I Ruriks Fotspår Samuel Edquist

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I Ruriks Fotspår Samuel Edquist I Ruriks fotspår f o Vikingatiden finns överallt: läktarna fylls av vikingahjälmar när det är landskamp, runtomkring i Sverige grundas vikingabyar, och i vår alltmer kommersialiserade historiekultur hävdas att vikingaarvet ska hjälpa oss att tspår locka turister till Sverige. Vikingatiden är också ideologiskt laddad som få I Ruriks historiska epoker. Den har setts som en period när Sverige på allvar framträdde Om forntida svenska som ett eget rike, och när svenskarna för första gången gjorde sig bemärkta i andra länder. Inte minst for de österut, och tack vare arkeologiska fynd och 1100- österledsfärder i modern talsskriften Nestorskrönikan har lärda och vetenskapsmän i Sverige och andra länder hävdat att Ryssland grundats av svenskar. historieskrivning I boken I Ruriks fotspår: Om forntida svenska österledsfärder i modern historieskrivning studerar historikern Samuel Edquist hur skandinavernas vikingafärder i österled beskrivits av svenska forskare igår och idag. Vi får följa utvecklingen från 1800-talets besatthet vid att finna ursprunget till våra tiders nationer i forntiden, och hur denna nationalism genom- syrade forskningsresultaten, till våra dagars försök att göra upp med vetenskapens nationalistiska förflutna. Studien avslutas med en diskussion om tänkbara strategier för att förhålla sig till en så ideologiskt laddad företeelse som vikingatiden. Samuel Edquist Samuel Samuel Edquist Södertörn Academic Studies Södertörns högskola Biblioteket [email protected] SE-141 89 Huddinge www.sh.se/publications fotspår I Ruriks Om forntida svenska österledsfärder i modern historieskrivning Samuel Edquist Södertörn Academic Studies 47 Södertörns högskola 2012 Södertörns högskola SE-141 89 Huddinge 2012 www.sh.se/publications Omslag: Jonathan Robson Grafisk form: Per Lindblom Tryckt hos E-print, Stockholm 2012 Södertörn Academic Studies 47 ISSN 1650-433X ISBN 978-91-86069-45-2 Innehåll 1. Inledning .......................................................................................... 5 2. Skandinaviska östfärder – historieskrivningen fram till 1900-talets början........................................................................ 15 3. Den nationella arkeologins höjdpunkt ...................................... 39 4. Efterkrigstiden – nya tankar, gamla kvarlevor.......................... 71 5. Förnyat intresse för svenska östförbindelser............................. 89 6. Avslutande diskussion................................................................ 121 Tack................................................................................................... 129 Referenser......................................................................................... 131 1. Inledning I svensk nationell historieuppfattning har vikingatiden spelat en viktig roll. Den har setts som en period då svenskarna för första gången gjorde sig bemärkta i andra länder, och man har menat att det också var då som Sverige på allvar framträdde som ett eget rike. Den här undersökningen handlar om hur de svenska vikingatida relationerna österut har behandlats i vetenskapliga sammanhang under 1800- och 1900-talen. Varför är då en sådan studie intressant? Flera nutida forskare har hävdat att de svenska kontakterna österut under forntiden underbetonats i historieskrivning- en. Det har exempelvis hävdats att svensk kultur och historia alltid tenderat att betraktas utifrån en nord-sydlig rumsuppfattning, varigenom Norden i första hand relaterats söderut mot kontinenten och »civilisationen«, i själva verket främst mot sydväst – Västeuropa. Detta har gjort att man blivit tämligen blind för områden på samma breddgrad österut.1 Och det här är knappast överraskan- de – Sverige har i många hundra år betraktat sig som en del av Västerlandet, medan den ortodoxt kristna och muslimska Östern framställts som främmande.2 Man kan konstatera att den populära bilden av »vikingen« i huvudsak har formats av stoffet från de västnordiska sagorna och skaldedikterna, i den form de förmedlades under romantikens 1800-tal. Med vikingatåg associeras därför främst plundringståg i stora vikingaskepp längs Västeuropas kuster. Sedan man i början av 1900-talet påträffat väldiga skepp i norska gravhögar, inte minst Ose- bergsskeppet, har bilden av hur ett riktigt vikingatåg tedde sig befästs ytterligare. Samtidigt är det väl känt att det förekom vikingatåg även österut, vilket lett till en tolkning att det rådde en sorts arbetsdelning mellan de nordiska nationerna: danska och norska vikingar for i västerled, medan de svenska vikingarna for österut, över Östersjön och in i det som kom att bli Ryssland. Men även om de östliga vikingafärderna ändå aldrig blivit riktigt lika uppmärksammade i popu- lärkulturella sammanhang som de västliga, ens i Sverige, har det under hundra- tals år odlats lärda teorier om dem. Och dessa vetenskapliga och lärda traditio- ner har växelverkat med mer eller mindre nationalistiska idéer. Föreställningar om svenskhet har påverkat de historiska tolkningarna, som i sin tur återverkat på och ytterligare förstärkt den nationella identiteten. 