency testing environ ment, the USRP decryption/encryption, frequency and wave- capability of e mulating and si mulating this length adjust ments, and many more. Users have

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A ut h ori z e d li c e n s e d u s e li mit e d t o: U ni v er sit y of M a s s a c h u s ett s - D art m o ut h. D o w nl o a d e d o n N o v e m b er 1 6, 2 0 2 0 at 1 5: 4 0: 2 6 U T C fr o m I E E E X pl or e. R e stri cti o n s a p pl y. Fi g ur e 3. Exa m ple of a setu p for a Tx Pro gra m in G N U Ra dio.

to set up Tx and Rx progra ms, respectively, t he US RPs can take t his developed code and run it if t wo or more USRPs are desired to co m muni- with the help of G N U Radio in a much stronger, cate with another. It is possible to run both more realistic hard ware-based environ ment. these progra ms concurrently using one or more T his gives a large benefit to testing a pplications co mputers connected to multiple USRPs. An that may run into issues when i mple mented in exa mple of a 2.45 G Hz Tx Progra m can be seen real life. T hese iss ues i nclu de, b ut are n ot li mite d in Figure 3. This diagra m uses blocks to modu- to, attenuation, packet loss, battery life, inter- late an in put, multi ply it to make it more sta ble ference due to o bstacles or other signals and t he for trans mission, and then uses the USRP Sink effect of distance on s pee d an d accuracy of trans- to send the data while graphing results using mitted signals, especially at niche, ne w fields the QT GUI Node (results can be seen in including 5 G co m munication, 60 G Hz frequency, Fig ure 4). and net works co mbining the m through t wo or Studies use G N U Radio to e mulate their soft- more nodes (especially in W B A Ns). ware on US RPs, which can serve as experi mental In t he case of t his stu dy 4 G N U Radio was used testbeds and environ ments to prove the efficiency to develop AG m m Wave channel sounding meas- of their soft ware. As opposed to nor mal si mula- ure ments to esta blis h air-to-ground ( A G) channels tion in a co mputer-based soft ware environ ment, for co m munication wit h aerial vehicles. The study

Fi g ur e 4. Result of QT G UI fre quency sink.

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was ai med at testing hig her frequencies including this environ ment for laboratory settings. Kno w- 60 and 28 G Hz, which was very well suited for ing t he li mits of ne w tec hnology can hel p pre dict USRP devices. A 60 G Hz co m munication is made via bility of i m ple mentation of t his ne w soft ware/ easier to code and i mple ment through the G N U har d ware in professional settings, suc h as hos pi- Radio soft ware tool. Co m munication links bet ween tals ai ming to use WBA Ns and other m Health USRPs and receivers make co m munication with technologies to co m municate wirelessly across aerial ve hicles easy due to t he mini mal weig ht an d patient’s bo dies an d data collection devices. signal stre ngt h of t he US R P. Anot her si milar study 7 tackling bea mfor ming The authors of this study 5 create a US RP- ca pabilities for 5 G net works ai ms to aid research based video strea ming co m munication link for phased array syste ms in m m Wave and 5 G net- bet ween t wo USRP N210s running with 60 G Hz works. Utilizi ng t he US R P B200 mini alongsi de ot her capable Tx/Rx Frontends. This study directly hard ware, Python, M A TL AB, and G N U- Radio a soft- i mple ments 60 GHz on the USRPs instead of ware-defined phased array radio (S DP AR) is cre- e mulating the frequency. The hard ware setup ated to create a modifiable bea mfor ming setup for includes the t wo US RP N210s, 30 db Attenuators, future researc hers to use and test. Both of these RF Single-Ended Differential Converters, 60 G Hz studies use different setups utilizing different converters, and 60 G Hz capable horn antennas. US RP models and different soft ware to arrive at Details a b out t he setu p are give n wit hi n t his arti- the sa me core result of ai ding researchers i mprove cle. The study found that the trans mission 5 G net works at m m Wave levels. In return, all this strength was highly dependent on the direction develop ment aids m Health research as well, since and angle of the antennas, but that the syste m it boosts kno wledge and researc h that can be used could still perfor m above average. A large issue to i mple ment si milar hard ware into W B A Ns, fit bits, within t his study was to cancel noise and keep a a n d ot her digital me dical devices. clean signal for trans mission. T his alongsi de pre- vious stu dies s ho wcases t he availa bility of e qui p- ment that can correctly and accurately e mulate DIS C USSI O N and si mulate 60 G Hz co m munication using US RPs. Current research on USRP devices aids tre- While the i mple mentation of USRPs is not mendously in advancing m m Wave research due too far beyond testing and not too widely used to its strong co m munication ca pa bilities, es pecially as of 2019, it cannot be neglected that these at hig her 5 G fre quencies inclu ding 60 G Hz, w hic h is first steps of progress and i mple mentation of currently in high de mand. Utilizing co m munication 60 G Hz capable devices using G N U Radio and soft ware such as G NU-Radio, Python, Lab VIE W, US RPs makes future research easier and grants and M ATL AB, most of which are co mpletely free a head start on experi mentation with ne w 5 G and accessible to the public, US RP devices are capable devices that are to co me. very cheap research devices for 5 G technology that is on the rise. The head start that these Other Soft ware machines give on developing tools for 5 G net- USRPs work with other soft ware [SPDAR works is undeniable and highly reco m mendable. (si mulation only)] (python þ lab Vie w) The pro mised i mproved speed, accuracy, secu- Another capability that US RP devices offer, rity, and ot hers incentivize t his researc h further no w that research and technology have evolved and would i mprove technology used for m Health to enco mpass the m, is modification of bea m significantly. The 5 G technology will allo w co m- shape through bea mfor ming at the high fre- monly used key devices wit hin hos pitals to o per- quency, 5 G net works. Bea mfor ming focuses the ate with these i mprove ments. The increase of signal sent out by devices by utilizing antennas devices o perating on a 2.4 G Hz basis are over pop- and centering the bea ms to a specified location. ulating locations t hat require t he extensive use T his boosts accuracy an d transfer s pee d of data, of wireless equip ment, such as hospitals, which which could co me in very handy for ne w 5 G devi- increases the de mand for technologies that allo w ces to test maxi mu m capacity, speed, and other for faster, more private net works that 5 G pro m- para meters of antennas attached to 5 G capable ises. Devices that benefit fro m this technology devices. T his stu dy 6 utilized t wo US RP- RI O 2921 i nclu de, b ut are not li mite d t o, EE Gs, E C Gs, track- devices alongside Python and Lab VIE W to set up ing and monitoring devices, fitbit and other wrist

