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Leo Szilard in Physics and Information By
Leo Szilard in Physics and Information by Richard L. Garwin IBM Fellow Emeritus IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 www.fas.org/RLG/ Email: [email protected] Presented in the invited APS session R17 “The Many Worlds of Leo Szilard” Savannah, Georgia April 7, 2014 at 11:21 AM _04/07/2014 Leo Szilard in Physics and Information.doc 1 Abstract: The excellent biography1 by William Lanouette, ``Genius in the Shadows,'' tells it the way it was, incredible though it may seem. The 1972 ``Collected Works of Leo Szilard: Scientific Papers,'' Bernard T. Feld and Gertrud W. Szilard, Editors, gives the source material both published and unpublished. Szilard's path-breaking but initially little-noticed 1929 paper, ``On the Decrease of Entropy in a Thermodynamic System by the Intervention of Intelligent Beings'' spawned much subsequent research. It connected what we now call a bit of information with a quantity k ln 2 of entropy, and showed that the process of acquiring, exploiting, and resetting this information in a one-molecule engine must dissipate at least kT ln 2 of energy at temperature T. His 1925 paper, ``On the Extension of Phenomenological Thermodynamics to Fluctuation Phenomena,'' showed that fluctuations were consistent with and predicted from equilibrium thermodynamics and did not depend on atomistic theories. His work on physics and technology, demonstrated an astonishing range of interest, ingenuity, foresight, and practical sense. I illustrate this with several of his fundamental contributions to nuclear physics, to the neutron chain reaction and to nuclear reactors, and also to electromagnetic pumping of liquid metals. -
Volume I - Science
THE COLLECTED ORKS OF LEO SZILARD VOLUME I - SCIENCE Edited by Bernard T. Feld and Gertrud Weiss Szilar d with the assistance of Kathleen R. Winsor -I \t ( I ( {/ r Introductory Essays by Carl F . :Jrokart Bernard T. Feld Maurice Ooldhaber Aaron Noviok. Julius Ta.bin M. I . T. Press, Cambridge ,Mass. t I I II{ n ( 0 .!.;t-- Ct((cl L (r- u [ ( ~ A [1· {r I "1 (1 - ' ch ~Y. ,, • l It I I { . ( J L L· I u( I Jacques Honod Professor, College de France Director of Pasteur Institute Paris, France Carl H. Eckart Professor of Geophysics University of California, San Diego Bernard T. Feld Professor of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Boston, Hassachusetts Haurice Goldhaber Director, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, Long Island, New York Aaron Novick Professor of Biology Institute of Molecular Biology University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon Julius Tabin Patent Attorney Chicago, Illinois Gertrud Weiss Szilard, M. D. School of Medicine University of California, San Diego Kathleen R. Winsor Librarian University of California, San Diego TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 I ( l C { ForewoJl to Collected Works ( f') Preface ( --Oart_rud_ Weiss Szilard) rriculum Vitae by Leo Szilard (From Grant Application) ~ ~ )) '> tA.t..c( SECTION I. PU:BLISHED PAPERS IN PHYSICS tq• (..~ 1939 Bibliography A. Thermodynamics ,\ Introdu. ctory :&:~say by Carl H. Eokart ~ _ f-lr I/ c 1 -• B. Expel'imenta.l work with x-rays ~ ) :, , 0 ( c. Nuclear Physi s Introductory Es y by Maurice Goldhaber ~ f·- ;-:. J SECTION II. UNPUBLISHED PAPERS AND REPORTS IN PHYSICS, ETALLURGY AND ENGINEERING, \, (- Declassified documents from Manhatta.nProject) ( 1940- 1945J Bibliography I. -
Leo Szilard Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf0z09n7k3 No online items Leo Szilard Papers Mandeville Special Collections Library Mandeville Special Collections Library The UCSD Libraries 9500 Gilman Drive University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093-0175 Phone: (858) 534-2533 Fax: (858) 534-5950 URL: http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/ Copyright 2005 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Leo Szilard Papers MSS 0032 1 Descriptive Summary Creator: Szilard, Leo Title: Leo Szilard Papers, Date (inclusive): 1898-1998 Extent: 47.30 linear feet(112 archives boxes, 1 records carton, 2 card file boxes, 18 oversize folders) Abstract: Papers of a nuclear physicist, biologist, and advocate of global arms control. Born in Budapest, Hungary in 1898, Szilard moved to Berlin in 1919, where he studied engineering and physics and received his doctorate under Max von Laue at the University of Berlin. He migrated to England in 1933 where he made important discoveries relating to the nuclear chain-reaction. After moving to the United States in the late 1930s, he worked on the Manhattan Project and made significant contributions to the development of the atomic bomb. After World War II he concentrated on the field of biology and became one of the world's leading advocates of global cooperation and arms control. He was associated with many universities, including Oxford, Columbia, and Chicago. In 1951 he married Dr. Gertrude Weiss. In 1963 he became a fellow of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. He died in San Diego, California, in 1964. The majority of the materials in the Szilard papers date from the late 1930s to the early 1960s -- the period following Szilard's move to the U.S. -