1 Cederlund 1997, s. 79 f.; Janson 2005a; Janson 2010, s. 197 ff. 2 Se t.ex. Sigrid Kahles förord i Said (1978) 1997; Matthis (red.) 2005. 5 SAMUEL EDQUIST – I RURIKS FOTSPÅR Frågan om hur det första ryska riket – Rus’ – egentligen grundades har varit central i åtminstone tre nationers historieskrivning. Det gäller naturligtvis Ryss- land, men också Ukraina, eftersom det var i Kiev som denna första ryska stats- bildning hade sitt centrum. Men det som är mest intressant för oss är frågans relevans i Sverige. Ända sedan tidigt 1700-tal har det funnits en livaktig tradition vid namn normannism, enligt vilken det var nordiska, närmare bestämt svenska, hövdingar som blev grundare av den första ryska fursteätten. Därigenom skulle också det första ryska riket ha grundats av svenskar. Debatten har till stor del utgått från 1100-talsskriften Nestorskrönikan, som berättar om varjager och ruser vilka ledda av hövdingen Rurik kallades in »över havet« för att styra över de splittrade slaverna. Dessa ruser har identifierats som svear, namngivna efter Roden eller Roslagen. Fram till 1800-talets slut odlades normannismen främst genom lärda analyser av gamla skriftliga källor. I nyare tid har även arkeologin spelat en roll, liksom idéer om forntida handelsvägar där Norden framhävts, ofta förenade med mer eller mindre liberalt inriktade föreställningar om en universell entreprenörsan- da. Det har gjort att frågan om det ryska rikets grundande bara blivit en av flera debattfrågor. Därigenom har det även blivit alltmer missvisande att tala om normannism hos forskare och andra aktörer som behandlat problemkomplexet. Syfte, avgränsningar, forskningsläge Detta arbete analyserar historieskrivningen i Sverige om svensk-östliga förbin- delser under forntidens slutskede, med särskilt fokus på hur frågor om nationali- tet, etnicitet och annan rumslig identitet behandlats. Närmare bestämt behand- lar jag historieskrivningen om händelser fram till 1000-talet, det vill säga när vikingatågen avstannade. Frågor om svensk-ryska förbindelser därefter, korståg till Finland och dylikt faller alltså utanför. I första hand är det vikingatidens historia som behandlas. I många fall har dock historieskrivarna även tagit upp epoker före vikingatiden, det vill säga från 700-talet och dessförinnan. Ofta har sådana framställningar förbundits med vikingatidens skeenden i ett sammanhängande resonemang, och det vore därför missvisande att inte ta med dem i analysen. Nationalism och etnicitet är alltså huvudintresset för undersökningen. Det finns emellertid angränsande teman som inte kan utelämnas. Det viktigaste av dem handlar om den övernationella nivån, det vill säga om hur föreställningar om vidare kulturkretsar, språkgrupper och civilisationer samspelar med det nationella. Till dessa hör idéer om det germanska, om det europeiska, om det västliga, om det kristna – som alla kan avgränsas mot »den andre«, mot det eller dem som inte kan inordnas i de nämnda kategorierna. Dessa »andra« är ytterst centrala för att forma ett »vi«. Det rör sig om det hedniska, finska, slaviska, öst- 6 1. INLEDNING kristna (ortodoxa), asiatiska, muslimska, orientaliska och annat. Genom kon- trasterna gentemot en eller flera av dessa kategorier har det »svenska« konstrue- rats. I historieskrivningen om svenska vikingatåg i österled aktualiseras många av dessa teman, exempelvis i fråga om möten mellan »svenskar« å ena sidan och »östliga« företeelser å den andra, som muslimer, judar, araber och bysantinare. Detta samspel mellan å ena sidan »det svenska« och »det andra« har kommit till uttryck i många olika aspekter av den historia som skrivits. Till stor del hand- lar det om den klassiska debattfrågan om eventuella svenska inslag i frågan om det ryska rikets grundande, alltså en rent politisk-historisk aspekt av det förflut- na. Men konstruktionen av svenskhet har också relaterats till mer övergripande kulturella, etniska och religiösa företeelser. Ett exempel är frågorna om »svens- kars« inflytande som etnisk grupp snarare än som politiskt subjekt. En annan fråga som aktualiserats är frågan om Sveriges kristnande, om i vad mån det kom östliga influenser till detta. Historieskrivningen har ända sedan medeltiden be- tonat de engelska och tyska missionsvägarna till Sverige, och det är först på 1900-talet som beläggen för östligt kyrkligt inflytande har börjat diskuteras.3 Studien inordnar sig i ett vid det här laget väl etablerat forskningsfält om den nationella historieskrivningens framväxt
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