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A ut h ori z e d li c e n s e d u s e li mit e d t o: U ni v er sit y of M a s s a c h u s ett s - D art m o ut h. D o w nl o a d e d o n N o v e m b er 1 6, 2 0 2 0 at 1 5: 4 0: 2 6 U T C fr o m I E E E X pl or e. R e stri cti o n s a p pl y. sensors, car diac sensors, ultrasound sensors, and settings to investigate if a 5 G net work i m ple men- many more that utilize a wireless co m munication tation is viable or not. The field is constantly net work, sensor or node net work to trans mit data. evolving an d so are US R Ps an d t heir ca pa bilities. M ost of t hese devices, if n ot all, tra ns mit o n Bl ue- With 5 G net works on the horizon, USRPS will t oot h or Wifi at 2.4 G Hz fre que ncies, causi ng i nter- aid i m mensely in getting ahead of the curve on ference wit h other devices, calling for a solution research and i mple ment ne w soft ware capable of with devices operating 5 G net works. Even though 5 G co m munications early, especially in fields there are technologies that are being developed such as m Health, which already utilizes m m Wave to tackle m Health proble ms, only a fe w consider co m munication technologies. Once these ne w this issue of overpopulation of the 2.4 G Hz fre- technologies are released, US RPs can stay ahead quency. Researching and developing technologies of the curve as well, due to their modularity. co m municating using 5 G net works no w can create As mentioned in, 5 US RPs and their trans mission stronger devices that can outperfor m current tech- range can be scaled up to 60 G Hz, but may be nologies if i mple mented. Yet, since this i mproved capable of even more than that. The USRP is a har d ware does not directly exist as of no w, all t hat testbed capable of i mple menting hard ware and can be done is experi mentation with si mulators soft ware alike and test ne w equip ment. USRPs an d, as is t he case for t hese US R P devices, har d ware will stay releva nt d ue t o t his ease of i m ple me nta- e mulators capable of testing 60 G Hz frequencies tion and testing of ne w technology on a testbed and other 5 G co m munication net works. t hat is rat her i nex pe nsive f or its p ote ntial uses. There are still many ne w research break- This article was meant to e mphasize the throughs for lo wer frequencies, including the i mportance of 5 G technologies and to encourage close-to-overpopulated 2.4 G Hz frequency band. researchers to utilize existing technologies to Testing t hese algorit h ms, pat h-fin ders, protocols, help innovate solutions for proble ms created security measures, attenuation a djust ments, etc., by the overpopulation of technologies using is close to untouched in 5 G net work e mulation. 2.4 G Hz frequencies. Fields such as m Health and USRPs offer an opportunity to replicate these co m munication technologies are in i m mediate researc h ex peri me nts i n a n act ual, real-life e mula- nee d for t hese ne w tec hnologies o perating at 5 G. tion setup, which may in turn lead to more The tools mentioned in the sources mentioned research breakthroughs or further adjust ments of above are meant to aid this process of research these code-snippets to better suit 60 G Hz and 5 G and discovery, so that soft ware can be devel- net working require ments. In other words, break- oped that can be deployed on 5 G capable hard- throughs for m Health at 2.4 G Hz frequencies may ware, or to develop 5G capable devices to be easy to i mple ment and e mulate on USRP, i mple ment that soft ware. m m Wave capable hard ware to observe viability of these sa me breakthroughs in a 60 G Hz setting. ACKNO WLEDGMENTS With the above mentioned setups, this experi men- This research is partly supported by the RE U tatio n s ho ul d be rat her easy t o re plicate, test, a n d co mponent of NSF 1744272 to Dr. Fang. evaluate with USRP equip ment, leading to an i mproved understanding of not only the USRPs capabilities but also 60 G Hz frequency, 5 G net- & REFERENCES works, and possi ble i mple mentation of t his soft- ware in m Health applications once technology is 1. H. Chen and X. Jia, “ Ne w require ments and trends of a v ail a bl e t o all o w f or i m pl e m e nt ati o n. m H e alt h,” i n Pr o c. I E E E 1 4t h I nt. C o nf. e- H e alt h N et w., A 5 G research is being perfor med with US RPs A p pl. Services , Beijin g, 2012, p p. 27–31, doi: 1 0. 1 1 0 9/ capable of co m municating at higher frequencies Health Co m.2012.6380060. such as the 60 G Hz waveband. This research fos- 2. R. Yare d, C. A. Jaou de, an d J. De merjian, “ S mart- phone ters breakthroughs for 5 G net works and may aid base d syste m to monitor walkin g activity: m Health in develop ment of further soft ware and hard ware s ol uti o n,” i n Proc. I E E E Mi d dle East North Africa for m m Wave and mHealth applications and Co m mun. Conf. , Jounieh, Le banon, 2018, p p. 1–5. i mple mentations. Moderately easy to setup and 3. P. Zetterberg and R. Fardi, “ Open source S D R frontend not too expensive, US RPs invite researchers to and measure ments for 60- G Hz wireless experi mentation,” a p ply 5 G algorit h ms an d e mulate t he m in real life IEEE Access , vol. 24, p p. 445–456, 2015.

