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CENTRAL ASIA in the HISTORY of the MUSLIM EAST Yuri Bregel
CENTRALASIA IN THE HISTORY OF THE MUSLIMEAST by Yuri Bregel Institute of Asian and African Affairs The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Occasional Paper #20 THE ROLE OF CENTRALASIA IN THE HISTORY OF THE MUSLIMEAST by Yuri Bregel Institute of Asian and African Affairs The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Occasional Paper #20 February 1980 Afghanistan Council The Asia Society 112 East 64th Street New York City .. Introduction The present paper was read at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University, on 5 April, 1978, and for the second time, in Hebrew with some alterations, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on 6 June, 1978. The subject of it is very general. Though it was proposed to me by the Center for Middle Eastern Studies and, therefore, it is the Center that is to be blamed first, I am by no means trying to decline the responsibility for this choice. Perhaps it may be useful to discuss some ~e!leral fc.cts and opir:ir:,:ns concerning the place of Central Asia in the history of the Islamic world and the role of some historical movements which originated in this region during the Isla.mic period. It may be worthwhile for a historian of the Middle East, who is sometimes too fascinated by the great imperial past~ or present - of Turkey, Iran or Abu Dhabi 1 to pay attention to such. a marginal area as Central Asia. It also may be of use for a historian of Central l'.sia, who is usually so busy tackling numerous unstudied and unresolved problems of the region's history that he does not try to place them in some broader perspective and to realize that he can claim an equal place in the .sun with bis colleague studying the Shurubiya or the Abbasid revolution. -
Contents Abbreviations of the Names of Languages in the Statistical Maps
V Contents Abbreviations of the names of languages in the statistical maps. xiii Abbreviations in the text. xv Foreword 17 1. Introduction: the objectives 19 2. On the theoretical framework of research 23 2.1 On language typology and areal linguistics 23 2.1.1 On the history of language typology 24 2.1.2 On the modern language typology ' 27 2.2 Methodological principles 33 2.2.1 On statistical methods in linguistics 34 2.2.2 The variables 41 2.2.2.1 On the phonological systems of languages 41 2.2.2.2 Techniques in word-formation 43 2.2.2.3 Lexical categories 44 2.2.2.4 Categories in nominal inflection 45 2.2.2.5 Inflection of verbs 47 2.2.2.5.1 Verbal categories 48 2.2.2.5.2 Non-finite verb forms 50 2.2.2.6 Syntactic and morphosyntactic organization 52 2.2.2.6.1 The order in and between the main syntactic constituents 53 2.2.2.6.2 Agreement 54 2.2.2.6.3 Coordination and subordination 55 2.2.2.6.4 Copula 56 2.2.2.6.5 Relative clauses 56 2.2.2.7 Semantics and pragmatics 57 2.2.2.7.1 Negation 58 2.2.2.7.2 Definiteness 59 2.2.2.7.3 Thematic structure of sentences 59 3. On the typology of languages spoken in Europe and North and 61 Central Asia 3.1 The Indo-European languages 61 3.1.1 Indo-Iranian languages 63 3.1.1.1New Indo-Aryan languages 63 3.1.1.1.1 Romany 63 3.1.2 Iranian languages 65 3.1.2.1 South-West Iranian languages 65 3.1.2.1.1 Tajiki 65 3.1.2.2 North-West Iranian languages 68 3.1.2.2.1 Kurdish 68 3.1.2.2.2 Northern Talysh 70 3.1.2.3 South-East Iranian languages 72 3.1.2.3.1 Pashto 72 3.1.2.4 North-East Iranian languages 74 3.1.2.4.1 -
URALIC MIGRATIONS: the LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE Václav
URALIC MIGRATIONS: THE LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE Václav Blažek For the classification of Fenno-Ugric/Uralic languages the following scenarios have been proposed: (1) Mari, Mordvin and Fenno-Saamic as coordinate sub-branches (Setälä 1890) Saamic Fenno- -Saamic Balto-Fennic Fenno- -Volgaic Mordvin Fenno- Mari -Permic Udmurt Fenno-Ugric Permic Komi Hungarian Ugric Mansi. Xanty (2) Mordvin and Mari in a Volgaic group (Collinder 1960, 11; Hajdú 1985, 173; OFUJ 1974, 39) Saamic North, East, South Saami Baltic Finnic Finnish, Ingrian, Karelian, Olonets, Ludic, Fenno-Volgaic end of the 1st mill. BC Vepsian, Votic, Estonian, Livonian 1st mill BC Mordvin Fenno- -Permic Volgaic Mari mid 2nd mill. BC Udmurt Finno-Ugric Permic end of the 8th cent. AD