Ciencia, Serendipia E Bomba Atómica
CIENCIA, SERENDIPIA E BOMBA ATÓMICA Manolo Bermejo, Universidade de Santiago. Ramón Cid, IES de Sar (Santiago). XVIII CONGRESO DE ENCIGA DOCUMENTOS ANEXOS AO RELATORIO ___________________________________________________________ PAX Texto da Comunicación .....................................................................................3 Enrico Fermi .......................................................................................................5 The First Pile.......................................................................................................8 Fermi's Own Story ...........................................................................................16 The Discovery of Fission ..................................................................................18 Leo Szilard - A Biographical Chronology......................................................21 Eugene Wigner..................................................................................................27 Lise Meitner ......................................................................................................40 Otto Hahn..........................................................................................................43 Fritz Strassmann ..............................................................................................45 Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann............................................46 History of the nuclear fission...........................................................................48 Lise -
938 607072Main Whenbiosphe
| THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK by Michael Meltzer NASA SP-2011- 4234 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Meltzer, Michael. When biospheres collide : a history of NASA’s planetary protection programs / by Michael Meltzer. p. cm. -- (NASA SP ; 2011-4234) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space pollution. 2. Space environment. 3. Outer space-- Exploration--Environmental aspects. 4. Environmental protection-- Moral and ethical aspects. I. Title. TL1499.M45 2010 363.739--dc22 2008005759 CONTENTS List of Figures vii List of Tables xi Preface xiii Foreword xv Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1: Why We Must Protect Planetary Environments 1 Chapter 2: In the Beginning: The Need for Planetary Protection Is Recognized 15 Chapter 3: Developing Effective Planetary Protection Approaches 77 Chapter 4: Back Contamination: The Apollo Approach 113 Chapter 5: Planetary Protection for Mars: The Viking Experience 247 Chapter 6: Small Bodies of the Solar System 301 Chapter 7: Return to Mars 359 Chapter 8: Do We Have the Right To Contaminate? The Ethical and Legal Aspects of Planetary Protection 433 Chapter 9: Conclusion 457 Appendices 461 A. Detailed Planetary Protection Requirements 461 B. The Impact of “Faster, Better, Cheaper” on Planetary Protection Priorities 471 C. Biohazard Identification: The Synergism Between Bioterror Prevention and Planetary Protection Research 474 D. Committees, Organizations, and Facilities Important to the Development of Planetary Protection 476 E. Timeline of Important Planetary Protection–Related Events 481 F. Planetary Protection Approaches Used on Various Missions 484 Acronyms and Abbreviations 493 The NASA History Series 497 Index 515 v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK LIST OF FIGURES Image Page Description 2.1 17 Joshua Lederberg in a laboratory at the University of Wisconsin, October 1958. -
Frank W. Putnam 1917-2006
FRANK W. PUTnaM 1917-2006 A Biographical Memoir by KENNETH E. NEET © 2013 National Academy of Sciences Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. FRANK W. PUTnaM August 3, 1917—November 29, 2006 BY KENNETH E. NEET 1 The term “Greatest Generation” was coined by journalist Tom Brokaw to describe the cohort of people who were born before the Great Depression, took the United States through World War II, and led the country into the subsequent rebuilding/ growth years. Similar traits apply to the biomedical scientists of those times. This “Greatest Scientific Generation” was characterized by a youth spent in the Depression, an education initiated before the war, a career interrupted by (or maintained during) the war, and research accomplishments in the subsequent Cold War era largely supported by the burgeoning National Institutes of Health (NIH). Riding the subsequent wave of technology and information, this scientific FRANK W. PUTNAM FRANK W. generation led the molecular biology and molecular medicine revolutions that read like a Who’s Who of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Table 1). produced the complete sequencing of the human genome and is likely to culmi- Putnam remarked1 that he was fortunate to have nate in truly personalized medicine during the 21st century. participated in three intellectually stimulating collabo- rank W. Putnam was a member in good rations: the Phage Group [1947–52], the Cambridge standing of the Greatest Scientific Genera- Protein Group at the time of the double-helix discovery tion. -
