Amended Environmental Management Plan for the Sossusvlei Desert Lodge February 2019
AMENDMENTS TO THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE &BEYOND SOSSUSVLEI DESERT LODGE, GIBEON CONSTITUENCY, HARDAP REGION, NAMIBIA
February 2019
Independent Environmental Consultants
Windhoek
Client:
Afro Ventures Namibia (Pty) Ltd T/A &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge
P O Box 11480
Klein Windhoek
Namibia AMENDMENTS TO THE EXISTING EMP
INTRODUCTION
The Environmental Clearance Certificate for the & Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, issued on 24 January 2017 states:
“The Environmental Management Plan submitted is sufficient as it made an adequate provision of the environmental management for the above mentioned project. From this perspective, regular monitoring and evaluation of environmental performance should be conducted. Targets for improvements should be established and monitored from time to time.”
The existing EMP is attached as Appendix B.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE TO DATE
An assessment of the borehole capacity and water quality was carried out by Namib Hydrosearch in February 2018 under contract to Sossusvlei Desert Lodge (Appendix C). It shows compliance with the above-mentioned requirement. The assessment concluded that the borehole can be pumped at the rate needed to meet the increased water demand. Recommendations to be added to the existing EMP are tabled below.
ADDITIONS TO THE EXISTING EMP
Page 24
ASPECT IMPACT MITIGATION / COMPENSATION Resource use Water Resource use / Monitor groundwater levels, abstraction, rainfall and management depletion of natural periods of stream flow in local ephemeral streams, on resources a yearly basis. This will inform any future estimates of sustainable abstraction.
Ensure all backwashing water derived from the swimming pools is re-used to optimum effect (e.g. for watering plants in the lodge grounds). This will form part of the water recycling initiative described below.
Ensure that any additional water usage by the lodge is offset by the water recycling systems at each room.
Provide water consumption figures to lodge guests, so that they are encouraged to be actively involved in the water conservation objectives. For example, a live chart of the daily water consumption in the lobby could give an indication of the effectiveness of the water conservation measures being implemented.
______Appendix B Environmental Management Plan for the Sossusvlei Desert Lodge October 2016 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE &BEYOND SOSSUSVLEI DESERT LODGE, GIBEON CONSTITUENCY, HARDAP REGION, NAMIBIA
10 October 2016
Prepared by: Prepared for: CONTACT DETAILS
Mr Paolo Lillo Lodge Manager Afro Ventures Namibia (Pty) Ltd T/A &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge P.O. Box 11480 Windhoek Namibia Tel: +264 63 693308 Fax: +264 63 693239 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.andBeyond.com
Dr Lima Maartens LM Environmental Consulting P.O. Box 1284 Windhoek Namibia Tel: +264 61 255750 Cell: +264 81 2458790 Fax: 088 61 9004 E-mail: [email protected]
Declaration: LM Environmental Consulting is an independent consulting firm with no interest in the project which is the subject matter hereof other than to fulfil the contract between the client and the consultant for delivery of specialised services as stipulated in the terms of reference.
Limitation of liability: LM Environmental Consulting accept no responsibility or liability in respect of losses, damages or costs suffered or incurred, directly or indirectly, under or in connection with this report to the extent that such losses, damages, and costs are due to information provided to LM Environmental Consulting for purposes of this report that is subsequently found to be inaccurate, misleading or incomplete, or due to the acts or omissions of any person other than ourselves. LM Environmental Consulting shall not be liable for any direct, incidental, special or consequential damages for loss of profit, revenue, data or use incurred by the Client or any third party, whether in contract or delict, regardless whether the Client or the other party has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
Copyright Warning: Unless otherwise noted, the copyright in all text and other matter (including the manner of presentation) is the exclusive property of LM Environmental Consulting and/or Dr Maartens. It is an offence to reproduce and/or use, without written consent, any substance, matter, technical procedure and/or technique or part thereof contained in this document.
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction...... 8 1.1 Background ...... 8 1.2 Activities Requiring Environmental Clearance ...... 8 1.3 Terms of Reference ...... 8 1.4 Environmental Assessment Practitioner ...... 8 2 Description of the Project...... 9 2.1 Location...... 9 2.2 Infrastructure/Facilities ...... 10 2.3 Engineering Services ...... 13 2.3.1 Water Supply...... 13 2.3.2 Power Supply ...... 13 2.3.3 Sewage ...... 13 2.3.4 Waste Management ...... 14 2.4 Activities Offered ...... 14 2.5 Employment ...... 15 2.6 Social Responsibility ...... 15 3 Regulatory Framework ...... 16 4 Environmental Management Plan...... 18 4.1 Goal, Aim and Structure of the Environmental Management Plan ...... 18 4.2 Permits and Approvals ...... 18 4.3 Roles and Responsibilities ...... 19 4.4 Environmental Management Plan...... 19 4.5 Monitoring and Reporting...... 28 5 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 29 6 References ...... 30
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Regulatory framework for the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, Farm Vreemdelingspoort No. 141, Hardap Region, Namibia...... 16 Table 2: Environmental Management Plan for the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, Farm Vreemdelingspoort No. 141, Hardap Region, Namibia...... 20
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Map showing the location of the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge on Farm Vreemdelingspoort No. 141, Gibeon Constituency, Hardap Region, Namibia (Source: Linear Design & Mapping, September 2016)...... 9 Figure 2: Pictures taken at the &Beyond airfield showing: a) fire extinguishers (yello rectangle); &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge (green rectangle) is located in the far background; b) demarcated landing strip; c) run-up pad at the parking area; and d) the wind sock (Source: L. Maartens, 03 September 2016)...... 10 Figure 3: Pictures showing: a) the main building; b) the lounge-area with the safari shop in the background; c) the lounge-area; d) the bar; e) the veranda; f) the swimming pool; g) the observatory; and h) some of the quest suites at the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge (Source: L. Maartens, 03 September 2016)...... 11 Figure 4: Map showing the location of the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, the airfield, the septic tank/French drain system, the Staff Village, and the location of the two boreholes (water is abstracted from one borehole only), Farm Vreemdelingspoort No. 141 (Source: Linear Design & Mapping, September 2016)...... 12 Figure 5: Pictures showing: a) staff accommodation facilities; b) three 10,000 litre water storage tanks; c) the workshop; d) a store room; e) two containers used for storage; f) consumer fuel installation; g) diesel
iii generator; and h) two boreholes (water is abstracted from the borehole to the left only) (Source: L. Maartens, 03 September 2016)...... 13 Figure 6: Picture showing the waterhole (yellow oval) at the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge (Source: L. Maartens, 03 September 2016)...... 15
LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure A: Curriculum Vita (Environmental Assessment Practitioner); Annexure B: Site Maps: &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge; Annexure C: Consumer Installation Certificate (July 2002); Annexure D: &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge Fact Sheet (2014); Annexure E: &Beyond Safety, Health and Environmental Policy (February 2013); Certificate of Fitness, Ministry of Health and Social Services (27 April 2016); Certificate of Registration for Accommodation Establishment, Namibia Tourism Board (01 May 2005); and Annexure F: Effluent Numeric Requirements (Ministry of Agriculture Water and Forestry, 2008).