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4. W. Kha waja, O. Ozde mir, and I. Guvenc, “ U AV air-to- 15. T. S. Rappaport et al. , “ Milli m et er w a v e m o bil e ground channel characterization for m m wave c o m m u ni c ati o n s f or 5 G c ell ul ar: It will w or k!,” IEEE s y st e m s,” i n Proc. I E E E 86th Veh. Technol. Conf. , Access , vol. 1, p p. 335–349, 2013. Toronto, O N, Cana da, 2017, p p. 1–5. 16. W. Roh et al. , “ Milli meter- wave bea mfor ming as an 5. A. Qua dri, H. Zeng, an d Y. T. Hou, “ A real-ti me m m wave ena blin g technolo gy for 5 G cellular co m munications: co m munication test be d with phase noise cancellation,” T h e or eti c al f e a si bilit y a n d pr ot ot y p e r e s ult s,” IEEE i n Proc. IEEE I NF O C O M Conf. Co mput. Co m mun. Co m mun. Mag. , v ol. 5 2, n o. 2, p p. 1 0 6– 1 1 3, Worksho ps , Paris, France, 2019, p p. 455–460. Fe b. 2014. 6. C. Scar borou gh, K. Venu go pal, A. Alkhatee b, an d 17. D. G. Ka m, D. Liu, A. Natarajan, S. K. Reynol ds, an d R. W. H e at h, “ B e a mf or mi n g i n milli m et er w a v e s y st e m s: B. A. Floyd, “ Organic packages with e mbedded Prototy pin g an d measure ment results,” in Pr o c. I E E E 8 8t h phase d-array antennas for 60- G Hz wireless chi psets,” Veh. Technol. Conf. , Chica go, IL, U S A, 2018, p p. 1–5. IEEE Trans. Co mpon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. , v ol. 1, 7. B. Sa dhu, A. Pai di marri, M. Ferriss, M. Yeck, X. Gu, no. 11, p p. 1806–1814, Nov. 2011. and A. Valdes- Garcia, “ A soft ware-deﬁned phased 1 8. P. D a Sil v a, A. G hi si n g, S. P atil, a n d H. W a n g, array ra dio with m m wave to soft ware vertical stack “I m pl e m e nt ati o n of c o g niti v e r a di o n et w or k t e st b e d f or i nt e gr ati o n f or 5 G e x p eri m e nt ati o n,” i n Pr o c. I E E E/ m ulti m e di a c o m m u ni c ati o n s,” I C ST Trans. Mo bile M T T- S I nt. Mi cr o w. S y m p. I M S , P hil a d el p hi a, P A, U S A, Co m mun. Appl. , v ol. 4, 2 0 1 8, Art. n o. 1 5 6 0 8 7. 2018, p p. 1323–1326. 19. C. Spies, “Proposed model for evaluation of m Health 8. C. Spies, “Proposed model for evaluation of s y st e m s,” i n Pr o c. I nt. C o nf. C o m p ut., C o m m u n. m Health syste ms,” in Pr o c. I nt. C o nf. C o m p ut. S e c ur. , 2015, p p. 1–8. Co m mun. Secur. , Pa mple mousses, 2015, pp. 1–8, d oi: 10.1109/ C C CS.2015.7374199. Stefan A. Bruendl is currently a Research Assis- 9. S. Du manli, S. Gor mus, and I. J. Craddock, “Energy tant an d is currently workin g to war d the B. S. de gree efﬁcient bo dy area net workin g for m Health with the University of Massachusetts Dart mouth, Dart- a p pli c ati o n s,” i n Pr o c. 6t h I nt. S y m p. M e d. I nf. mouth, M A, U S A, an d the M. S. de gree with the Univer- Co m mun. Technol. , La Jolla, C A, U S A, 2012, p p. 1–4. sity