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Altiero Spinelli Politico E Scrittore (1907-1986)

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Altiero Spinelli Politico E Scrittore (1907-1986) Richiesta di intitolazione A ALTIERO SPINELLI POLITICO E SCRITTORE (1907-1986) Altiero Spinelli (Roma, 31 agosto 1907 – Roma, 23 maggio 1986) è stato un politico e scrittore italiano, sovente citato come padre fondatore dell'Unione europea per la sua influenza sull'integrazione europea post-bellica. Fondatore nel 1943 del Movimento Federalista Europeo, poi cofondatore dell'Unione dei Federalisti Europei, membro della Commissione europea dal 1970 al 1976, poi del Parlamento italiano (1976) e quindi del primo Parlamento europeo nel 1979. Fu promotore di un progetto di trattato istitutivo di un'Unione Europea con marcate caratteristiche federali che venne adottato dal Parlamento europeo nel 1984. Questo progetto influenzò in maniera significativa il primo tentativo di profonda revisione dei trattati istitutivi della Cee e dell'Euratom, l'Atto unico europeo. Fu membro del parlamento europeo per dieci anni come indipendente, eletto nelle liste del Partito comunista italiano, e rimase uno degli attori politici principali sulla scena europea attraverso il Club del coccodrillo, da lui fondato e animato nel 1981. Biografia Ambiente familiare e formazione culturale Nato a Roma il 31 agosto 1907, trascorse la prima infanzia nella città brasiliana di Campinas, dove il padre esercitava la funzione di viceconsole del Regno d'Italia. Quando compì cinque anni, suo padre decise di interrompere la carriera diplomatica per quella imprenditoriale e ritornò in patria, con la famiglia. Durante gli anni al liceo Mamiani di Roma, Spinelli dimostrò una discreta capacità di assimilare le lingue che studiava, come il latino, il greco antico, il tedesco e il francese. Fin da giovanissimo approfondì da autodidatta il pensiero marxista grazie ai libri della biblioteca paterna, ma la lettura gli risultò molto complessa. Per descrivere il suo livello di conoscenza della filosofia marxista in quel tempo, Spinelli coniò l'espressione cattedrale di granito e nebbia con la quale indicava la fede cieca nella dottrina del partito, nonostante le lacune e la mancata comprensione di alcune questioni. Riuscì a diplomarsi all'età di sedici anni e poi si iscrisse alla facoltà di Giurisprudenza all'Università "La Sapienza". Impegno politico La reazione dei giornali italiani ad una manifestazione fascista del 1921 mirante a traslare la salma di Enrico Toti al Cimitero del Verano, spinse Spinelli ad avvicinarsi al comunismo, sul piano delle idee. Quasi tutti i giornali, infatti, avevano taciuto la reazione degli abitanti del quartiere San Lorenzo, tranne un giornale comunista. Ciò lo convinse del fatto che i comunisti fossero più coraggiosi e più coerenti rispetto ai socialisti, maggiormente portati al dialogo con le forze borghesi. Da ciò derivò la frattura tra il giovane Spinelli e il padre, tenacemente ancorato al Partito Socialista. Si iscrisse al Partito Comunista d'Italia nel 1924, l'anno dell'assassinio di Giacomo Matteotti, col fascismo ormai al potere e i comunisti costretti alla clandestinità. Tale situazione non lo scoraggiò e divenne ben presto il leader della cellula del quartiere Trionfale, grazie alla conoscenza della dottrina marxista, che gli permetteva di offrire spiegazioni ai garzoni e bottegai che facevano parte della cellula. L'attività di partito ben presto lo sottrasse agli affetti familiari e lo costrinse a trasferirsi a Milano per sfuggire alla polizia. Il tentativo comunque fu inutile perché il 3 giugno 1927 fu arrestato e, sulla base delle leggi speciali per gli oppositori politici introdotte dal fascismo, condannato dal Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato a sedici anni e otto mesi di carcere, dopo un anno già passato a San Vittore. Periodo in carcere Spinelli scontò circa dieci anni di carcere dal 1928 al 1937 in tre città diverse: a Lucca (1928-1931), a Viterbo (1931-1932) e a Civitavecchia (1932-1937). A queste tre fasi vanno aggiunti pochi mesi passati a Roma nel 1937, nel carcere di Regina Coeli, nell'attesa di tornare in libertà, essendogli stati condonati cinque anni nel 1932, in occasione del decennale della Marcia su Roma e per altri motivi. In questi anni, a causa della lontananza, si concluse il suo rapporto con Tina Pizzardo (nipote del cardinale Giuseppe Pizzardo). Trascorse tale periodo approfondendo i suoi studi nel campo della filosofia, soprattutto Hegel e Marx, della storia e dell'economia, ma anche in quello letterario (imparò il russo e lo spagnolo leggendo i classici in lingua originale). Tra i compagni di reclusione, Spinelli stimava Giuseppe Pianezza, Umberto Terracini e Leo Valiani. Pur rimanendo iscritto al partito, maturò gradualmente il suo distacco dal marxismo, considerandolo ormai troppo liberale per fare l'interesse