iv ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY
The following is a list of the abbreviations, acronyms, technical terms, and definitions used in this Report:
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AU African Union CARS Civil Aviation Regulations CATS (Namibian) Civil Aviation Technical Standards CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CIS Consumer Installation Certificate CoM (Namibian) Chamber of Mines DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs DWA Department of Water Affairs EA Environmental Assessment EAP Environmental Assessment Practitioner EAPAN Environmental Assessment Professionals of Namibia ECC Environmental Clearance Certificate EHS Environmental Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act EMP Environmental Management Plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GIIP Good International Industry Practice GN Government Notice GRN Government of the Republic of Namibia HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning I&APs Interested and Affected Parties IDA International Dark-Sky Association IEMA Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment IFC International Finance Corporation IPPC International Plant Protection Convention ISO International Organization for Standardization IWM Integrated Waste Management LAC Legal Assistance Centre MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism MME Ministry of Mines and Energy MOHSS Ministry of Health and Social Services MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet NaDEET Namib Desert Environmental Education Trust NDP National Development Plan NRAC NamibRand Desert Research and Awareness Centre NRCF NamibRand Conservation Foundation NRNR NamibRand Nature Reserve NTB Namibia Tourism Board PM Particulate Matter PPE Personal Protective Equipment SA South Africa SADC Southern African Development Community SAIE-ES Southern African Institute of Ecologists and Environmental Scientists SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SHE Safety, Health and Environment STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNCCD United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification US United States VOC Volatile Organic Compound
v WHO World Health Organization ha hectare km kilometre kVA kilo Volt-Ampere l litre m metre
Aspect Element of anorganization'sactivitiesorproducts orservices thatcaninteract with the environment (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 2004). Biodiversity Defined in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.” Disposal The discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any solid or hazardous waste on or in the land or water (United States (US), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)). Environment Surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their interrelation (ISO, 2004). Environmental The process of identifying, predicting and evaluating the effects of proposed activities on Assessment (EA) the environment. It should include information about the risks and consequences of activities, possible alternatives, and steps which can be taken to mitigate (minimize or off-set) any negative impacts. It should also discuss steps to increase positive impacts and to promote compliance with the principles of environmental management. Both Government bodies and private persons or groups (such as private companies) can be required to carry out environmental assessments (Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET), 2008). Environmental A certificate which allows a listed activity to go ahead. The certificate means that the Clearance Certificate Ministry of Environment and Tourism is satisfied that the activity in question will not (ECC) have an unduly negative impact on the environment. It may set conditions for the activity to prevent or to minimize harmful impacts on the environment (MET, 2008). Environmental A key document that should consist of the set of measures to be taken during Management Plan (EMP) implementation and operation to eliminate, offset, or reduce adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. Also included in the plan are the actions needed to implement them (Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA), 2008). Good International The exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence, and foresight that would Industry Practice (GIIP) reasonably be expected from skilled and experienced professionals engaged in the same type of undertaking under the same or similar circumstances globally or regionally. The outcome of such an exercise should be that the project employs the most appropriate technologies in the project-specific circumstances (International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2007a). (Grouped) Hazardous Any substance, mixture of substances, product or material declared in terms of section Substance 3 (1) to be a hazardous substance of any kind (Hazardous Substances Ordinance No. 14 of 1974). HazardousWaste Waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment. There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous: i) ignitability (i.e. flammable); ii) reactivity; iii) corrosivity; and iv) toxicity (Wikipedia). Impact Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization's environmental aspects (ISO, 2004). Integrated Waste Concept if employing several waste control and disposal methods such as source Management (IWM) reduction, recycling, reuse, incineration, and land filling, to minimize the environmental impact of commercial and industrial waste streams (Business Dictionary). Invasive Alien Species The intentional or accidental introduction of alien, or non-native, species of flora and fauna into areas where they are not normally found can be a significant threat to biodiversity, since some alien species can become invasive, spreading rapidly and out- competing native species (IFC, 2012). Mitigation Any action intended to either reduce or avert exposure or the likelihood of exposure to sources that are not part of a controlled practice, or which are out of control as a
vi consequence of an accident (DEA, 2008). Mitigation Hierarchy Adoption of a mitigation hierarchy to anticipate and avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimize, or compensate/offset for risks and impacts to workers, Affected Communities, and the environment is widely regarded as a Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) approach to managing environmental and social risks and impacts: Avoidance requires the client to identify and, where available and technically and financially feasible, make changes to the project’s design (or potential location) to avoid adverse risks and impacts on social and/or environmental features. Avoidance is considered to be the most acceptable form of mitigation. Minimization: where avoidance is not possible, adverse impacts and risks can be minimized through environmental and social measures/treatments/design. Acceptable options to minimize will vary and include: abate, rectify, repair, and/or restore impacts, as appropriate. Compensation/Offset: where avoidance or minimization measures are not available, it may be appropriate to design and implement measures that compensate/offset for residual risks and impacts. It should be noted that these measures do not eliminate the identified adverse risks and impacts, but they seek to offset it with an (at least) comparable positive one (IFC, 2012). Monitoring The repetitive and continued observation, measurement and evaluation of environmental data to follow changes over a period of time to assess the efficiency of control measures (DEA, 2008). Pollution The direct or indirect introduction of something which is harmful to people, property, or the environment into the air, land, or water. Pollution can be caused by substances, vibrations, heat, radiation or noise. One of the key ideas behind the law is that the polluter must pay the costs of pollution (MET, 2008). Polluter Pays Principle Principle to be used for allocating costs of pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce environmental resources and to avoid distortions in international trade and investment (DEA, 2008). RenewableEnergy Energy that comes from natural resources, such as sunlight or wind, and that are renewable (Wikipedia). Sewage The subset of wastewater that is contaminated with faeces and/or urine; it includes domestic, municipal, or industrial liquid waste products disposed of, usually via a pipe or sewer or similar structure (Wikipedia). SignificantEffect Having, or likely to have, a consequential qualitative or quantitative impact on the environment, including changes in ecological, aesthetic, cultural, historic, economic and social factors, whether directly or indirectly, individually or collectively (Environmental Management Act (EMA) 7 of 2007). Stormwater Water that originates during precipitation (rainfall) events. Stormwater that does not soak into the ground becomes surface runoff. Stormwater is of concern for the following two reasons: one is related to the volume and timing of runoff water (for flood control and the supply of water) and the other is related to the potential contaminants that the water may be carrying and subsequent water pollution (Wikipedia). Sustainable Use Using natural resources in a way and ata rate thatdoes not lead to a long-term decline, so that the environment will be able to meet the needs of future generations, i.e. the natural resources of the earth must be shared fairly between present and future generations (MET, 2008). Waste An unwanted or undesired material or substance. It is also referred to as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, or junk, depending on the type of material. Litter is waste that has been carelessly disposed of in plain sight. Waste is “dumped” in order to avoid paying waste disposal fees (Wikipedia). Waste Management The collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials (Wikipedia). Wastewater Any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic (human) influences, i.e. liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations (Wikipedia).
vii 1 Introduction
1.1 Background Afro Ventures Namibia (Pty) Ltd is a Namibian Company (Reg. No: 88/167) Trading As (T/A) &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge.
The Lodge is located on Farm Vreemdelingspoort No. 141 (that forms part of the NamibRand (Private) Nature Reserve (NRNR)), Gibeon Constituency, Hardap Region, Namibia.
The &Beyond Group owns and/or manages permanent and mobile lodges in Africa (Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe); the &Beyond Group acts as a destination management company (i.e. it facilitates bookings) on behalf of guests wishing to travel to Rwanda, Uganda, and Zamibia (Africa), Asia (Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka) and South America (Chile and Argentina) (see www.andBeyond.com). The Sossusvlei Desert Lodge was taken over by the &Beyond Group in 2001.
1.2 Activities Requiring Environmental Clearance “Tourism Development Activities 6. The construction of resorts, lodges, hotels or other tourism and hospitality facilities”,“Water Resource Developments 8.1 The abstraction of ground or surface water for industrial or commercial purposes”, and “Infrastructure 10.1 The construction of-(d) … airfields” (Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN), 2012: Annexure to Government Notice (GN) No. 29) are regarded as activities that may not be undertaken without an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC).
In line with the Commencement of the Environmental Management Act (EMA), 2007 (Act No. 7 of 2007) (06 February 2012; GN No. 28), the Listed Activities that may not be undertaken without an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) (GN No. 29), and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations (GN No. 30) (GRN, 2012), Afro Ventures Namibia (Pty) Ltd T/A &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge hereby applies to the Environmental Commissioner for an ECC.
1.3 Terms of Reference LM Environmental Consulting was appointed by Afro Ventures Namibia (Pty) Ltd T/A &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge to prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge in August 2016. Note that an EMP only is required as it is an existing operation. A site visit of the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge was undertaken between 03 and 04 September 2016.
1.4 Environmental Assessment Practitioner The author of this report is Dr Lima Maartens who has more than 23 years’ experience in natural resource management (she gained her doctorate in Fisheries Science from Rhodes University, South Africa (SA) in 2000 while working for the Namibian Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources), lecturing (University of Namibia), environmental science and management (De Beers Marine Namibia and the Canadian Forsys Metals Corp), and consulting. Dr Maartens is registered as a lead practitioner with the Environmental Assessment Professionals of Namibia (EAPAN) (she also serves on the Executive Committee), an associate member of the Namibian Chamber of Mines (CoM), a member of the Southern African Institute of Ecologists and Environmental Scientists (SAIE-ES), and a registered associate environmental auditor with the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) in the United Kingdom (UK). LM Environmental Consulting was established by Dr Maartens in October 2009 (see Annexure A for a Curriculum Vita).
8 2 Description of the Project
2.1 Location The &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge is located on Farm Vreemdelingspoort No. 141 (~20,000 hectares (ha) in size (see Figure 1 and Annexure B); the Farm is located within the NamibRand Nature Reserve (NRNR)), Gibeon Constituency, Hardap Region, Namibia. Access to the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge can be attained via the C27 Main Gravel Road between Sesriem and Betta.