A,Ppendlx a NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD Terms Expire May 10, 1960 RUFUS E. CLEMENT, President, Atlanta University, Atlanta, Ga. LAURE
A,PPENDlX A National Science Board, Staff, Committees, and Advisory Panels NATIONAL SCIENCEBOARD Terms expire May 10, 1960 RUFUS E. CLEMENT, President, Atlanta University, Atlanta, Ga. LAURENCEM. GOULD,President, Carleton College, Northfield, Minn. PAUL M. GROSS (Vice Chairman of the Board and Chairman of the Executive Committee), William Howell Pegram Professor of Chem- istry, Duke University, Durham, N.C. GEORGED. HUMPHREY, President, The University of Wyoming, Lara- mie, Wyo. EDWARDJ. MCSHANE, Professor of Mathematics, University of Vir- ginia, Charlottesville, Va. FREDERICKA. MIDDLEBUSH, President Emeritus and Director of the Development Fund, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. JULIUS A. STRATTON,President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. EDWARDL. TATUM, Member, The Rockefeller Institute, New York, N.Y. Terms expire May IO, 1964 DETLEV W. BRONK (Chairman of the Board), President, The Rocke- feller Institute, New York, N.Y., and President, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. LEE A. DUBRIDGE,President, California Institute of Technology, Pasa- dena, Calif. ROBERT F. LOJIB, Bard Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), 950 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. KEVIN MCCANN, President, The Defiance College, Defiance, Ohio JANE A. RUSSEL, Associate Professor of Biochemistry, Emory Univer- sity, Atlanta, Ga. PAUL B. SEARS, Chairman, Conservation Program, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. ERNEST H. VOLWILER, Chairman of the Board, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill. Terms expire May IO, 1966 W. 0. BAKER, Vice President-Research, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, N.J. 155 CONRADA. ELVEHJEM, President, The University of Wisconsin, Madi- son, Wis. ‘Irhe Reverend THEODOREM. HESBURGH,CSC, President, The Univer- sity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. WILLIAM V. -
A Selected Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Leo Szilard
A Selected Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Leo Szilard Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 09 July 2021 Version 2.93 Title word cross-reference + [ABF+43, CL18, LC02, Lan04c, Lan12b]. $1 [Duf46]. $20 [Per62b]. $27.50 [Cas93]. $35.00 [Bus93]. U238 [Tur46]. //www.store.aetv.com/= [Wac06]. 1 [Szi54a]. 11th [KNSB54]. ’15 [Lan15]. 17th [Lan96b]. 1930 [Cho10]. 1930/41 [Fer68, Fer71]. 1933 [MWW11]. 1933-1980s [MWW11]. 1939 [Dan96, Szi63e]. 1942 [Ano11, CMS42, Lau46, MS42, MLC+42]. 1945 [CD48, Dan95, Lan95a, Szi76b, Pal10]. 1952 [KNSB54]. 1963 [Szi87]. 1964 [E.01, Rab64]. 1969 [ZB69]. 1971 [Jas93]. 1979 [All80]. 1980s [MWW11, BB12]. 1981 [Fel81]. 1998 [Mar98b]. 1st [Ano87a]. 20 [Cas93]. 2002 [Blo04]. 20th [Pri03]. 21st [Kel02]. 25 [Szi63e]. 1 2 387 [Pei43]. 60th [Lan05a]. 737 [Fri74]. 888-423-1212 [Wac06]. 9 [Szi44c]. = [Wac06]. A&E [Wac06]. A-387 [Pei43]. A-Bomb [Ano61g, Ano64a, Ano64b, Wei61, Ano60b, Lan99b, Rob14c]. A-Scientist [Rob6x]. A. [Ano55a]. ABM [Kub98]. ABM-Vertrages [Kub98]. Abolishing [Weh61]. abrogate [Szi60e]. Absorption [AFS39, BJ41, Szi35a, Cha11, Sch00a]. Abstracts [ZB69]. Academic [BB12, MWW11]. Academy [Szi59b]. Acceleration [Szi28]. Accelerators [Tel00, Tel98a]. achievements [Gab74]. acid [NS54]. Action [Szi55d, Woo62, Szi41d]. Active [Szi39c]. activist [Bes85, Bes93, Win98]. acts [Ano61g]. Adaptation [Szi60c]. Addendum [Szi54a]. Address [Ano84a]. Administrators [STS+49]. Adventure [ND98]. adventurous [ABES12]. AEC [Jas93, Szi49a, Szi63a]. -
