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Urban Planning and Landscape Framework of Church Architecture of the Tsarskoye Selo District of St

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Urban Planning and Landscape Framework of Church Architecture of the Tsarskoye Selo District of St E3S Web of Conferences 164, 04027 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016404027 TPACEE-2019 Urban planning and landscape framework of church architecture of the Tsarskoye Selo district of St. Petersburg Province Nadezhda Akulova1,*, and Sergey Sementsov1 1Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Vtoraya Krasnoarmeiskaya, 4, 190005, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Abstract. The historical Tsarskoye Selo district of St. Petersburg province is one of the interesting phenomena of urban planning and cultural development of Russia. The article considers only one of the lines of the formation of the county - the development of multi-confessional temple-building on its territory as part of the improvement of a single territorial-landscape system over six chronological stages: up to 1703; 1703-1779; 1780-1800; 1801-1836; 1837-1900; 1901-1917 As you know, temple architecture has not only powerful sacred-semantic components, but also reflects the most important architectural-figurative and urban- territorial aspects. Until 1917, it was the temples and the accompanying buildings and structures of various faiths that accumulated many features of territorial and cultural centers. Thus, forming a special multi-temple framework throughout the county, wider - in the province. The identification of this historical framework and the definition of its features within the framework of a single county was the topic of this article. 1 Introduction There is no research in modern scientific literature. In which at the same time temple constructions in a certain large territory would be considered both a confessional phenomenon, and from the point of view of city-forming processes. Known works devoted to separate consideration of these problems. 2 Methods To identify the materials published in this article, stage-by-stage complex historical- archival and historical-urban planning, cartographic, bibliographic studies were carried out with the implementation of comparative analysis techniques. * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 164, 04027 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016404027 TPACEE-2019 3 Results The historical Tsarskoye Selo district is the territory of constant attention of researchers. Indeed, such unique world-class palace and park ensembles are concentrated on its territory - the State Museum-Reserves (GMZ) Tsarskoye Selo (with the accompanying historical double city of the Palace Department: Palace Sloboda - Sofia), the GMZ Pavlovsk (with the historical city of the Palace departments of Pavlovsky), the Gatchina State Museum of Arts (with the historical court city of Gatchina), as well as Krasnoye Selo - the city of the Imperial Headquarters and the summer camps of the Russian Guard, in the vicinity of which annual maneuvers were held. But this list almost exhausts public and scientific interest. Out of the general field of vision, and almost unknown, dozens of unique estates of the Higher nobility, as well as the rings of noble estates surrounding them. Numerous barracks towns of the guards and army regiments - permanent and summer - remain without attention. Many residential and industrial complexes and related settlements turned out to be even more forgotten. Only in recent decades have they begun to pay certain, but clearly insufficient attention to the phenomenon of summer cottage construction and summer cottage settlements in the mid-late 19th century in this zone. Under these conditions, without rejecting or denying the inclusiveness of attention to the magnificent summer imperial residences, any attempt at a professional look at other objects and other functions in the suburban metropolitan district seems important and informative. Tsarskoye Selo County is unusual not only in that it included the largest palace and park ensembles, but also in that it was an almost experimental example and model for all of Russia. It was on his example that Catherine II, Alexander I and Nicholas I proclaimed the idea of creating exemplary county-level cities and exemplary counties. According to D.O. Shvidkovsky it was the project of the "ideal city" of Sofia (the suburbs of Tsarskoye Selo since 1780) and its implementation became exemplary for Russian urban planning of the second half of the XVIII century. [1]. This "exemplary" was gradually expanded to the entire county, in accordance with the requirements from the 1830s - 1840s. Nicholas I, so that the entire county is also an exemplary county [2]. The inextricable consideration of the development lines in the entire county (as a complex spatial-landscape unit) deserves a special approach. One of the clear unifying lines of development of the entire county as a whole was temple construction. Temples are traditionally considered as powerful historically formed or modern semantic and symbolic objects, less often temples are studied as urban objects. But, a one-time study of large territorial entities (such as a region, province-region, county- district), allow us to note other, special characteristics that are undeservedly falling out of the field of view of researchers. The historical Tsarskoye Selo district (which existed within the borders that had been established from the beginning of the 19th century up to the 1920s) is partially preserved in the territories of the modern Pushkin district of St. Petersburg. Its foundation since the XIV century. there were graveyards of the Novgorod Vodskaya Pyatina: Vvedensky Duderovsky, Nikolsky Izhersky, Bogoroditsky Diaghilensky. From 1580-1582 these territories were occupied by Swedish troops, and as part of the Swedish Ingermanlandia (practically preserving the Old Russian administrative-territorial division - i.e. including - Duders Pogost, Ingris Pogost, Deglinskoi Pogost,) they existed until 1703-1704, when the offensive of the Russian army returned land to Russia. A study of archival sources and published data made it possible to identify about 100 temples in the territory of Tsarskoye Selo Uyezd that were created before 1917 and have different features. 2 E3S Web of Conferences 164, 04027 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016404027 TPACEE-2019 4 Discussion And this was historically predetermined not only by the fact that these territories experienced several different periods of their existence. Starting from the medieval periods (which we conventionally combined into one stage of the pre-Petersburg temple architecture): - Novgorod (up to 1478) and Moscow periods (1478-1580) distribution of Orthodox churches - known to us from chronicles and scribes, then - the Swedish period (1580-1700s), with the creation of new Swedish Protestant churches and the parallel re- consecration of ancient Orthodox churches. And from the 1710s., Throughout the XVIII - early XX centuries. (within the next five stages of development), in the suburban Tsarskoye Selo district, not only the mass construction of Orthodox churches was conducted, but also non-Orthodox churches, to ensure the religious comfort of the residence of many representatives of different European countries, called up for service in Russia and united in non-Orthodox religious and ethnic communities - British, Germans, French, Swedes, Dutch, Danes, Spaniards, etc. Of the currently known on the territory of Tsarskoye Selo Uyezd, almost 100 historical churches of various faiths, of course, more than 3/4 are Orthodox. Naturally, such a different denomination of churches necessarily predetermines different volumetric, spatial, compositional, silhouette, and stylistic characteristics. In addition to the confessional differences, the temple architecture of the county fully reflected the different urban planning and architectural patterns of the formation of natural and man-made landscapes, highlighting the significant planning and architectural differences in which these temples existed: 1. Temples located in different types of man-made urban-landscape ensembles and settlements: a) temples (detached and house) located in the imperial palace and park suburban residences (Pavlovsk, Tsarskoye Selo, Gatchina); b) temples (detached and house), located in the estates of the Highest nobility; c) temples located in the structures of multifunctional settlements (or between settlements), including: monastery courtyards; temples (detached and house) at the facilities of military departments (for example - in the area of the Red Village), with numerous regimental, battalion and other military settlements; temples (detached and house) in residential towns, settlements, settlements, as well as between residential settlements (including parish churches and chapels, temples in administrative buildings, educational institutions, charity, charity and medicine); temples (separate and house) at industrial enterprises (manufactories, factories) and / or in industrial settlements; d) prison churches (detached and brownies); e) churches in cemeteries. 2. Temples (detached) located on ancient and modern communications: on land highways and roads (on state roads, highways, ancient and new roads), along the banks of waterways (on the banks of rivers and lakes, on islands, in water courses fairways), along the highways. 3. Temples located between villages, becoming the connecting landscape- compositional nodes between these villages and spaces. The buildings
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