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Millimetre-Wave Technologies for 5G Mobile Networks and Short-Range Communications WF03 L Millimetre-Wave Technologies for 5G Mobile Networks and Short-Range Communications WF03 L. Dussopt, F. Gianesello CEA-LETI, STMicroelectronics [email protected] , [email protected] 5G mobile communications above 6 GHz: timelines, key technologies and recent R&D M. Nekovee Samsung R&D, UK [email protected] WF03 Millimetre-Wave Technologies for 5G Mobile Networks and Short-Range Slide 1 Communications EMF user exposure due to mobile terminals in V-band Anda R. Guraliuc 1, M. Zhadobov 1, R. Sauleau 1, L. Marnat 2, L. Dussopt 2 1Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes Rennes, France 2French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission Grenoble, France [email protected] Overview & Objectives www.miwaves.eu Evaluation of the user’s exposure to mmW frequencies for 1. Real case scenarios 2. Different antenna positions Front position Edge position Phone call Browsing Correlation of near-field exposure parameters to recommended safety limits A.R. Guraliuc, M. Zhadobov, R. Sauleau, L. Marnat, L. Dussopt, “Millimeter-wave exposure from mobile terminals” 2 2015 European Conf. on Networks and Commun. (EuCNC 2015) , Paris, France, pp. 82-85, June 29-July 2, 2015. mmW interaction with the human body At 60 GHz, normal incidence, the power transmission coefficient is around 60% and increases with the frequency. mmWaves Shallow penetration depth of mmWs in the skin Penetration depth is shallow induce SAR levels significantly higher than those (@ 60 GHz δ ≈ 0.5 mm) at microwaves for identical IPD values (e.g. 100 W/kg for IPD = 1 mW/cm 2). Absorption in the superficial layers Clothing impacts the absorption in the body (textile may increase the transmission, while an air gap between clothing and skin may reduce it). Primary biological targets are skin and cornea M. Zhadobov, N. Chahat, R. Sauleau, C. Le Quement, Y. Le Dréan, “Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: state of knowledge and recent advances” 3 International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , 3, pp. 237-247, 2011. Exposure guidelines and standards Safety guidelines are set for Incident Power Density (IPD) Absorption is superficial & far-field region. Power Averaging Frequency Public Organization density Surface Time Safety factor (GHz) exposure (mW/cm 2) (cm 2) (min) 5 20 Occupational Occupational 100 1 ICNIRP [1] 10-300 68/ f1.05 1 20 General 20 1 5 20 Occupational F = 5 or 10 100 1 S CENELEC [2] 2-300 68/ f1.05 1 20 General General 20 1 30 - 300 10 100 2.524/ f0.47 3-96Occupational 200( f/3) 0.2 1 IEEE [3], [4] > 96 400 1 1 100 25.24/ f0.47 30 - 100 General 20 1 f – frequency in GHz [1] ICNIRP: “Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)”, Health Phys., vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 494-522, 1998. [2] EN 50413 – 2008, “Basic standard on measurement and calculation procedures for human exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (0 Hz – 300 GHz)”. [3] IEEE Standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, ISBN 0-7381-4835-0 SS95389, Apr. 2006. 4 [4] IEEE Standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, ISBN 978-0-7381-6207-2 STD96039, Feb. 2010. Exposure limits - Considerations is the surface area of a cube with edge dimension 1.8 cm (related 2 20 cm to the human eye) used to establish exposure limits. is the surface area of the cornea used to establish localized 1 cm 2 Spatial exposure limits. Limits averaged over 1cm 2 should not exceed 20 times the values averaged over 20cm 2. 100 cm 2 is the surface area of human face / hand. is less restrictive than ICNIRP. safety limits rely on temperature increase in the eye and the potential adverse health effects caused by this increase. Temperature threshold in the eye ≈ 41 °C, over which cataract formation may Temperature appear. It corresponds to a temperature increase of 3-4°C. e.g. SAR @2.45GHz =10W/kg ∆T=4°C T<41 °C. Skin exposure at mmWs at the recommended limits (i.e. 1mW/cm2 and 5mW/cm 2 for an average surface of 20 cm 2) will increase its temperature by less than 0.7°C. [1] A. Guraliuc, M. Zhadobov, and R. Sauleau, “Dosimetric aspects related to the human body exposure to mm Waves”, MiWaveS project – Deliverable D1.3, Dec. 2014. Available online: http://www.miwaves.eu/MiWaveS_D1.3_v1.0.pdf [2] ICNIRP: “Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)”, Health Phys., vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 494-522, 1998. [3] IEEE Standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, ISBN 0-7381-4835-0 SS95389, Apr. 2006. 