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Acid Sulfate Soils Remediation Guidelines for Coastal Floodplains in New South Wales

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Acid Sulfate Soils Remediation Guidelines for Coastal Floodplains in New South Wales Acid Sulfate Soils Remediation Guidelines for Coastal Floodplains in New South Wales 1 Title: Acid Sulfate Soils Remediation Guidelines for Coastal Floodplains in New South Wales © Crown 2007, © DECC 2007, except as otherwise indicated. These Guidelines are copyright. Parts may be reproduced for the purpose of application, study, research, criticism and/or review provided acknowledgment of the source is clearly made. Citation should take the form: Tulau, M.J. (2007). Acid Sulfate Soils Remediation Guidelines for Coastal Floodplains in New South Wales. Department of Environment and Climate Change. ISBN 978 1 74122 493 1 DECC 2007/321 Cover: Acid discharges from Ghinni Ghinni Creek into the Manning River. Photo: Michael Dove. Disclaimer These Guidelines aim to provide guidance in remediating areas of acid sulfate soils. These Guidelines are not exhaustive in dealing with this complex subject. While the Guidelines have been prepared exercising all due care and attention, no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy, completeness or fitness for the purpose of the Guidelines in respect of any user’s purpose. Any representation, statement, opinion or advice, expressed or implied in this publication is made in good faith and on the basis that the State of New South Wales, its agents and employees are not liable (whether by reason of negligence, lack of care or otherwise) to any person for any damage or loss whatsoever which has occurred or may occur in relation to that person taking or not taking (as the case may be) action in respect of any representation, statement or advice referred to above. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS HOW TO USE THE GUIDELINES 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 13 ACID SULFATE REMEDIATION AND FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT 15 INTRODUCTION 15 REMEDIATION AIMS 18 REMEDIATION STRATEGIES 18 INTEGRATED FLOODPLAIN AND ACID SULFATE SOIL MANAGEMENT 34 DEVELOPING A REMEDIATION PROJECT 37 PRELIMINARY ISSUES 37 IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMS 39 INTEGRATING WITH OTHER OBJECTIVES 39 ASSESSING THE SITE 41 SPECIFYING TARGETS 43 PREPARING A REMEDIATION PLAN 44 IMPLEMENTING A REMEDIATION PROJECT 47 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 47 WATER MANAGEMENT WORKS 49 LEGAL ISSUES 55 COMMUNICATIONS PLAN 59 MONITORING A REMEDIATION PROJECT 61 GENERAL GUIDELINES 61 SOIL MONITORING 62 GROUNDWATER MONITORING 63 WATER QUALITY MONITORING 65 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND DATA INTEGRITY 68 ECOLOGICAL MONITORING 68 REPORTING WORKS AND LAND MANAGEMENT CHANGE 69 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT AND CONTINGENCY PLAN 69 SECURING LAND MANAGEMENT CHANGE IN A REMEDIATION PROJECT 71 ENCOURAGING CHANGE IN LAND MANAGEMENT 71 SECURING CHANGE IN A MANAGEMENT PLAN 72 APPENDICES 75 APPENDIX 1 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY – SIMPLE FIELD TEST FOR SHALLOW COASTAL ACID SULFATE SOILS 75 APPENDIX 2 GOVERNMENT POLICY CONTEXT 79 APPENDIX 3 LEGAL ISSUES 82 APPENDIX 4 GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS 96 APPENDIX 5 LIST OF ACRONYMS 101 REFERENCES 102 INDEX 115 ENDNOTES 123 3 EXTENDED TABLE OF CONTENTS HOW TO USE THE GUIDELINES 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 13 ACID SULFATE REMEDIATION AND FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT 15 INTRODUCTION 15 REMEDIATION AIMS 18 Reducing the Production of Further Acid 18 Reducing the Export of Existing Acidity 18 REMEDIATION STRATEGIES 18 Neutralisation/Dilution Strategies 20 Liming of Soils and Drain Waters 20 Limitations 20 Neutralisation/Dilution by Floodgate Management/Modification 21 Limitations 21 Capacity for Neutralisation and Dilution 21 Land Surface Elevations and Tidal Levels 22 Hydraulic Conductivity 22 Management of In-Drain Vegetation and Monosulfidic Black Oozes 23 Impacts on Wetland Vegetation 24 Impacts on Aquatic Systems 24 Restoration of Estuarine Areas 24 Limitations 25 Elevation and Tidal Planes 25 Impacts on Wetland Vegetation 25 Impacts on Water Quality 25 Implications for Land Use 26 Containment Strategies 26 Dry Acid Containment 28 Limitations 29 Elevation and Depth to ASS 29 Hydraulic Conductivity 29 Investment in Works 29 Impacts on Groundwater 29 Wet Acid Containment 29 Limitations 30 Land Surface Elevations 30 Effectiveness in Addressing Acid Production and Export 30 Addressing the Export of Related Products 32 Reformation of Surficial Sulfides 33 Reduction Processes 33 Vegetation Management 33 INTEGRATED FLOODPLAIN AND ACID SULFATE SOIL MANAGEMENT 34 Capability Framework 34 Elevation and Sea Level Rise 35 Greenhouse Gases 36 4 DEVELOPING A REMEDIATION PROJECT 37 PRELIMINARY ISSUES 37 Organisational Issues 37 Organisations for Coordinating Remediation Projects 37 Local Government 37 Role of Local Government 37 Delegations 37 Private Drainage Boards 38 Crown Reserve Trusts 38 Others 38 Funding 38 