Komi 3rd mill. BC Hungarian Uralic Ugric 4th mill. BC mid 2st mill. BC Mansi, Xanty North Nenets, Enets, Nganasan Samoyedic end of the 1st mill. BC South Selkup; Kamasin (3) A model of a series of sequential separations by Viitso (1996, 261-66): Mordvin and Mari represent different separations from the mainstream, formed by Ugric. Fenno-Saamic Finno- Mordvin -Ugric Mari Uralic Permic Ugric (‘Core’) Samoyedic (4) The first application of a so-called ‘recalibrated’ glottochronology to Uralic languages was realized by the team of S. Starostin in 2004. -3500 -3000 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 +500 +1000 +1500 +2000 Selkup Mator Samojedic -720 -210 Kamasin -550 Nganasan -340 Enets +130 Nenets Uralic Khanty -3430 Ugric Ob- +130 Mansi -1340 -Ugric Hungarian Komi Fenno-Ugric Permic +570 Udmurt -2180 Volgaic -1370 Mari -1880 Mordva -1730 Balto-Fennic Veps +220 Estonian +670 Finnish -1300 Saamic Note: G. -
Central Eurasian Studies Society Fourth Annual Conference October
Central Eurasian Studies Society Fourth Annual Conference October 2- 5, 2003 Hosted by: Program on Central Asia and the Caucasus Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies Harvard University Cambridge, Mass., USA Table of Contents Conference Schedule ................................................................................... 1 Film Program ......................................................................................... 2 Panel Grids ................................................................................................ 3 List of Panels .............................................................................................. 5 Schedule of Panels ...................................................................................... 7 Friday • Session I • 9:00 am-10:45 am ..................................................... 7 Friday • Session II • 11:00 am-12:45 pm .................................................. 9 Friday • Session III • 2:00 pm-3:45 pm .................................................. 11 Friday • Session IV • 4:00 pm-5:45 pm .................................................. 12 Saturday • Session I • 9:00 am-10:45 am ............................................... 14 Saturday • Session II • 11:00 am-12:45 pm ............................................ 16 Saturday • Session III • 2:00 pm-3:45 pm .............................................. 18 Saturday • Session IV • 4:00 pm-6:30 pm .............................................. 20 Sunday • Session I • 9:00 am-10:45 am ................................................ -
B. the Program in Uralic and Altaic Studies Originated During the Academic Year
B. The Program in Uralic and Altaic Studies originated during the academic year 1960-1961, when it was known as a Comittee on Uralic and Altaic Studies. In the academic year 1961-1962 ta Jt it was transformed into a Program which then dealt, mainly with Uralic Studies - Finnish and Hungarian language and area studies. As it expanded a more complete range of courses in Uralic and Altaic Language and Area Studies were offered, and to-day the Program is probably the most comprehensive of its kind in the United States, and enjoys a world-wide reputation. Uralic and Altaic Studies is a relatively unconventional field of study concerned with an area that plays an increasing role in world affairs and embarces a great part of the Eurasian Continent. It compriaes a field of study which has hitherto been neglected in the United States. This Program now provides the much needed research facilities for graduate and doctoral students which enables them to become specialized in this field, and meets the growing need for specialists and academicians in this area. The Program offers a degree of Mafter of Arts with specialization in either Uralic or Altaic Studies. An Independent doctoral Program in Uralic and Altaic will be established during the course of the coming year. In the meantime, candidates for the Ph.D. degree present their specialization in Uralic or Altaic Studies to the curricular unit appropriate to the student' a major interest, such as linguistics, history, Asian Studies, folklore, etc. Apart from these above mentioned degrees, the Program also offers a Certificate in Hungarian Studies which is designed to stimulate interest and specialization among students who would already have accumulated some of the requirements towards unkhux another degree. -