of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 10. A. B. Sai d, A. Moha me d, an d T. Elfouly, “ Dee p learnin g M A, US A. His research interests include m Health, a p proach for E E G co m pression in m Health syste m,” in wireless sensor net works, G N URadio and USRP- Proc. 13th Int. Wireless Co m mun. Mo bile Co m put. base d trans mission an d visualization, 5 G net works, C o nf. , Valencia, S pain, 2017, p p. 1508–1512. statistical analysis metho ds, an d co m puter gra phics. His current research interests focus on co mbining 11. M. Elsaye d, A. Ba da wy, M. Mah mu d din, T. Elfouly, m Health applications with W B A N-based hard ware A. Moha med, and K. Abualsaud, “FP G A and soft ware that utilizes 5 G net works and 60- G Hz i mple mentation of D WT EE G data co mpression for frequencies. Contact hi m at sbruendl @u massd.edu. wireless bo dy sensor net works,” in Pr o c. I E E E C o nf. Wireless Sensors , 2016, p p. 21–25. 12. Z. Lian g, Y. Na gata, M. A. C. Martell, an d T. Nishi mura, Hua Fang is currently an Associate Professor “ Nurturin g weara ble an d m Health technolo gies for with the University of Massachusetts Dart mouth, Dart- s elf- c ar e: Mi n d s et, t o ol s et a n d s kill s et,” i n Pr o c. I E E E mouth, M A, U S A, an d the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, M A, US A. Her research 1 8t h I nt. C o nf. e- H e alt h N et w., A p pl. S er vi c e s , M u ni c h, interests inclu de wireless health, machine learnin g/ Ger many, 2016, p p. 1–5. st ati sti c al l e ar ni n g a n d vi s u al a n al yti c s i n l o n git u di n al 1 3. X. G u et al. , “ Develop ment, i mple mentation, and stu dies, missin g data analyses, an d behavioral trajec- characterization of a 64-ele ment dual- polarize d tory pattern reco gnition. Her current research inter- phased-array antenna module for 28- G Hz high- ests inclu de real-ti me machine learnin g of weara ble speed data co m munications,” I EEE Trans. Micro w. biosensor data, broa dly in E-/ M-health, an d Internet Theory Techn. , vol. 67, no. 20, p p. 2975–2984, Jul. of Thin gs. She receive d the Ph. D. de gree. Her N SF- 2 0 1 9. funded project explores ne w statistical modeling 14. J. Tho mpson et al. , “5 G wireless co m munication approaches to characterize the 60- G Hz WBA N in syste ms: Pros pects an d challen ges [ Guest E ditorial],” m Health a p plications. She is an I E E E Senior Me m ber. IEEE Co m mun. Mag. , v ol. 5 2, n o. 2, p p. 6 2– 6 4, She is the corresponding author of this article. Fe b. 2014. Contact her at hfang2 @u massd.edu.

6 4 IEEE Internet Co mputing

A ut h ori z e d li c e n s e d u s e li mit e d t o: U ni v er sit y of M a s s a c h u s ett s - D art m o ut h. D o w nl o a d e d o n N o v e m b er 1 6, 2 0 2 0 at 1 5: 4 0: 2 6 U T C fr o m I E E E X pl or e. R e stri cti o n s a p pl y.