Figure 1: Map showing the location of the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge on Farm Vreemdelingspoort No. 141, Gibeon Constituency, Hardap Region, Namibia (Source: Linear Design & Mapping, September 2016).
The NRNR, one of the largest private conservation areas in Africa, was established in 1992. The Reserve, consisting of 16 former livestock farms and covering an area of approximately 215,000 ha, borders the Namib-Naukluft National Park. In 2001, all the Farm Owners signed an agreement that set aside their Farms for conservation. The Farm Owners still hold the title deeds, but they relinquished their individual management rights and instead serve as directors on the NamibRand Reserve’s managing board. NamibRand has since become a self-sustaining, non-for-profit organisation that derives its income from park fees paid by visitors. The NamibRand Conservation Foundation (NRCF) was subsequently established. The Foundation funds special projects (e.g. investigating the area’s history and archaeology) and supports the NamibRand Desert Research and Awareness Centre (NRAC), as well as the Namib Desert Environmental Education Trust (NaDEET) (Jackson, 2009/2010; also see http://www.namibrand.org/index.html; Murray Tindall, Control Warden, NamibRand Nature Reserve, pers. comm.).
9 2.2 Infrastructure/Facilities A 1,410 by 10 metre (m) private airfield (gravel) can be found on Farm Vreemdelingspoort No. 141 (see Figures 2 and 4). The airfield is operated by PPR &Beyond Africa. Aircraft may land or take off twice per day; the biggest aircraft that can make use of the airfield is the PC12 Pilatus, and the smallest aircraft is the Cessna 210. No re-fuelling of aircraft takes place at the airfield (Mr Grant Chambers, Back of House/ Maintenance Manager, &Beyond, pers. comm.).
a) b)
c) d) Figure 2: Pictures taken at the &Beyond airfield showing: a) fire extinguishers (yello rectangle); &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge (green rectangle) is located in the far background; b) demarcated landing strip; c) run-up pad at the parking area; and d) the wind sock (Source: L. Maartens, 03 September 2016).
The &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge itself consists of the following infrastructure/facilities:
Main building: Reception; Safari Shop; Lounge; Dining Room; Bar; TV Room; and Veranda; A Swimming Pool; An Observatory; and Ten (10) Guest Suites (with a shower, two basins, a toilet, and an outside shower) (see Figure 3).
a) b)
10 c) d)
e) f)
g) h) Figure 3: Pictures showing: a) the main building; b) the lounge-area with the safari shop in the background; c) the lounge-area; d) the bar; e) the veranda; f) the swimming pool; g) the observatory; and h) some of the quest suites at the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge (Source: L. Maartens, 03 September 2016).
Additional accommodation facilities include: a pilot/guide suite with a shower, basin and toilet; a suite for manager(s) (with bath, shower, basin, and toilet); two (2) bachelor units (with shower, basin, and toilet); and a suite (for Observatory staff) with a shower, two basins, and a toilet.
At the Staff Village, the following infrastructure can be found:
Accommodation facilities for staff; Three (3) 10,000 litre (l) water storage tanks (an additional two (2) 10,000 l water storage tanks supply the Lodge itself); A workshop; Three (3) store rooms and two (2) containers (used for storage); A Consumer Fuel Installation (a Consumer Installation Certificate (CIS) was granted to Gold Venture Lodges (Pty) Ltd by the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) in July 2002 (see Annexure C); fuel (~15,000 litres) is delivered to &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge by LVW Boerediens in Mariental once a month; Two (2) 250 kilo Volt-Ampere (kVA) generators (supplying the Lodge) and one (1) 125 kVA generator (supplying the workshop); and Two (2) boreholes (water is abstracted from one (1) borehole only) (see Figures 4 and 5).
11 Figure 4: Map showing the location of the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, the airfield, the septic tank/French drain system, the Staff Village, and the location of the two boreholes (water is abstracted from one borehole only), Farm Vreemdelingspoort No. 141 (Source: Linear Design & Mapping, September 2016).
a) b)
c) d)
12 e) f)
g) h) Figure 5: Pictures showing: a) staff accommodation facilities; b) three 10,000 litre water storage tanks; c) the workshop; d) a store room; e) two containers used for storage; f) consumer fuel installation; g) diesel generator; and h) two boreholes (water is abstracted from the borehole to the left only) (Source: L. Maartens, 03 September 2016).
2.3 Engineering Services
2.3.1 Water Supply
Water for the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge is obtained from one (1) borehole (no water is currently abstracted from the second borehole (see Figures 4 and 5). The water is abstracted from the borehole and stored in five (5) 10,000 litre (l) tanks. Water abstraction and consumption figures are currently unknown (Mr Grant Chambers, Back of House/ Maintenance Manager, &Beyond, pers. comm.).
As the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge does not fall within a Water Control Area (Water Act 54 of 1956 (as amended)), a water abstraction permit is not required. However, a letter is required from the Department of Water Affairs (DWA), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (MAWF), stating that it is not a Water Control Area (and that the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge may abstract water for commercial purposes) (Mr Franciskus Witbooi, Deputy Director: Law Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, pers. comm.).
2.3.2 Power Supply
Power for the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge comes from two (2) 250 kVA generators (supplying the Lodge) and one (1) 125 kVA generator (supplying the workshop) (Mr Grant Chambers, Back of House/ Maintenance Manager, &Beyond, pers. comm.).
2.3.3 Sewage
All the flush toilets at the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge and Staff Village (and including the wastewater from the baths and showers) drain into a septic tanks and then a French drain system (see Figure 4) (Mr Grant Chambers, Back of House/ Maintenance Manager, &Beyond, pers. comm.).
13 Afro Ventures Namibia (Pty) Ltd T/A &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, however, needs to apply for an effluent discharge permit from the DWA, MAWF (Mr Franciskus Witbooi, Deputy Director: Law Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, pers. comm.).
2.3.4 Waste Management
An Integrated Waste Management (IWM) approach is to be followed, i.e. employing several waste control and disposal methods such as source reduction (e.g. buying in bulk quantities), recycling (tins and glass are taken to the Mariental landfill), reuse (it is planned to use food scraps from the kitchen as compost for the gardens), incineration (paper), and land filling (Mariental landfill) (Mr Grant Chambers, Back of House/ Maintenance Manager, &Beyond, pers. comm.), in order to minimize the environmental impact of the commercial waste streams.
Note that the EMP for the NamibRand Nature Reserve (2007) stipulates: Refuse generated at all human habitation sites within the Reserve should be separated into categories of organic, combustible, glass, metal and toxic. Organic and combustible waste may be buried on the Reserve in locations as designated by the Control Warden. All other waste (glass, metal, toxic) should be removed from the Reserve and dumped at designated municipal waste management areas.
2.4 Activities Offered The following activities can be undertaken at and from the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge:
Game watching: Oryx Oryx gazella, Burchell’s Equus quagga burchellii and Hartmann’s Mountain Zebra Equus zebra hartmanni visit the nearby waterhole (see Figure 6) throughout the day; other mammals that frequent the area include: Springbok Antidorcas masupialis; Aardwolf Proteles cristatus; Brown Hyena Hyaena brunnea; Bat-eared Fox Otocyon megalotis; and Cape Fox Vulpes chama; Bird watching (to date, 150 species have been identified in the NRNR); Swimming in the Lodge swimming pool; Shopping at the Safari Shop; Stargazing at the Observatory, accompanied by a resident and professional astronomer;
The NamibRand Nature Reserve (NRNR) has been designated a Gold Tier International Dark-Sky Reserve by the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) (see http://darksky.org/); it is the second place on Earth that was designated with Gold Tier status and it was also the first International Dark- Sky Reserve in the developing world, as well as in Africa. NamibRand has made a devoted effort in adapting all their artificial lighting fittings to meet the IDA Standards and they also have enshrined lighting guidelines (e.g. maximum allowable brightness of outdoor light fixtures and the use of vehicle headlights) in their Management Plan (see http://www.namibrand.org/dark-sky.html).
Nature/game drives; Guided nature walks; Guided trips to the San rock paintings; Quad bike excursions; and Excursions to Sossusvlei, Sesriem Canyon and Dead Vlei (also see Annexure D).
14 Figure 6: Picture showing the waterhole (yellow oval) at the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge (Source: L. Maartens, 03 September 2016).
2.5 Employment The &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge currently employs 45 people (ten (10) casual and 35 permanent staff: 20 males and 15 females). The staff originally comes from Maltahöhe, Windhoek and surrounds, and northern Namibia; staff work for six (6) weeks at a time and then gets 16 days off (Mrs Emmeritta Lillo, Sossusvlei Administration Manager, &Beyond, pers. comm.).