The Finnish Korean Connection: an Initial Analysis
The Finnish Korean Connection: An Initial Analysis J ulian Hadland It has traditionally been accepted in circles of comparative linguistics that Finnish is related to Hungarian, and that Korean is related to Mongolian, Tungus, Turkish and other Turkic languages. N.A. Baskakov, in his research into Altaic languages categorised Finnish as belonging to the Uralic family of languages, and Korean as a member of the Altaic family. Yet there is evidence to suggest that Finnish is closer to Korean than to Hungarian, and that likewise Korean is closer to Finnish than to Turkic languages . In his analytic work, "The Altaic Family of Languages", there is strong evidence to suggest that Mongolian, Turkic and Manchurian are closely related, yet in his illustrative examples he is only able to cite SIX cases where Korean bears any resemblance to these languages, and several of these examples are not well-supported. It was only in 1927 that Korean was incorporated into the Altaic family of languages (E.D. Polivanov) . Moreover, as Baskakov points out, "the Japanese-Korean branch appeared, according to (linguistic) scien tists, as a result of mixing altaic dialects with the neighbouring non-altaic languages". For this reason many researchers exclude Korean and Japanese from the Altaic family. However, the question is, what linguistic group did those "non-altaic" languages belong to? If one is familiar with the migrations of tribes, and even nations in the first five centuries AD, one will know that the Finnish (and Ugric) tribes entered the areas of Eastern Europe across the Siberian plane and the Volga. -
2. Historical Overview: Social Order in Mā Warāʾ Al-Nahr
2. Historical Overview: Social Order in Mā Warāʾ al-Nahr With the beginning of Uzbek dominance in southern Central Asia around the year 1500, a fresh wave of Turkic nomads was brought in and added a new element to the populace of the region.1 Initially the establishment of Uzbek rule took the form of a nomadic conquest aiming to gain access to the irrigated and urban areas of Transoxania. The following sedentarization of the Uzbek newcomers was a long-term process that took three and perhaps even more centuries. In the course of time, the conquerors mixed with those Turkic groups that had already been settled in the Oxus region for hundreds of years, and, of course, with parts of the sedentary Persian-speaking population.2 Based on the secondary literature, this chapter is devoted to the most important historical developments in Mā Warāʾ al-Nahr since the beginning of the sixteenth century. By recapitulating the milestones of Uzbek rule, I want to give a brief overview of the historical background for those who are not familiar with Central Asian history. I will explore the most significant elements of the local social order at the highest level of social integration: the rulers and ruling clans. In doing so, I will spotlight the political dynamics resulting from the dialectics of cognitive patterns and institutions that make up local worldviews and their impact on the process of institutionalizing Abū’l-Khairid authority. The major focus will be on patronage. As the current state of knowledge shows, this institution was one of the cornerstones of the social order in the wider region until the Mongol invasion. -
"Evolution of Human Languages": Current State of Affairs
«Evolution of Human Languages»: current state of affairs (03.2014) Contents: I. Currently active members of the project . 2 II. Linguistic experts associated with the project . 4 III. General description of EHL's goals and major lines of research . 6 IV. Up-to-date results / achievements of EHL research . 9 V. A concise list of actual problems and tasks for future resolution. 18 VI. EHL resources and links . 