del proletariato. Non si avvicinò ancora, tuttavia, ad altre ideologie politiche e, per questo, fu costantemente guardato con sospetto dagli altri detenuti politici. Nel 1937 fu trasferito a Roma ma, mentre attendeva con ansia il momento del rilascio, ricevette la brusca notizia del trasferimento al confino di Ventotene. Anni del confino Altiero Spinelli fu confinato in due località diverse: a Ponza (1937-1939) e a Ventotene (1939-1943). In quegli anni di confino fu uno dei pochi esponenti del Partito Comunista Italiano a prendere le distanze da Stalin, dai Processi di Mosca e dal comunismo sovietico in generale. Spinelli non rifiutava solo l'interpretazione del terrore staliniano come di un necessario periodo «giacobino» che avrebbe rafforzato la rivoluzione, bensì negava alle fondamenta tutto l'insieme della politica comunista quale si era configurata dal periodo del «socialfascismo» fino alla politica dei fronti popolari, colpendo anche le basi della dottrina marxista. Celeste Negarville scrive nel suo diario un commento proprio alle posizioni di Altiero nell'isola in quel periodo, commentando che «la posizione di Altiero è pericolosissima: “condizione per la rivoluzione in Europa, l'abbattimento della dittatura staliniana”». Spinelli rilevava come «la dittatura del proletariato si era trasformata in dittatura del partito, poi del Comitato centrale, poi personale di Stalin» Nel 1937, quindi, Altiero Spinelli fu espulso dal Partito Comunista Italiano con l'accusa di voler "minare l'ideologia bolscevica, e di essersi trasformato in un piccolo borghese", quindi etichettato, in modo semplicistico, come "troschista", definizione infamante per un comunista ortodosso dell'epoca. Il periodo del confino, tuttavia, fu fondamentale nel suo percorso intellettuale e politico. Ebbe l'opportunità di leggere una serie di articoli scritti negli anni venti da Luigi Einaudi sul Corriere della Sera, pubblicati col titolo "Lettere di Junius", e condivise tale esperienza con uomini politici di primaria importanza nella storia d'Italia, come il futuro Presidente della Repubblica Sandro Pertini e, in particolare con l'esponente GL Ernesto Rossi e il socialista Eugenio Colorni. Manifesto di Ventotene Nel giugno del 1941, durante il soggiorno forzato sull'isola di Ventotene, Spinelli, con la collaborazione di Ernesto Rossi e di Eugenio Colorni, scrisse il documento base del federalismo europeo: il Manifesto per un'Europa Libera e Unita, meglio conosciuto come Manifesto di Ventotene. La stesura del Manifesto, le sue successive versioni e la sua diffusione sono avvolte nella leggenda. Non è stata rintracciata nessuna delle versioni dattiloscritte o ciclostilate del documento che circolavano tra il 1941 e il 1943. Così le testimonianze circa il modo in cui il Manifesto uscì clandestinamente da Ventotene non concordano. Decisivo fu sicuramente il contributo di Ursula Hirschmann, moglie di Colorni che, non essendo confinata e avendo la possibilità di mantenere rapporti costanti col marito, riuscì a far giungere lo scritto nella penisola e a diffonderlo. Secondo la versione più suggestiva, il testo, per mancanza di carta, fu scritto sulla carta da sigarette e, per evitare i controlli della polizia, nascosto nel ventre di un pollo arrosto e portato sul continente dalla Hirschmann. Quest'ultima, poi, rimasta vedova, sposerà Spinelli; fra i loro figli: la giornalista Barbara. Spinelli fu liberato da Ventotene dopo l'arresto di Benito Mussolini, ai primi di agosto del 1943. Di fronte a quella che era stata la catastrofe europea, Spinelli aveva maturato la convinzione che solo un'organizzazione federale avrebbe potuto farla rientrare da protagonista nel quadro internazionale. Per servire tale convinzione, Spinelli non fondò un partito, bensì un movimento trasversale ai partiti politici. Il 27 e il 28 agosto 1943, in casa di Mario Alberto Rollier in Via Poerio, a Milano, dove una lapide ricorda l'evento, si tenne il congresso di fondazione del Movimento Federalista Europeo. Erano presenti, tra gli altri, Spinelli, Colorni, Rossi, Ursula Hirschmann, Manlio Rossi Doria, Giorgio Braccialarghe e Vittorio Foa. Il movimento adottò come programma il Manifesto di Ventotene. A metà settembre, essendosi rifugiato in Svizzera, per sfuggire all'occupazione tedesca, Spinelli, insieme a Rossi e alla Hirschmann, tentò di contattare altri democratici europei di convinzione federalista. In autunno, anche l'esule Luigi Einaudi si aggiunse al gruppo[8]. Il Manifesto, ciclostilato e tradotto in diverse lingue, riuscì a circolare clandestinamente anche fra la resistenza italiana. Nella primavera del 1944, a Ginevra, Spinelli e Rossi tennero alcuni incontri con i rappresentanti dei movimenti di Resistenza di otto Paesi. Spinelli preparò loro un testo di "Dichiarazione federalista", che i resistenti votarono il 20 maggio 1944. Subito dopo, Spinelli
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