2.6 Social Responsibility Solar lamps/lanterns are sold (for N$400) at the Safari Shop at &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge. Each of the lanterns sold, provides the funding to light up a home in the community (without access to electricity), as well as to feed 12 children for one day, or one child for 12 days.
&Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge currently feeds 200 children, many of whom have been orphaned due to HIV/AIDS, at their feeding scheme for orphans and vulnerable children in Maltahöhe. The children are also provided with a mineral and vitamin enriched porridge five days a week, as well as fresh fruit three times a week (Mrs Emmeritta Lillo, Sossusvlei Administration Manager, &Beyond, pers. comm.).
15 3 Regulatory Framework
The most pertinent legislation (Legal Assistance Centre (LAC), 2010; Ruppel and Ruppel-Schlichting, 2016), with the aim of informing the Owners and Managers of the legal requirements pertaining to the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge is listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Regulatory framework for the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, Farm Vreemdelingspoort No. 141, Hardap Region, Namibia. National Law Acts of Parliament, Regulations, Ordinances, Proclamations The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia 1990 Employees’ Compensation Act 30 of 1941; Amendment Act 5 of 1995, that came into force on 1 March 1995, amends the Act substantially and changes its name from the Workmen’s Compensation Act to the Employees’ Compensation Act Water Act 54 of 1956 (as amended) Aviation Act 74 of 1962 (as last amended by the Aviation Amendment Act 10 of 1991 and the Aviation Amendment Act 27 of 1998) (and the Namibian Civil Aviation Regulations 2001 and Namibian (NAM) Civil Aviation Technical Standards (CATS)) Soil Conservation Act 76 of 1969 (as amended in South Africa to March 1978; section 13 is amended by the Forest Act 12 of 2001) General Health Regulations (Government Notice 121 of 14 October 1969 as amended) Accommodation Establishments and Tourism Ordinance 20 of 1973 (and Amendments 25 of 1973, 17 of 1974, 12 of 1975, 5 of 1977, 14 of 1977, 4 of 1978, 11 of 1978 and 14 of 1979); and the Regulations GN 75/1974 (18 April 1994) as amended by GN 119/1974 (1 July 1974), GN 130/1975 (2 June 1975), GN 315/1977 (15 September 1977), GN 24/2000 (GG 2264) (Regulations 1 and 3, Schedules II, III, IV, XIIA, XIIB, XIIC, XVIIIA, XVIIIB and XVIIIC), and GN 89/2000 (GG 2304) (Regulation 1 and Schedules II and IV) Hazardous Substance Ordinance 14 of 1974 Nature Conservation Ordinance 4 of 1975 (and the associated Regulations Government Notice (GN) 240/1976) Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Ordinance 11 of 1976 Foreign Investment Act 27 of 1990 Petroleum Products and Energy Act 13 of 1990 (as amended by the Petroleum Products and Energy Amendment Act 29 of 2004, Act 3 of 2000 and Act 16 of 2003; Petroleum Act Regulations were made in 1991 and 2000 under the Petroleum Products and Energy Act 13 of 1990 (“Petroleum Act Regulations”), to provide for the application of environmental standards and the avoidance of environmental harm caused by the keeping, handling, conveying, using and disposing of petroleum products) Regional Councils Act 22 of 1992 (and Amendment Acts 17 of 1997, 30 of 2000, 12 of 2002, and 12 of 2010) Social Security Act 34 of 1994 (and the Regulations) Nature Conservation Amendment Act 5 of 1996 Affirmative Action (Employment) Act 29 of 1998 (as amended by Act 6 of 2007 and the Labour Act 11 of 2007) (and the Regulations) Road Traffic and Transport Act 22 of 1999 (as amended by the Road Traffic and Transport Amendment Act 6 of 2008) Namibia Tourism Board Act 21 of 2000 Forest Act 12 of 2001 (and the Forest Regulations 2015) National Heritage Act 27 of 2004 (and the Regulations/Appointments/Declarations made under the National Monuments Act 28 of 1969 and the Regulations 2005) Environmental Management Act 7 of 2007 (and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012) Labour Act 11 of 2007 (and the Labour Amendment Act 2 of 2012) Plant Quarantine Act 7 of 2008 Tobacco Products Control Act 1 of 2010 (and the Regulations) Disaster Risk Management Act 10 of 2012 Water Resources Management Act 11 of 2013 (promulgated, but not yet implemented) Public and Environmental Health Act 1 of 2015 (promulgated, but not yet implemented) Policies, Guidelines, National Strategies & Action Plans Policies Conservation of Biotic Diversity and Habitat Protection 1994 Environmental Assessment Policy for Sustainable Development and Environmental Conservation 1995 National Water Policy White Paper - Policy Framework for Equitable, Efficient, and Sustainable Water Resources Management and Water Services 2002 (Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development) National Policy on Tourism for Namibia 2008 National Gender Policy 2010 - 2020 National Health Policy Framework 2010-2020 - “towards quality health and social welfare services” National Policy on Filming and Photography in Protected Areas 2013
16 Guidelines The Water Act (Act 54 of 1956) and its requirements in terms of water supplies for drinking water and for waste water treatment and discharge 1998 & Draft Water Quality Guidelines and Standards for Potable Water, as well as Water Quality Standards for Effluent 2008 Petroleum Products Regulations, 2000 Guidelines for Consumer Installations Code of Practice: Volume 1 SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS General Guidelines June 2007 National Strategies & Action Plans Namibia’s Green Plan 1992 Namibia’s Fourth National Development Plan (NDP4) (2012/13 to 2016/17) – Changing gear towards achieving Vision 2030 Town Planning Schemes, Structure Plans, & Land Use Plans A Strategic Collaborative Management & Development Plan For Greater Sossusvlei – Namib Landscape 2013 – 2018 (Ministry of Environment and Tourism) Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) NamibRand Nature Reserve Environmental Management Plan 2007 Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Of The Tourism Sector For The Greater Sossusvlei Namib Landscape 2014 (Ministry of Environment and Tourism) International Law African Union (AU) African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 1981 Revised (Algiers) Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 2003 Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on Tourism 1998 United Nations (UN) / International Conventions International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) 1951 (as last amended in 1997) Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1972 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985 and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987; Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Adopted at the Fourth Meeting of the Parties at Copenhagen on 25 November 1992; Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Adopted by the Ninth Meeting of the Parties at Montreal on 17 September 1997; and Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Beijing, 3 December 1999 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 United Nation Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 1994 United Nations (UN) Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 and Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1997 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions 2005 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) 1951 (as last amended in 1997) & Revision of International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) No. 15 Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade 2009 International Best Practice International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines 2007 and the EHS Guidelines for Tourism and Hospitality Development 2007
17 4 Environmental Management Plan
4.1 Goal, Aim and Structure of the Environmental Management Plan The ultimate goal of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to ensure that the physical, biophysical and socio-economic objectives are met to such an extent that the overall product of the activity will not result in a net negative impact.
The aim of the EMP is to assist the Owners and Managers of the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge to ensure that the day-to-day operations are carried out in an environmentally responsible manner, thereby preventing or minimizing the negative effects and maximizing the positive effects of the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge.
Once approved by the Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA), Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET), in the form of an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC), the EMP will become a legally binding document and the Owners and Managers of the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, their Contractor(s), and their Sub-Contractor(s) are required to abide to the conditions stipulated in the EMP.
The EMP is presented as a comprehensive matrix: for each Activity/Process and related Aspects and Impacts, Management Actions required to address the impacts arising directly and indirectly from the various aspects of the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge are listed.
A copy of the EMP should be made available at the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge.
External auditing (and monitoring) should be carried out to ensure compliance with the EMP. Parties responsible for transgression of the EMP should be held responsible for any rehabilitation that needs to be undertaken.
Note that the EMP is not a static document and that the document should be updated as activities at the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, and/or the NamibRand Nature Reserve, progress.
4.2 Permits and Approvals The most pertinent legislation, with the aim of informing the Owners and Managers of the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge of the legal requirements pertaining to the activities at the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, is listed under Section 3 of this Report.