20 2 I. Currently active members of the project. Primary affiliation: Senior researcher, Center for Comparative Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities (Moscow). Web info: http://ivka.rsuh.ru/article.html?id=80197 George Publications: http://rggu.academia.edu/GeorgeStarostin Starostin Research interests: Methodology of historical linguistics; long- vs. short-range linguistic comparison; history and classification of African languages; history of the Chinese language; comparative and historical linguistics of various language families (Indo-European, Altaic, Yeniseian, Dravidian, etc.). Primary affiliation: Visiting researcher, Santa Fe Institute. Formerly, professor of linguistics at the University of Melbourne. Ilia Publications: http://orlabs.oclc.org/identities/lccn-n97-4759 Research interests: Genetic and areal language relationships in Southeast Asia; Peiros history and classification of Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, Austroasiatic languages; macro- and micro-families of the Americas; methodology of historical linguistics. Primary affiliation: Senior researcher, Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow / Novosibirsk). Web info / publications list (in Russian): Sergei http://www.inslav.ru/index.php?option- Nikolayev =com_content&view=article&id=358:2010-06-09-18-14-01 Research interests: Comparative Indo-European and Slavic studies; internal and external genetic relations of North Caucasian languages; internal and external genetic relations of North American languages (Na-Dene; Algic; Mosan). -
On the Similarities and Differences Between the Mongolic, Tungusic, and Eskimo-Aleut Languages
ON THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MONGOLIC, TUNGUSIC, AND ESKIMO-ALEUT LANGUAGES Shinjiro Kazama Tokyo University of Foreign Studies This paper is an attempt at a contrastive typological analysis of selected struc- tural features of three language families: Mongolic, Tungusic, and Eskimo- Aleut (EskAleutic). While Mongolic and Tungusic, together with Japanese (Japonic) and Korean (Koreanic), are known to share many structural features in the context of the so-called Altaic phenomenon, many of these features are not particularly diagnostic and might even be regarded as coincidental with perhaps the single exception of obviative person marking. This is a feature attested also in Eskimo-Aleut. The present paper offers a somewhat more detailed discussion of this, as well as of other typological similarities and differ- ences between the three language families in the areal context of the North Pacific region. Данная статья является попыткой сопоставительного типологического анализа некоторых особенностей монгольских, тунгусских и эскимосско-алеутских языков. Как известно, монгольские и тунгусские языки, а также японский и корейский языки, имеют немало общих черт в контексте так называемого алтайского феномена, но многие из них не имеют особенно большого диагностического значения и могут быть даже случайными. Исключением является обвиативное лицо, которое встречается и в эскимосско-алеутских языках. Эта черта, а также некоторые другие типлогические совпадения и расхождения между названными группами языков рассматриваются в статье в контексте Северо-Тихоокеанского региона. 1. INTRODUCTION In Kazama (2003) I attempted to contrast typologically three so-called Altaic language groups (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic), together with the Korean and Japanese languages. I endeavoured to contrast these languages in detail, dealing with as many features as possiblе. -
JAH 1–25 (1967-1991), Index
JOURNAL OF ASIAN HISTORY EDITED BY DENIS SINOR Assistant to the Editor: Karin L. Ford Book Review Editor: Ruth I. Meserve INDEX TO THE VOLUMES 1-25 (1967-1991) 1993 Harrassowitz Verlag • Wiesbaden © 1993 Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden No part of this periodical may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without permission from the publisher Production: Allgäuer Zeitungsverlag GmbH, Kempten Printed in Germany ISSN 0021-910X Table of Contents Introduction I. List of authors with titles of their articles II. List of reviewers with titles of books reviewed .... 9 III. List of books reviewed with names of reviewers ... 63 Introduction This comprehensive table of contents of the first twenty-five volu- mes of the Journal of Asian History is divided into three sections: I. List of authors with titles of their articles; II. List of reviewers with titles of books reviewed; III. List of books reviewed with na- mes of reviewers. The number of the volume is given in Roman numeral, followed by the year of publication and the pagination. My thanks are due to Miss April Younger who reorganized the botched work of her predecessors and to Mrs. Mary von Pilsen who brought the work to completion. Denis Sinor I. List of Articles Adas, Michael, Twentieth Century Approaches to the Indian Mutiny of 1857-58. - V 1971: 1-19. Akhmedov, B. A., The Bahr al-asrār of Mahmūd b. Valī and its Study in the USSR and Elsewhere - XXV 1991: 163-180. Alder, G. J. , Britain and the Defence of India - The Origins of the Problem 1798-1815. -
