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Language Vitality and Langauge Attitude of The LANGUAGE VITALITY AND guided questionnaires, community and personal questionnaires. LANGAUGE ATTITUDE OF THE KAREN ETHNIC The villages where the Karen language is GROUP IN THE WESTERN spoken are presented on an ethno-linguistic REGION OF THAILAND: A map, linked with cultural information about the Karen. The interviews with participants PRELIMINARY REPORT yield preliminary findings on the language 1 vitality and attitude of Karen people towards Somsonge Burusphat the Karen language and ETD in the six 2 Sumittra Suraratdecha provinces. Karen in Prachuap Khiri Khan 3 has the strongest language vitality whereas Patama Patpong 4 Karen in Nakhon Pathom has the weakest. Amon Saengmanee In the other provinces, around fifty percent of Karen people still speak Karen. Abstract Language attitudes among middle aged and This paper presents preliminary findings of older people are positive in all provinces. the research project entitled “Ethnicity, Karen people in these age groups wish Language, Culture and Ethnic Tourism their children could speak Karen because Development.” It has three goals. First, it they are proud of their language, which is aims to identify the Karen language spoken in unique to the Karen community and helps six provinces in the western region of to unite the Karen people into a powerful Thailand, namely, Kanchanaburi, ethnic group. Karen people in Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Suphan Buri, and Nakhon Pathom. Khan, and Suphan Buri believe that ETD The next goal is to explore Karen will improve the Karen economy and help to language use and attitudes towards preserve Karen language and culture as languages of the wider community. The final well as refocus Karen children’s attention goal is to evaluate the development of on their own language and culture. In sustainable ethnic tourism in the region. A Nakhon Pathom the Karen community is preliminary survey of language use and too small to develop ethnic tourism and attitude of Karen people towards the has become highly integrated into the Thai Karen language and Ethnic Tourism community. Development (ETD) in these six provinces was carried out using a qualitative Introduction approach. Thirty subjects made up of local administrators and community leaders Background were interviewed using two kinds of No one community is monolingual. Thailand is no exception. Linguistic 1 Professor of Linguistics, Mahidol University diversity can be found in all regions of 2 Lecturer, Department of Linguistics, Mahidol Thailand. Unfortunately, with the rapid University development of information technology 3 Lecturer, Department of Linguistics, Mahidol world-wide, such diversity is threatened. University 4 Bradley (2009: 2) points out that Associate Professor of Linguistics, Mahidol “Languages have been disappearing for University Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 11:10:59AM via free access Language Vitality and Language Attitude of the Karen Ethnic Group at least ten thousand years. If the community as a model community to language density and number of speakers develop sustainable ethnic tourism. The of each language now seen in Papua ultimate goals of the project are to New Guinea were present worldwide, promote diversity in unity and the there would be many times the number preservation of indigenous languages and of languages, currently spoken (6912, if cultures, as well as to strengthen the ethnic we accept Lewis 2009, the latest edition communities. of the Ethnologue), even allowing for increased population density based on The present paper is an outcome of the agriculture and technology.” initial six-month research of the “Ethnicity, Language, Culture and Ethnic Tourism These past years, many organizations Development” project. The goals of the campaigned for the preservation of paper are to (1) identify the Karen linguistic and cultural diversity in many language spoken in the western region of countries. To name a few, UNESCO Thailand, (2) explore Karen language use declared its Policy on Linguistic Rights and attitudes towards the languages of the in 1997; the United Nations announced a wider community, and (3) evaluate the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous development of sustainable ethnic tourism People in 2007 and declared the year in the region. The research outcomes of 2008 International Year of Languages and these goals include: 2009 International Year of Indigenous People. 