A summary of the relevant legislation and regulatory authorities (including contact details) as far as permits and/or approvals are concerned, is provided:
Legislation Regulatory Authority Permit/Approval Contact Details Water Act 54 of 1956 (as Ministry of Agriculture, Letter from DWA indicating Mr Franciskus Witbooi amended) Water and Forestry that a water abstraction Deputy Director: Law (MAWF), permit is not required as Administration Department of Water the area is not a Water Tel. 061-2087226 Affairs (DWA) Control Area. [email protected]
Wastewater Discharge Permit. Environmental Ministry of Environment Environmental Clearance Mr Teofilus Nghitila Management Act 7 of 2007 and Tourism (MET), Certificate. Environmental Directorate of Commissioner Environmental Affairs Tel. 061-2842751 (DEA) [email protected] or [email protected] Labour Act 11 of 2007 Ministry of Labour, Permission is needed to Mr Henri Kassen Industrial Relations and run 12-hour shifts (should Labour Commissioner Employment Creation it be required). Tel. 061-379100 [email protected]
18 4.3 Roles and Responsibilities The Owners and Managers of the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge are responsible for fulfilling the requirements in the EMP.
In addition to the before-mentioned, the following actions are proposed: 1. The provision by &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge of, on an on-going basis, sufficient management sponsorship and human and financial resources for the implementation of the EMP; 2. The development of the proposed monitoring programme(s) (see Section 4.5); and 3. External auditing (by an independent, external auditor) of the management actions as contained in the EMP for the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge.
4.4 Environmental Management Plan This Section contains the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge (Table 2) (also see IFC, 2007a; b).
Note that the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge is in possession of / is a member of / was awarded: &Beyond Safety, Health and Environmental Policy (February 2013); Certificate of Fitness, Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) (27 April 2016 till 31 March 2017); Certificate of Registration for Accommodation Establishment, Namibia Tourism Board (NTB) (since 01 May 2005) (see Annexure E); &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge is featured in the US Condé Nast Traveller’s Hot List (2001); &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge is #21 in the US Condé Nast Traveller Readers’ Choice Awards Top 30 Resorts & Camps (Africa & Middle East) (October 2007); &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge is #21 in the Condé Nast Traveller (US) Readers’ Choice Awards 2007 Top 30 (Africa & Middle East) (November 2008); &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge is listed in the Smart Luxury Awards by Sherman’s Travel (December 2010); &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge becomes Namibia’s first Virtuoso Property (November 2012); &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge is awarded a TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence (December 2012); &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge is #69 in International Traveller’s 100 Best Hotels and Resorts in the World (September 2013); and &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge is Namibia’s Leading Safari Lodge at the World Travel Awards 2016 (April 2016).
Upon arrival, guests to &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge are provided with six (6) booklets containing the following sheets/information: Booklet 1: Telephone (relevant telephone numbers); Precious Water (urging quests to re-use towels); Activities; and Body Treatment Menu; Booklet 2: In the Know Guest Information containing information re: Out & About; In-Room; Arrival & Departure; Food; Children; Travel Arrangements; Conservation of Natural Resources; &Beyond Foundation; Safety; Communication; Climate; Safari Shop; Money; Safari Etiquette; and Local Culture; Booklet 3: Eco Guide Naturalist Notes containing information re: The Namib Desert; People and History; Landscape and Climate; Rocky Hillsides; Sandy Plains; Dry River Beds; Dunes; Sossusvlei; Sesriem; Fairy Circles; List of Mammals, Reptiles and Frogs; List of Birds; List of Common Plants; and Further Reading; Booklet 4: Winging It Introduction to Birding; Booklet 5: Africa Foundation Pamphlet; and Booklet 6: Brochure containing information on all &Beyond’s Lodges.
19 Table 2: Environmental Management Plan for the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, Farm Vreemdelingspoort No. 141, Hardap Region, Namibia. ASPECT IMPACT MITIGATION/COMPENSATION Social and Environmental Performance: &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge Management and Monitoring Social and Environmental Adhere to all Namibian Legislation, Performance including Best Practice Guidelines.
Ensure that all aspects related to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) are implemented, including the EMP for the NamibRand Nature Reserve (2007).
Cognicance to be taken of: A Strategic Collaborative Management & Development Plan For Greater Sossusvlei – Namib Landscape 2013 – 2018; the Landscape Conservation Areas’ Law Enforcement Manual; and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Of The Tourism Sector For The Greater Sossusvlei Namib Landscape 2014 (see http://www.landscapesnamibia.org/sossusvl ei-namib/our-approach). Consultation and Disclosure Social and Environmental Maintain open and direct lines of Performance communication with the Authorities and Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) (e.g. the Hardap Regional Council, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET), the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS), the Namibia Tourism Board (NTB), etc.) with regards to environmental matters.
Consult with I&APs throughout the project process and adequately incorporate I&APs’ concerns. Grievance Mechanism Social and Environmental Implement a grievance mechanism for Performance receiving and resolving any concerns and grievances related to the project’s social and environmental performance throughout the project life cycle.
Inform all I&APs about the mechanism.
Address concerns promptly and transparently and in a culturally appropriate manner.
Keep a register of all concerns/issues received from I&APs, as well as the measures taken to address these. Training, including awareness and Social and Environmental Train employees in matters related to the inductions Performance project’s social and environmental performance and Namibia’s regulatory requirements.
Ensure adequate environmental awareness training for all personnel.
Give environmental induction presentations to all personnel. Employment and procurement Social and Environmental Source contracting companies/service opportunities Performance providers/workers based on merit and expertise giving preference to local contractors/service providers/workers on condition that the local contractors/service providers/workers have the required
20 ASPECT IMPACT MITIGATION/COMPENSATION experience and expertise.
Consider utilising local labour for unskilled work and to then provide training to workers in order to perform semi-skilled work; this should be done under the supervision of managers/specialists to ensure maximum local beneficiation.
Ensure that contractors/service providers adhere to the Namibian Labour, Social Security, Health and Safety, and Affirmative Action laws.
Contracts to stipulate that all contractors/service providers have an HIV/AIDS Policy and Programme in place.
Source maximally from local resources to ensure maximum economic beneficiation of local businesses in terms of new business sales. Labour and Working Conditions Social and Environmental Establish, maintain and improve the worker- Performance management relationship. Base the employment relationship on equal opportunity and fair treatment and no discrimination to be allowed.
Comply with Namibia’s labour and employment laws.
Promote safe and healthy working conditions and the protection and promotion of worker health.
Document and communicate the Working Conditions and Terms of Employment.
Respect Collective Agreements and the right of workers to organize and bargain collectively.
Implement a Grievance Mechanism. Occupational and Community Social and Environmental Adhere to all Namibia’s Health and Safety Health and Safety and Security Performance Regulations (Labour Act, 1992: Regulations Relating to the Health and Safety of Employees at Work).
Ensure that an HIV/AIDS Policy and Programme and Health and Safety Plan is in place.
A SHE (Safety, Health, Environment) Representative to be appointed once the staff complement reaches 20.
Occupational Health and Safety Training to be provided to all employees.
Ensure that qualified first aid can be provided at all times.
Comply with all safety regulations re. electricity supply.
Ensure that employees are trained in the
21 ASPECT IMPACT MITIGATION/COMPENSATION use of appropriate fire fighting equipment and ensure that such equipment is on hand at all times. Forty two (42) serviced fire extinguishers are available (at the airfield, in the vehicles, at the Lodge, and at the Staff Village).
Provide and ensure the active use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Make suitable arrangements, as far as practicable, for the maintenance of health, the prevention and overcoming of outbreaks of disease and of adequate first aid services.
Prevent communicable disease (e.g. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) such as HIV transmission): provide surveillance and active screening and treatment of employees; prevent illness among employees (through health awareness and education initiatives); ensure ready access to medical treatment, confidentiality and appropriate care, particularly with respect to migrant workers; and promote immunization.
Ensure that security arrangements are in place. &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge Operationalactivities Negativeimpactonfloralspecies Avoid/preventtheplantingofpotentially invasive alien plant species for ornamental purposes as part of the landscaping (these species often “escape” and become invasive causing further ecological damage); rather incorporate indigenous vegetation into the overall landscaping of the area (this would create a natural ambiance and indigenous species require less water and overall maintenance).
Promote appropriate guest and staff behaviour (e.g. do not allow any native plant species to be removed/damaged). Operationalactivities Pollutionofbiophysical Fertilizers: environment (surface and Conduct regular soil testing (to establish groundwater) nutrient needs) in order to determine fertilizer application rates/correct doses.
Store fertilizers in their original packaging in a dedicated, locked area, with proper signage, and with access limited only to authorised personnel.
Use slow-release and/or natural organic fertilizers. Manure can be an alternative, but if over applied it may also cause pollution.
Prepare a management plan covering the measures for containment, storage and ultimate destruction of obsolete fertilizers in accordance to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines (and consistent with country commitments under the Stockholm, Rotterdam and Basel
22 ASPECT IMPACT MITIGATION/COMPENSATION Conventions).
Note that it is planned to use the food scraps from the kitchen as compost for the gardens at the &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge.