Targeting of Remediation Projects 39 Consultation 39 IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMS 39 Resource and Site Data 39 INTEGRATING WITH OTHER OBJECTIVES 39 ASSESSING THE SITE 41 Physical Characteristics of the Site 41 Soil Properties 41 Land Surface Elevations and Tidal Amplitudes 41 Characteristics and Management of Drainage Systems 42 Hydrology and Water Quality 43 Social and Economic Issues, Land Use and Tenure 43 SPECIFYING TARGETS 43 PREPARING A REMEDIATION PLAN 44 Level of Detail 44 Qualifications 44 Contents of the Remediation Plan 45 Remediation Principles 46 IMPLEMENTING A REMEDIATION PROJECT 47 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 47 Constructions and Modifications 47 Operation and Maintenance 47 WATER MANAGEMENT WORKS 49 General Criteria 49 Drainage System Design and Landgrading 49 Criteria for Modification of Existing Drains and Construction of New Drains 49 Land Grading 50 In-Drain Water Control Structures 51 Criteria for Water Control Structures 51 Sandbag Weirs 52 Earthen Sills 52 Concrete Weirs 52 Dropboards 52 Structures with Fish Flaps 52 Headworks Design and Modifications 53 Criteria for Design and Modification of Floodgate Structures 53 Floodgate Lifting Devices 53 Automatic Tidal Gates 54 Water Retention Gates 54 5 LEGAL ISSUES 55 Exposure 55 Risk Assessment Relevant to Floodgate Management/Modifications 56 Environmental and Agricultural Risks 56 Water Levels and Overtopping 56 Risk of Structural Failure 56 Storms and Floods 56 Using a Staged Approach 56 Risk Assessment Relevant to Installation of In-Drain Water Control Structures 58 Environmental and Agricultural Risks 58 Risk of Structural Failure 58 Consents and Approvals 59 COMMUNICATIONS PLAN 59 MONITORING A REMEDIATION PROJECT 61 GENERAL GUIDELINES 61 Baseline Monitoring 61 SOIL MONITORING 62 Objectives 62 Monitoring Design 62 Location of Monitoring 62 Profile Description 62 Data Collection and Parameters Measured 62 Soil Carbon and Gases 62 GROUNDWATER MONITORING 63 Objectives 63 Monitoring Design 63 Location of Monitoring 63 Data Collection and Parameters Measured 63 WATER QUALITY MONITORING 65 Objectives 65 Monitoring Design 65 Location of Monitoring 65 Data Collection and Parameters Measured 65 Data Logging 65 Manual Sampling and Laboratory Analysis 67 Oxidation-reduction Potential 67 Dissolved Oxygen 67 Titratable Acidity and Soluble Iron and Aluminium 67 Flow 67 Other 67 Modelling Discharge 67 EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND DATA INTEGRITY 68 ECOLOGICAL MONITORING 68 Terrestrial Ecological Monitoring 68 Aquatic Ecological Monitoring 68 REPORTING WORKS AND LAND MANAGEMENT CHANGE 69 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT AND CONTINGENCY PLAN 69 Adaptive Management 69 Contingency Plan 70 6 SECURING LAND MANAGEMENT CHANGE IN A REMEDIATION PROJECT 71 ENCOURAGING CHANGE IN LAND MANAGEMENT 71 Extension Services and Incentive Mechanisms 71 Funding for Works 71 Incentives for Providing Environmental Services 71 Carbon Trading 72 Facilitating Change by Land Acquisition 72 SECURING CHANGE IN A MANAGEMENT PLAN 72 General Comments 72 Floodgate Management Plans 73 Agreements that ‘Run with the Land’ 73 Covenants 73 Conservation Agreements 73 Property Vegetation Plans 74 Plans Registered on s.149 Certificates 74 APPENDICES 75 APPENDIX 1 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY – SIMPLE FIELD TEST FOR SHALLOW COASTAL ACID SULFATE SOILS 75 Outline of the Method, its Limitations and Uses 75 Advantages 75 Limitations 75 Equipment Required 75 Soil Features to Note 76 Locating the Pit 76 Pit Construction 76 Recording Field Information 77 Conducting the Test 77 Data Entry and Plotting 77 Interpreting Data and Assessing Ksat 78 Availability of this Method 78 APPENDIX 2 GOVERNMENT POLICY CONTEXT 79 National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development 79 Rivers and Estuaries Management 79 Wetlands Management and Migratory Birds 80 Fish Habitat 80 Weirs 80 Flood Mitigation and Agriculture 81 Groundwater Pollution 81 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise 81 APPENDIX 3 LEGAL ISSUES 82 Exposure 82 Damage to Land and Water 82 Nuisance 82 Regulation of Pollution 82 Injury to Person 82 Negligence and Duty of Care 82 Regulation of Occupational Health and Safety 83 Minimising Risk 83 OH&S and Floodgate Management 83 7 Training and Safety 83 Insurance 83 Insurance for Employees and Volunteers 83 Public Liability Insurance 83 Defences Available to Public Authorities 84 Consents and Approvals 84 NSW Statutory Framework 84 Environmental Assessment under the EP&A Act 1979 86 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise 86 Works that do not Require Consent or Approval 86 Public Utility Undertakings and Development by the Crown 86 Existing Use Rights 87 Sugar Industry Exemption 87 Consents Required 87 Works which Disturb ASS or Lower the Watertable 87 Designated Development 88 Development in SEPP 14 Coastal Wetlands 88 Development in the Coastal Zone 89 Other Approvals and Integrated Development 89 Works on Public Land 91 Connecting a Private Drain to a Public Drain 91 Dredging and Reclamation 91 Fish Passage and Fishways
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