5 [4] EN 50413 – 2008, “Basic standard on measurement and calculation procedures for human exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (0 Hz – 300 GHz)”. Human body modeling - Plane wave exposure Plane waves TM d TE [1] N. Pavselj, D. Miklavcic, “Resistive heating and electropermeabilization of skin tissue during in vivo electroporation: A coupled nonlinear finite element model”, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer , vol. 54, pp. 2294-2302, 2011. [2] S.I. Alekseev, M.C. Ziskin, “Human skin permittivity determined by millimeter wave reflection measurements”, Bioelectromagn., vol. 28, pp. 331-339, 2007. [3] T. Wu, T.S. Rappaport,, C.M. Collins, “Safe for generations to come”, IEEE Microw. Mag., vol 16. no. 2, pp. 65-84, Mar. 2015. [4] S. Gabriel, R.W. Lau, C. Gabriel, “The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz”, Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 41, pp. 2251-2269, 1996. [5] M. Zhadobov, C. Leduc, A. Guraliuc, N. Chahat, R. Sauleau, Chapter 5 “Antenna / human body interactions in the 60 GHz band: state of knowledge and recent advances”, State-of-the-art in Body-Centric Wireless Communications and Associated Applications , IET. 9 Human body modeling - Power density PD - power density at the skin surface ( z = 0) −δ2 − δ 0 () = ⋅2/z = ⋅−Γ⋅ 2/ z Γ 2 PDz PDe0 IPD(1 ) e - power reflection coefficient δ - penetration depth Normal Skin can be modeled as a incidence homogenous layer TM TE Oblique incidence M. Zhadobov, C. Leduc, A. Guraliuc, N. Chahat, R. Sauleau, Chapter 5: “Antenna / human body interactions in the 60 GHz band: state of knowledge and recent 10 advances”, State-of-the-art in Body-Centric Wireless Communications and Associated Applications , IET. Antenna module Realized gain [dB] @ 60GHz Ant1 Ant2 10 8.97 8.82 Head effect Geometrical head model : open source CAD file with skin- equivalent properties (ε*_60GHz =7.98-j·10.93) Impact of the human body on the antenna performance 11 Antenna in phone call mode Front Absorbed Module Input power Peak-SAR Peak-IPD power eq position mW W/kg mW/cm 2 mW Front 0.084 9.69 ×10 -8 3.99x10 -9 10 Edge 0.133 3×10 -7 1.24x10 -8 << ICNIRP recommended BRs (1 mW/cm 2 over 20cm 2; 20 mW/cm 2 over 1 cm 2) Edge - Maximum SAR occurs on the user’s ear helix. - Lower exposure is noticed for “Front” case than “Edge” case (“Front”: the antenna radiates towards the base station). - Exposure levels are significantly lower compared to the recommended limits. A.R. Guraliuc, M. Zhadobov, R. Sauleau, L. Marnat, L. Dussopt, “Millimeter-wave exposure from mobile terminals”, 2015 European Conf. on Networks and Commun. 12 (EuCNC 2015), Paris, France, pp. 82-85, June 29-July 2, 2015. Thank You! Cost effective mmW systems leveraging silicon technology and digital manufacturing C. Luxey, F. Gianesello, A. Bisognin, D. Titz, J. Costa, C. Fernandez, C. del Rio Bocio EpoC, University Nice-Sophia Antipolis [email protected] WF03 Millimetre-Wave Technologies for 5G Mobile Networks and Short-Range Slide 2 Communications of 53 Introduction • Rapid growth of wireless data drives the development of new technologies: - 5G - Wireless backhaul developments in V/E Bands • Availability of high performance and cost effective antenna is key • To address this need, fundamental enablers lie in manufacturing technologies able to handle complex 3D-Shapes while providing fast and low- cost prototyping as well as the ability to support medium-volume production • This presentation illustrates how 3D-Printing and digital manufacturing technologies might help to develop innovative and cost-effective antenna solutions in order to address new business challenges WF03 Millimetre-Wave Technologies for 5G Mobile Networks and Short-Range Slide 3 Communications of 53 Outline • Context and Motivation • Antenna-Solution • 3D-Printed Lens • 3D-Printed Horns • 3D-Printed Reflectors • Future Work • Conclusion WF03 Millimetre-Wave Technologies for 5G Mobile Networks and Short-Range Slide 4 Communications of 53 Context & Motivation • Following the growth of mobile devices, global mobile data traffic has exceeded 4200 Petabytes/month in 2nd Q 2015 Source : Ericsson mobility report June 2015 • Peak data rates of 5G will be close to 10 Gbit/s • Cell-edge data rates should be 100 Mbit/s • In order to address consumer demand, the development of high-speed, low-cost and low- power wireless technologies is a key challenge for our industry WF03 Millimetre-Wave Technologies for 5G Mobile Networks and Short-Range Slide 5 Communications of 53 Context & Motivation • Many current 5G researches are dealing with new RF/mmW radio technologies for access in order to increase peak data rates, but do we really need new radio technologiesg for access? 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