Pesticides: Consider non-chemical methods (e.g. use beneficial organisms to perform the biological control of pests, or use mechanical controls, i.e. traps, barriers, light and sound to kill/relocate/repel pests, or use mechanical weed control/thermal weeding) before resorting to chemical application.
Maintain a pesticide logbook: e.g. field observations, weather data, time and dosage of treatment, and effectiveness and apply pesticides based on these criteria. Ensure that only the minimum effective dose is applied.
Avoid the use of pesticides that fall under the Wold Health Organization (WHO) Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard Classes 1a and b, and by Hazard Class II. Also those that are listed in Annexes A and B of the Stockholm Convention (except under the conditions noted in the convention). Only use pesticides that are manufactured under license, registered and approved by the appropriate authority and in accordance with the FAO’s International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. Only use pesticides that are labeled in accordance with international standards and norms.
Pesticide application equipment to be maintained and calibrated in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.
Store pesticides in their original packaging in a dedicated, dry, cool, frost-free, well aerated, locked area, with proper signage, and with access limited only to authorised personnel. Also ensure that spill containment measures are in place.
Ensure that the personnel applying pesticides are properly trained; mixing and transfer of pesticides to be done in ventilated and well-lit areas using containers designed/dedicated for the task. Contaminated containers to be handled and treated as hazardous waste (see Hazardous materials management).
Purchase and store only the required amounts of pesticides. &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge: Resource Use EnergyManagement Resourceuse(e.g.coal)/ Promote the sustainable use of energy (that depletion of natural resources will result in the reduction of use and cost
23 ASPECT IMPACT MITIGATION/COMPENSATION reductions) (e.g. energy efficient light sources).
Raise awareness amongst the residents, staff (and contractors).
For reduction of energy consumption associated with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, and cooking and refrigeration equipment see IFC (2007b). Water-efficient design features Resource use (water) / depletion Use, where feasible, water saving of natural resources equipment including ultra-low-flush toilets, spray nozzles, urinals, faucet aerators, and low-flow showerheads, infrared and ultrasonic sensors, water spigots, and pressure-control valves. WaterManagement Resourceuse/depletionof Implement a water conservation program, natural resources promoting the continuous reduction in water consumption.
Promote and enforce a policy on landscape and garden designs that minimise water consumption e.g. the use of indigenous plants.
Raise awareness amongst the residents, staff (and contractors) re the importance of saving water. &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge: Hazardous Materials Management Hazardous materials Social and Environmental Establish hazardous materials management management Performance priorities (based on hazard analysis of risky operations).
Avoid, or minimize the use of hazardous materials.
Prevent uncontrolled releases of hazardous materials to the environment or uncontrolled reactions that may result in fire or explosion.
Implement management controls (procedures, inspections and training, communication and drills) to address residual risks. Hazardous materials Pollution of biophysical Implement prevention and control measures management environment (soil and water) for the use, handling and storage of hazardous materials:
Materials transfer: regularly inspect, maintain and repair fittings/pipes/hoses; make use of drip trays/other drip containment measures at connection/possible overflow points; Overfill protection: use trained filling operators; install gauges on tanks to measure the volume inside; make use of dripless hose connections (vehicle tanks) and fixed connections (storage tanks); use a catch basin/drip tray around the fill pipe to collect spills; Reaction, fire, and explosion prevention: hazardous materials to be stored in marked containers and separate (from non- hazardous materials); incompatible
24 ASPECT IMPACT MITIGATION/COMPENSATION hazardous materials (acids, bases, flammables, oxidizers, reactive chemicals) to be stored in separate areas and with containment facilities separating material storage; smoking or working with open flames not to be permitted in the presence of these substances; limit access to hazardous waste storage areas and clearly label and demarcate the area; conduct regular inspections of the areas and document the findings; prepare and implement spill response and emergency plans; train employees in the use of appropriate fire fighting equipment and ensure that such equipment is on hand at all times.
Train workers on the correct transfer and handling of fuels and chemicals and the response to spills.
Immediately report and clean up any accidental hydrocarbon spill: Sunsorb, Drizit, Peatsorb can be used to clean up small spills; in case of larger spills, the spill together with the polluted soil should be removed and disposed of at e.g. a biological remediation site. Hazardous materials Occupational Health and Safety Implement hazard communication and management training programmes (including information on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)) to make employees aware of workplace chemical hazards and how to respond to these.
Provide and ensure the active use of PPE. &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge: Waste Management Waste management: non- Pollution of biophysical Prepare an Integrated Waste hazardous and hazardous environment Management Plan. The generation of waste should be avoided or minimized as far as practicable; where it cannot be avoided, but has been minimized, waste should be recovered and reused (e.g. set up collection points for the recycling of solid waste; note that it is planned to use the organic waste is used for composting); where waste cannot be recovered/reused, it should be treated, destroyed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner.
Waste reduction can be achieved by: buying in bulk quantities; using refillable, bulk dispensers (e.g. toiletries) (vs. individually packaged products); working with suppliers in order to limit the use of, and establishing recycling for, product packaging; avoiding the use of polystyrene foam altogether; using glass/durable plastic rather than disposable plastic items (straws/cups); providing in-room recycling procedures and appropriate receptacles.
Raise awareness amongst residents, staff and contractors (to reduce, recycle and reuse waste).
25 ASPECT IMPACT MITIGATION/COMPENSATION Stamp down on any form of littering.
Non-hazardous and hazardous waste to be collected and stored separately.
Hazardous waste: recycle petroleum (fuels and lubricants) waste products and collect and recycle batteries and print cartridges. The remainder to be transported by an approved contractor to a recognized hazardous waste disposal site (e.g. Walvis Bay or Windhoek), with prior permission from the relevant Municipality. Waste management: sanitary Pollution of biophysical Ensure that the discharge of sanitary environment wastewater to land conform to the regulatory requirements (Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry’s (MAWF) Water Quality Standards for Effluent (2008; see Annexure F).
Note that all toilets are of the flush-type and drain into septic tanks and French drains.
Use bio-degradable toilet cleaners that do not kill the bacteria in the septic tanks. Biotreatment is added (to the toilets, etc.) once every three weeks. Wastewatermanagement Pollutionofbiophysical Minimize the use of the laundry through environment asking guests to reuse the towels and bedding. Guests are asked to re-use towels.
Control the consumption of cleaning materials. If feasible, substitute cleaning materials with biodegradable products.
Avoid/minimize the use of cleaning agents that contain phosphates, nitrilotriacetic acid or any of its salts, ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid and ethylene dinitrilotetraacetic acid or any of their salts, alkylphenol ethoxylate, halogenated organic solvents, butoxy-ethanol, and (Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in excess of 10 percent by mass. Wastewater management - Soilerosion Regularinspectionandmaintenanceof stormwater management permanent erosion and runoff control features. &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge: Occupational and Community Health and Safety Foodquality OccupationalandCommunity Apply international standards/implement Health and Safety systems re. the handling, preparation and storage of food, e.g. SANS 10049:2001 (Food Hygiene Management) and/or ISO 22000:2005 (Food Safety Management System). Indoorairquality OccupationalandCommunity Use low VOC-emitting products. Health and Safety Avoid, where possible, the use of aerosols, sprays and air fresheners.
Housekeeping and cleaning products to be used during unoccupied hours.
HVAC system: conduct periodic, preventive maintenance (incl. cleaning drain pans and changing filters); keep duct lining dry;
26 ASPECT IMPACT MITIGATION/COMPENSATION ensure clean mechanical rooms; and fix leaks and clean spills immediately. Swimmingpools CommunityHealthandSafety Implementapoolwatersanitization programme; the programme should include the monitoring of water quality (also see World Health Organization (WHO), 2006). &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge Airfield Management and Monitoring Social and Environmental Comply with Namibia’s Aviation Act, the Performance Civil Aviation Regulations (CARS), and the Civil Aviation Technical Standards (CATS).
Comply with the NamibRand Nature Reserve EMP (2007): Aircraft flying over the Reserve should maintain a minimum height of 1, 000 metres (m) (3,000 feet); scenic flights departing and returning to the Reserve should maintain this height until passing the boundaries of the Reserve Occupational and Community Social and Environmental Notice or information boards relating public Health and Safety Performance health and safety hazards and emergency contact details should be put up at the aircraft parking area. Landing Strip Maintenance Air quality (dust or Particulate Maintain the landing strip surface to Matter (PM) pollution) preserve surface characteristics (e.g. texture and roughness). The landing strip is graded once a year; tyres are used to grade the strip on a monthly basis.
Avoid landing strip maintenance under high wind conditions or when a visible dust plume is present.