1. An updated linguistic map of areas inhabited by Karen, overlapped Having seen the importance and value of with multiple layers of cultural linguistic and cultural diversity in Thailand, information about the Karen the present research project, “Ethnicity, 2. A summary of community leaders’ Language, Culture, and Ethnic Tourism language use and attitudes towards Development” set as its objectives to explore their own language and culture in the impact of globalization on ethnic Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, peoples, particularly their indigenous Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri languages and cultures. The findings of the Khan, Suphan Buri, and Nakhon research can be used as a basis for national Pathom in the western region of language planning and sustainable ethnic Thailand. tourism plans. During the first year of the 3. The community leaders’ perspectives research project, the research team will on a prospective sustainable ethnic collect and analyze sociolinguistic data of tourism plan eight ethnic groups residing in eight provinces: Nakhon Pathom Ratchaburi, The Karen language that this study focuses Kanchanaburi, Suphan Buri, Samutsakorn, on is spoken by the Karens in Thailand. They Samutsongkram, Phetchaburi, and are made up of four main groups: Sgaw, Prachuap Khiri Khan, in the western Pwo, Pa-O, and Kayah.5 Most Karen in the region of Thailand. These ethnic groups western region of Thailand are Pwo Karen are Mon, Karen, Thai Song Dam, Thai designated by Thai as Kariang Daeng (Red Yuan, Lao Khrang, Lao Tai, Lao Phuan, and Lao Wiang. During the second year, the 5 research team will select one ethnic See Lewis (2009) for more kinds of Karen, some reside in Thailand. 89 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 11:10:59AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities Regular 13.2, 2010 Karen) or Yang Daeng. In Huaysatyai District, Amphur Hua Hin, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, the majority of Karen are Sgaw. In this area, there are a number of Pwo Karen who migrated from Phetchaburi Province. The Karen migrated from China to Burma in the early part of the Christian era. During the reign of King Rama I, Karen from Burma settled in Sangkhlaburi District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. The Pwo Karen people have resided in Thailand for 200 years (Phillips 1996). In addition to Kanchanaburi province, Karen also migrated from Burma into Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi, and Prachuap Khiri Khan. The Karen in Nakhon Pathom migrated from Bongti District, Amphur Saiyok, Kanchanaburi Province. Those in Suphan Buri came from Namphu village, Amphur Srisawat, Kanchanaburi Province and Amphur Banray, Uthaithani Province.6 Pwo Karen belongs to the Karenic group of the Tibeto-Burman language family as shown in figure 1. 6 Amphur is an administrative division of a province headed by an officer whose duties are roughly similar to those of a county clerk (So Sethaputra 1992). 90 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 11:10:59AM via free access Language Vitality and Language Attitude of the Karen Ethnic Group Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Tibeto-Burman Bodish Burmic Baric Karenic 1. Sgaw 2. Kayah, Padaung, Bre, Yangtalai, Geba, Zayein 3. Pwo/Phlong 4. Pa-O Figure 1: Karen language affiliation (Benedict, 1972; Matisoff, 1978; Jones, 1961; Bennett, 1992) Concerning attitude and language use tend to ignore the languages at the lower level of the hierarchy because they are less Speakers’ attitudes towards their own prestigious than those at a higher level. language are an important factor used to Previous work has shown that speakers’ determine the linguistic situation of the attitudes towards languages play an language, or even the life span of the important role in their use of language(s). language. How the speakers view or think Such work would also consider the of their own language and languages of the ‘domain’ of language use, or the place wider community and how they use their where the language is spoken, e.g., home, language in their daily life; e.g., to whom, school, work, governmental offices, temple. on which occasions, and where, can help determine the future of the language. Sustainable ethnic tourism and According to Smalley (1994), there are ethno-linguistic vitality many languages spoken in Thailand, all of The outcome of the study concerns ethnic which can be grouped into different tourism. As is widely recognized, tourism hierarchies, with Standard Thai at the top is now one of the fastest growing and ethnic languages at the lowest level of industries in the world. With its strong the hierarchy. Speakers tend to be commercial standing in the world interested in learning the languages at the economy, tourism creates employment and higher levels than the one at which their benefits in all nations as a whole. In language belongs. Accordingly, speakers addition, the tourism industry was the 91 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 11:10:59AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities Regular 13.2, 2010 first enterprise to enact the United role of indigenous people, Agenda 21: Nations’ Agenda 21 concerning Chapter 26: Recognizing and strengthening sustainable
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