Survey of the World's Languages
Survey of the world’s languages The languages of the world can be divided into a number of families of related languages, possibly grouped into larger stocks, plus a residue of isolates, languages that appear not to be genetically related to any other known languages, languages that form one-member families on their own. The number of families, stocks, and isolates is hotly disputed. The disagreements centre around differences of opinion as to what constitutes a family or stock, as well as the acceptable criteria and methods for establishing them. Linguists are sometimes divided into lumpers and splitters according to whether they lump many languages together into large stocks, or divide them into numerous smaller family groups. Merritt Ruhlen is an extreme lumper: in his classification of the world’s languages (1991) he identifies just nineteen language families or stocks, and five isolates. More towards the splitting end is Ethnologue, the 18th edition of which identifies some 141 top-level genetic groupings. In addition, it distinguishes 1 constructed language, 88 creoles, 137 or 138 deaf sign languages (the figures differ in different places, and this category actually includes alternate sign languages — see also website for Chapter 12), 75 language isolates, 21 mixed languages, 13 pidgins, and 51 unclassified languages. Even so, in terms of what has actually been established by application of the comparative method, the Ethnologue system is wildly lumping! Some families, for instance Austronesian and Indo-European, are well established, and few serious doubts exist as to their genetic unity. Others are quite contentious. Both Ruhlen (1991) and Ethnologue identify an Australian family, although there is as yet no firm evidence that the languages of the continent are all genetically related. -
In Yohanan Friedmann (Ed.), Islam in Asia, Vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1984), P
Notes INTRODUCTION: AFGHANISTAN’S ISLAM 1. Cited in C. Edmund Bosworth, “The Coming of Islam to Afghanistan,” in Yohanan Friedmann (ed.), Islam in Asia, vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1984), p. 13. 2. Erica C. D. Hunter, “The Church of the East in Central Asia,” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 78 (1996), pp. 129–42. On Herat, see pp. 131–34. 3. On Afghanistan’s Jews, see the discussion and sources later in this chapter and notes 163 to 169. 4. Bosworth (1984; above, note 1), pp. 1–22; idem, “The Appearance and Establishment of Islam in Afghanistan,” in Étienne de la Vaissière (ed.), Islamisation de l’Asie Centrale: Processus locaux d’acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle, Cahiers de Studia Iranica 39 (Paris: Association pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes, 2008); and Gianroberto Scarcia, “Sull’ultima ‘islamizzazione’ di Bāmiyān,” Annali dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli, new series, 16 (1966), pp. 279–81. On the early Arabic sources on Balkh, see Paul Schwarz, “Bemerkungen zu den arabischen Nachrichten über Balkh,” in Jal Dastur Cursetji Pavry (ed.), Oriental Studies in Honour of Cursetji Erachji Pavry (London: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1933). 5. Hugh Kennedy and Arezou Azad, “The Coming of Islam to Balkh,” in Marie Legen- dre, Alain Delattre, and Petra Sijpesteijn (eds.), Authority and Control in the Countryside: Late Antiquity and Early Islam (London: Darwin Press, forthcoming). 6. For example, Geoffrey Khan (ed.), Arabic Documents from Early Islamic Khurasan (London: Nour Foundation/Azimuth Editions, 2007). 7. Richard W. Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quan- titative History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Derryl Maclean, Re- ligion and Society in Arab Sind (Leiden: Brill, 1989); idem, “Ismailism, Conversion, and Syncretism in Arab Sind,” Bulletin of the Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies 11 (1992), pp.