Use dust control/suppression methods, such as applying water or non-toxic chemicals to minimize dust. Soil erosion Reduce or prevent soil erosion (if relevant). Occupational and Community Maintain the landing strip surface to Safety preserve surface characteristics (e.g. texture and roughness). The landing strip is graded once a year; tyres are used to grade the strip on a monthly basis.
Replace the wind sock (as needed).
Paint the boundary demarcation stones (of the landing strip) white. The landing strip is demarcated with white stones. Economical Ensure that the run-up pad is free of rocks/stones before landing. Landing and Takeoff of Aircraft: Occupational and Community Apply wildlife repellent techniques (if Fauna/Avifauna on the landing Safety necessary), e.g. audio techniques, or visual strip techniques to scare and repel wildlife. The runway is cleared 30 minutes before takeoff and landing. Parked Aircraft Pollution of biophysical Aircraft maintenance/servicing/washing not environment (air, soil and water) to be allowed on site.
Enforce proper waste (hazardous and non- hazardous) management practices.
Note that no re-fuelling of aircraft takes place in the area.
27 4.5 Monitoring and Reporting The following monitoring and reporting, at least but not limited to, need to be carried out:
Type Parameter Frequency Responsible Person *Wastewater discharge As per the Department of As per DWA effluent Designated Person(s) Water Affairs (DWA), discharge permit Ministry of Agriculture, requirements Water and Forestry’s (MAWF) Effluent Numeric Requirements (see Annexure F) Swimming pool water Monitor the water quality Ad hoc Designated Person(s) sanitization to establish treatment need and frequency Stormwater and soil Soil erosion rates Ad hoc (rainy season) Designated Person(s) erosion Alien invasive plant Identification and removal Three-monthly monitoring Designated Person(s) species of any alien invasive species Environmental Environmental Internal audits (monthly) Designated Person(s) Management Plan performance / corrective External audits (annual) measures to be taken as or when required
*The Department of Water Affairs (DWA), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development (MAWRD) prepared Water Quality Guidelines and these were adopted in 1998. In 2008, draft (Water Quality Guidelines and Standards for Potable Water, as well as) Water Quality Standards for Effluent were prepared to become Regulations under the Water Resources Management Act 24 of 2004 (see Annexure F).
28 5 Conclusions and Recommendations
The Sossusvlei Desert Lodge was taken over by the &Beyond Group in 2001.
It is advised that &Beyond Sossusvlei Desert Lodge, and their employees and contractors, should implement and observe the Environmental Management Plan (and including the NamibRand Nature Reserve’s Environmental Management Plan (2007)) on an ongoing basis.
Environmental performance should be regularly monitored (so that the lessons learnt can be incorporated into the improvement of the Environmental Management Plan over time) and corrective measures taken as or when required.
Dr Lima Maartens LM Environmental Consulting
29 6 References
Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA). 2008. Draft Procedures and Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plans (EMP). Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Windhoek. Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN). 2012. Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Government Notice No. 28. Commencement of the Environmental Management Act, 2007. Government Notice No. 29. List of activities that may not be undertaken without Environmental Clearance Certificate: Environmental Management Act, 2007. Government Notice No. 30. Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations: Environmental Management Act, 2007. Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. No. 4878. 6 February 2012. International Finance Corporation (IFC). World Bank Group. 2007a. Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines. 99 pp. International Finance Corporation (IFC). World Bank Group. 2007b. Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines for Tourism and Hospitality Development. 20 pp. International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2012. International Finance Corporation’s Guidance Notes: Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability. 1 January 2012. 273 pp. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2004. ISO 14001 Environmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use. Second Edition. 32 pp. Jackson, T. 2009/2010. Desert Revival. Africa Geographic. www.africageographic.com Legal Assistance Centre (LAC). 2010. NAMLEX Index to the Laws of Namibia, Legal Assistance Centre, 2010 update. Information current to 30 June 2010. 483 pp. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET). 2008. Guide to the Environmental Management Act 7 of 2007. 64 pp. NamibRand Nature Reserve. 2007. NamibRand Nature Reserve Environmental Management Plan. 43 pp. Republic of Namibia, Ministry of Environment and Tourism. A Strategic Collaborative Management & Development Plan For Greater Sossusvlei – Namib Landscape 2013 – 2018. 24 pp. Ruppel, O.C. and K. Ruppel-Schlichting (Eds). 2016. Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia Towards Making Africa the Tree of Life. Third Fully Revised Edition. John Meinert Printing (Pty) Ltd. Southern African Institute for Environmental Assessment (SAIEA). 2014. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the Tourism Sector for the Greater Sossusvlei Namib Landscape. Prepared for the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. 72 pp. World Health Organization (WHO). 2006. Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 2, Swimming pools and similar environments. 146 pp.
30 Appendix C Borehole Pump Test for Sossusvlei Desert Lodge February 2018 SOSSUSVLEI DESERT LODGE Vreemdelingspoort Farm Hardap Region, Namibia
TEST PUMPING OF EXISTING BOREHOLE AND COMMENTS ON MONITORING OF WATER LEVELS AND WATER QUALITY
Project: NHN-221
FEBRUARY 2018
Namib Hydrosearch, PO Box 11546 Windhoek Namibia, [email protected]
Table of Contents 1 Introduction ...... 1 2 Hydrogeological condition ...... 1 3 Water demand ...... 1 4 Test pumping ...... 2 4.1 Constant rate test and recovery ...... 2 5 Water quality ...... 3 6 Monitoring of water level and abstraction ...... 4 7 Vulnerability of the fault zone to pollution at surface ...... 5 8 Conclusions ...... 5 9 Recommendations ...... 5 10 Reference ...... 5
List of Tables
Table 1: Water level record ...... 2 Table 2: Borehole information ...... 2 Table 3: Estimated water demand for the Sossusvlei Desert Lodge ...... 3 Table 4: Guidelines for the evaluation of drinking water for human consumption, DWA, Namibia, July 1991 ...... 4
List of Figures
Figure 1: Location of boreholes and fault trace at surface ...... 1 Figure 2: Time-drawdown pumping and recovery data from constant rate test of the production borehole (pumping rate at 5.4 m³/h for 8 hours) ...... 3
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1 Introduction Namib Hydrosearch was appointed to test pump and estimate a recommended yield from a supply borehole in the Sossusvlei Desert Lodge (Figure 1). The lodge is located in Farm Vreemdelingspoort, approximately 35 km south of Sesriem. A test pumping unit was mobilized and a constant rate test carried out based on an initial inspection of the site by a senior hydrogeologist. Water quality sampling was done during the test pumping. The results of the test are reported here.
Figure 1: Location of boreholes and fault trace at surface
2 Hydrogeological condition The underlying geology according to the Geology Map of Namibia (1:1,000,000 scale) belongs to the Sinclair Supergroup. The aquifer is a regional scale high permeability fault zone in volcanic rocks with associated dolomite and granitic intrusions that extends in the northeast and south-western directions. The fault dips to the northwest. The fault is exposed at surface and is about 40 m in width. The location of the fault is shown in Figure 1. The boreholes at site (both pumping and observation boreholes) were drilled down dip of the exposed fault zone. Drilling records at the Sossusvlei Desert Lodge indicate the first water strike to be at a depth range of 140-147 m. The blowout yield was 32 m³/h.
3 Water demand Water demand figures quoted is calculated on the basis of full occupancy and assumed water usage at 250 litres / person / day for all needs. In Table 3 estimates of current usage and future usage is given. The required water can be sourced from the borehole and no requirement for additional water sources is deemed necessary.
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Table 1: Water level record
Borehole Latitude Longitude Date Water level Collar height Water level below collar (m) (bgl) (m) Pumping S24.76350 E15.89115 02/02/2018 103.04 0.80 102.24 borehole Observation S24.76356 E15.89110 26/01/2018 103.11 0.62 102.49 borehole
Table 2: Borehole information
Borehole depth (m) Not known (believed to be 200 m). Aquifer Fractured, fault 40 m width at surface; 65˚ dip to NW Depth to water strike (m) 140-147 m (first water strike) Pump installation depth (m) 168 m Type of pump installed Electrical submersible (3 kW motor) Storage of pumped water 40,000 liters in 4 x 10,000 liter plastic tanks
4 Test pumping
4.1 Constant rate test and recovery The borehole was pumped for 8 hours at an average rate of 5.4 m³/h. The total volume pumped during the test is 43.1 m³. The discharge rate was limited by the narrow diameter of the borehole (and therefore pump size) and the deep water level. Drawdown recorded was very low (0.3 m) in 8 hours of pumping (Figure 2) and the data is not interpretable to estimate aquifer parameters. Test pumping data is conventionally used to estimate hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient and estimate distances to flow barriers (lateral extent of the fault zone in this case). These parameters are used to project drawdown due to production pumping for a design period. With limited drawdown at 8 hours of pumping indicated that the extending the pumping phase to 18 hours as planned will not yield useful data. The test was therefore terminated after 8 hours of pumping.