Leo Szilard Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf0z09n7k3 Online items available Leo Szilard Papers Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Copyright 2005 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla 92093-0175 [email protected] URL: http://libraries.ucsd.edu/collections/sca/index.html Leo Szilard Papers MSS 0032 1 Descriptive Summary Languages: English Contributing Institution: Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla 92093-0175 Title: Leo Szilard Papers Identifier/Call Number: MSS 0032 Physical Description: 46.9 Linear feet (111 archives boxes, 1 records carton, 2 card file boxes, 18 oversize folders) Date (inclusive): 1898 - 1998 Abstract: Papers of Leo Szilard, nuclear physicist, biologist, and advocate of global arms control. Most of the material in the accession processed in 1988 dates from the late 1930s to the early 1960s, the period following Szilard's move to the United States. Materials from earlier years include patents, personal documents, and a number of letters. The collection documents Szilard's work on the atomic bomb and his efforts on behalf of arms control and world cooperation. Prominent correspondents include Enrico Fermi, J. William Fulbright, Otto Hahn, Hubert Humphrey, Frederic Joliot-Curie, Linus Pauling, Michael Polanyi, Jonas Salk, Edward Teller, Harold C. Urey, and Eugene P. Wigner. Also included are copies of correspondence with Albert Einstein. The accessions processed in 2000 contain further correspondence with prominent individuals, including Leslie Groves, John F. Kennedy, Nikita Khrushchev, Max von Laue, and letters from Szilard to Gertrud Weiss Szilard, his wife (1936-1960, in German). It also includes annotated drafts of the letter written with Albert Einstein to President Roosevelt disclosing developments in nuclear fission. -
Chemistry News
Chemistry News COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES · DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY · 2012 INSIDE Lewis Integrative Science Building Opens 2 Green Product Design Course The building promises to cement the UO’s status in materials research. 3 Department Heads’ Perspective 4 UO Science Literacy Program 4 Green Chemistry News Briefs 5 UO Team Wins NSF I-Corps Top Prize 8 New NOBCChE Statewide Chapter 9 Faculty Awards 11 Graduate Student Awards Exterior of the recently opened Robert and Beverly Lewis Integrative Science Building. 12 Undergraduate Student Awards hat is “integrative entists working in green nano- and analysis equipment. The science”? How do technology and solar energy. new labs have been designed 14 Carol Gross W studies of the human One-third of the building will for inorganic materials research, Receives Alumni brain, molecular biology, nano- be devoted to laboratory space. and the architects have been Award technology, and solar energy The remaining two-thirds will be fantastic about working with us relate to each other? offices, an atrium, and “dry” labs. to design a really usable space.” 15 Alumni News These are questions that Shannon Boettcher, as- The UO is a leader in the 19 Honor Roll are common among people sistant professor in inorganic concept of collaborative sci- who are discussing the and materials chemistry and ence, and the Lewis building University of Oregon’s new an Oregon Nanoscience and will further cement the UO’s Robert and Beverly Lewis Microtechnologies Institute reputation as a leading research Integrative Science Building (ONAMI) Signature Researcher, university. The shared instrument (LISB). Construction on the is one of the researchers that will facilities within the Lorry I. -
Leo Szilard and Aaron Novick Research Files
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt338n9998 Online items available Leo Szilard and Aaron Novick Research Files Finding aid prepared by Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California, 92093-0175 858-534-2533 [email protected] Copyright 2005 Leo Szilard and Aaron Novick MSS 0196 1 Research Files Descriptive Summary Title: Leo Szilard and Aaron Novick Research Files Identifier/Call Number: MSS 0196 Contributing Institution: Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California, 92093-0175 Languages: English Physical Description: 0.4 Linear feet(1 archives box) Date (inclusive): 1948 - 1969 Abstract: Laboratory notebooks (1948-1953) of Leo Szilard and Aaron Novick. Szilard, a nuclear physicist, biologist and advocate of global arms control, held an appointment (1948-1955) as a professor of biophysics at the Institute of Radiology and Biophysics, University of Chicago, and, with Aaron Novick, he studied bacteria using a device called the chemostat. The materials also include correspondence (1948-1964) between Szilard and Novick and photographs. Creator: Novick, Aaron, 1919-2000 Creator: Szilard, Leo Digital Content Materials from this collection have been digitized with funding from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) and can be viewed through links in the container list, or by clicking the link below. Items available online Related Materials Leo Szilard Papers, MSS 32. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library. Scope and Content of Collection The Leo Szilard and Aaron Novick Research Files document experiments on bacterial populations performed jointly by Szilard and Novick at the Institute of Radiobiology and Biophysics, University of Chicago.