The indication from the aquifer response is that the fracture zone is highly transmissive and drawdown from pumping will remain low. Depending on the recharge characteristics the water level may however drop over time. Monitoring of the water levels therefore is of utmost importance for an early indication of over pumping.
The indication from water levels recorded in the past (102 m) and that measured during the test (102.2 m) is that the water table has not shown any significant decline yet. The increase in pumping rate with the expansion of the lodge (number of guests and staff) will be sustainable. The long term effect of pumping however needs to be monitored as discussed below.
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Table 3: Estimated water demand for the Sossusvlei Desert Lodge
Current water demand on full occupancy Number of Water demand + 25% persons Guests 43 24,000 liters/day Staff 35 Total 78 Expected water demand on full occupancy with future expansion Guests 50 28,000 liters/day Staff 40 Total 90
1. Obs. Wells PBH
0.8
0.6
Drawdown (m) Drawdown 0.4
0.2
0. 0 1 2 3 10 10 10 10 Time (min)
Figure 2: Time-drawdown pumping and recovery data from constant rate test of the production borehole (pumping rate at 5.4 m³/h for 8 hours)
5 Water quality A water sample was collected during the test and analyzed for drinking water parameters (inorganic constituents) as per the DWA Water Quality Guidelines. The data is given in Appendix A.
All parameters except Fluoride are within the acceptable limits of the Guidelines for human consumption. High Fluoride in groundwater (Group D) is probably from natural sources associated with the granitic intrusions in the area. The effect of elevated levels of Fluoride ingestion through drinking water causes skeletal and dental fluorosis (Fawell, et al., 2006). Development of these
3 | P a g e conditions depends on the dosage levels and duration of exposure. The level of Fluoride detected (5 mg/L) is considered high when compared to the DWA Water Quality Guidelines (3 mg/L, Group C) and WHO Guidelines for Drinking water quality (1.5 mg/L).
In the absence of other water sources defluoridation of the groundwater can be done through low pressure reverse osmosis units (Fawell, et al., 2006) for drinking purposes. The water is suitable for all other use.
Table 4: Guidelines for the evaluation of drinking water for human consumption, DWA, Namibia, July 1991
Recommended maximum limits Human consumption Livestock Parameter Units Group A Group B Group C watering p H 6-9 5.5-9.5 4-11 Electrical Conductivity mS/m 150 300 400 Turbidity NTU 1 5 10 Total Dissolved Solids (calc.) mg/l 6000
P-Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l
Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l
Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 300 650 1300
Ca-Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 375 500 1000 2500
Mg-Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 290 420 840 2057 Chloride as Cl- mg/l 250 600 1200 1500-3000 Fluoride as F- mg/l 1.5 2.0 3.0 2.0-6.0 2- Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 200 600 1200 1000 Nitrate as N mg/l 10 20 40 100 Nitrite as N mg/l 10 Sodium as Na mg/l 100 400 800 2000 Potassium as K mg/l 200 400 800 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 70 100 200 500 Calcium as Ca mg/l 150 200 400 1000 Manganese as Mn mg/l 0.05 1.0 2.0 10 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.1 1.0 2.0 10
6 Monitoring of water level and abstraction The fault zone is of regional extent which implies sizeable stored volume in the aquifer. But, in the absence of information on the fault zone's hydraulic characteristics and frequency of recharge this comment cannot be validated. There is therefore a need, as an early warning system and estimation of sustainable yield, for a borehole (observation borehole, Table 1) to be used for monitoring of water levels. Water levels are to be measured every two weeks under non-pumping conditions, i.e., before pumping resumes after the borehole is allowed to recover overnight. Alternatively, the borehole can be equipped with an automatic water level recorder to record water levels over time.
Additional parameters for monitoring are borehole discharge using a calibrated flow meter, rainfall and periods of flow in the ephemeral streams. The flow meter currently installed in the pumping
4 | P a g e borehole requires service or replacement. Flow meter readings can be recorded weekly. The data can be evaluated on a yearly basis by a hydrogeologist.
7 Vulnerability of the fault zone to pollution at surface The steeply dipping exposed fault zone is vulnerable to contaminants at surface. Activities that involve hazardous fluids and waste are to be avoided over the exposed fault zone. An area of 150 m radius around the boreholes (pumping borehole and observation borehole in Figure 1) is recommended as a protection zone. In this area no hazardous material may be stored or disposed of, that include sewage treatment facilities, fuel oil storage, and waste disposal.
8 Conclusions The following are concluded from the above.
1. The boreholes (pumping and observation boreholes) are placed in a regional scale fault zone. 2. The constant rate test carried out for 8 hours resulted in very limited drawdown and the data could not be interpreted. 3. There has been no large decline of water levels from past levels taken by the Sossusvlei Desert Lodge personnel. 4. The groundwater has elevated Fluoride exceeding Namibian and WHO drinking water guidelines. The water is suitable for other uses.
9 Recommendations The following are thus recommended:
1. The borehole can be pumped at the rate needed to meet the water demand of 28 m³/day with the expansion of the lodge. 2. Groundwater levels, abstraction, rainfall and periods of stream flow in the ephemeral streams are to be recorded for evaluation on a yearly basis for sustainable abstraction estimation. 3. The area around the boreholes (fault zone) as indicated in Figure 1 to be kept clear of any hazardous material such as sewage, fuels and oils and waste and treated as a protected zone.
10 Reference J. Fawell, K. Bailey, J. Chilton, E. Dahi, L. Fewtrell and Y. Magara (2006) Fluoride in Drinking-water. Published on behalf of the World Health Organization by IWA Publishing, Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street, London SW1H 0QS, UK.
WHO Guidelines for Drinking water quality. http://www.who.int/ water_sanitation_health/ publications/ drinking-water-quality-guidelines-4-including-1st-addendum/en/
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APPENDIX A – WATER QUALITY DATA
TEST REPORT
To: Namib Hydrosearch cc P.O. Box 11546 Windhoek Date received: 08-Feb-18 0 Date required: 00-Jan-00 0 Date completed: 16-Feb-18 Attn: Mr D. Sarma
e-mail: [email protected] Your Reference: NHN 221 Lab Reference: I180333 Sample details water sample Location of sampling point Sossusvlei South Description of sampling point drinking water Date of sampling 2018/02/02 Time of sampling 21:30 Test item number I180333/1 Recommended maximum limits Human consumption Livestock Parameter Value Units Classification Group A Group B Group C watering p H 7.5 A 6-9 5.5-9.5 4-11 Electrical Conductivity 141.3 mS/m A 150 300 400 Turbidity 0.25 NTU A 1 5 10 Total Dissolved Solids (calc.) 947 mg/l 6000
P-Alkalinity as CaCO3 0 mg/l
Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 305 mg/l
Total Hardness as CaCO3 195 mg/l A 300 650 1300
Ca-Hardness as CaCO3 112 mg/l A 375 500 1000 2500
Mg-Hardness as CaCO3 82 mg/l A 290 420 840 2057 Chloride as Cl- 138 mg/l A 250 600 1200 1500-3000 Fluoride as F- 5.2 mg/l D 1.5 2.0 3.0 2.0-6.0 2- Sulphate as SO4 185 mg/l A 200 600 1200 1000 Nitrate as N 5.2 mg/l A 10 20 40 100 Nitrite as N <0.01 mg/l 10 Sodium as Na 220 mg/l B 100 400 800 2000 Potassium as K 3.4 mg/l A 200 400 800 Magnesium as Mg 20 mg/l A 70 100 200 500 Calcium as Ca 45 mg/l A 150 200 400 1000 Manganese as Mn <0.01 mg/l A 0.05 1.0 2.0 10 Iron as Fe <0.01 mg/l A 0.1 1.0 2.0 10 Stability pH, at 25°C 7.4 Langelier Index 0.1 scaling >0=scaling, <0=corrosive, 0=stable Ryznar Index 7.2 stable <6.5=scaling, >7,5=corrosive, >6.5 and <7.5=stable Corrosivity ratio 1.3 increasing corrosive tendency Applies to w ater in the pH range 7-8 w hich also contains dissolved oxygen ratios <0.2 no corrosive properties ratios >0.2 increasing corrosive tendency Remark: Overall classification of water, considering only constituents that have been tested for: Group D, high risk water.
Interpretation based on guidelines for the evaluation of drinking w ater for human consumption, DWA, Namibia, July 1991
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