Hadejia Valley MIXED ECONOMY Jigawa State NIGERIA DECEMBER 2012 Funded by: Jennifer Bush, FEG Consultant ECHO The Research Team TEAM Mustapha Shehu ACF International, Jigawa State Mohammed Saleh ACF International, Jigawa State Ibrahim Muhammad ACF International, Jigawa State Auwalu M. Bello Budget & Economic Planning Directorate Dutse, Jigawa State Nuhu Ndahi ACF International, Jigawa State TEAM LEADER Nelson Barde SCI - Food Security & Livelihoods, Katsina ______________________________________________________________________________ The Currency Rate: At the time of field work, in November 2012, the value of the Nigerian Naira was NGN 150 = USD $1. Photo Credits: The photographs in the report show the people of Furfuri, Tofa and Wanke Villages @ by Jennifer Bush, Nov 2012. Data Credits: All the food, income and expenditure data graphed in the report is from primary field work. Production data is from Jigawa State (source: Jigawa State Agriculture and Rural Development Authority). Price data is from KiriKasamma, Marma, Madachi, Kafin Hausa and Hadejia markets and is based on primary data collection. ______________________________________________________________________________ Thanks to: Special thanks to SC UK Zamfara office for hosting the training and to ACF Jigawa for facilitating the field work in the Hadejia Valley LZ. Thanks also to the villagers for their great patience answering our many questions about how they made ends meet. 2 | P a g e Livelihood Zone Map of Northern Nigeria (Source: FEWS NET) Hadejia Valley Mixed Economy Zone 3 | P a g e Hadejia Valley Mixed Economy Livelihood Zone Profile Jigawa State, Nigeria Map of Jigawa State, Nigeria HVM Livelihood Zone FEWS NET zoning exercise in 2007. Livelihood zones themselves are geographical areas in which households roughly share the same production and income options, as well as similar market access. The Hadejia Valley Mixed Economy Zone is located in 8 Local Government Authorities or LGAs of Jigawa State. The 8 villages selected for the HEA baseline assessment were located in 4 LGAs: Auyo, Kafin Hausa, Guri and Kiri Kasamma. 1 As its name suggests, the zone is primarily agricultural, supporting a combination of wet season upland farming with dry season fadama (i.e., flood Background and Methodology retreat) cropping as well as irrigation. Fishing and livestock production are key economic For 3 weeks from 3 to 21 December, SCI staff activities as well. (Katsina) and ACF staff (Jigawa) took part in an intensive Household Economy Analysis / HEA There are three main steps in the HEA baseline training and village baseline assessment. The assessment. At state and LGA level, secondary HEA training involved classroom instruction as data on production, prices, population and well as practical field work to apply the skills hazards are collected and local units of measure learned in class. The HEA baseline assessment are verified. At the village level, a meeting with investigated the household economy of one key informants is held to develop a seasonal livelihood zone, the Hadejia Valley Mixed calendar and 5 year timeline of major events as Economy. 8 villages were selected purposively well as a summary of the characteristics of very to represent the livelihood pattern of the zone. poor, poor, middle income and better-off The HEA field inquiry focused on household households in the village (as defined locally). food and income access as well as expenditure The wealth breakdown exercise allows the team patterns. These three elements, together with to organise the next stage of interviews. 6 an asset profile, provide an excellent overview household representatives from each wealth of household food and livelihood status. An group are selected. Interviews are conducted important factor in the inquiry was organising separately for each focus group. When possible, and analysing data by wealth group rather than male and female household representatives are by a generic “average” household. chosen. During the 3-4 hour interview, household representatives are asked to provide The Hadejia Valley Mixed Economy is one of 44 livelihood zones across the 15 states of 1 The 8 villages were: Mado and Tsaka (Auyo LGA); northern Nigeria that were identified during a Hago (Kafin Hausa LGA); Wareri, Abur and Adiyeni (Guri LGA); and Suga and Marma (Kirikasamma LGA). 4 | P a g e quantified information about the amount of Free Trade Zone established at the border town food and cash typically secured by households of Maigatari to facilitate cross-border trade like them from a variety of different sources between the countries. The agro-ecology of the (production, purchase, wild foods, gifts, savings, zone is strongly shaped by the Hadejia-Nguru and so on). This data is stored in a baseline wetlands. Two key rivers – the Hadejia and the storage spreadsheet. In future, it can be used in Jama’are - as well as their various tributaries conjunction with a livelihood impact feed the fertile floodplains (fadama) used for assessment spreadsheet to predict or assess the irrigation or flood recession farming. The rivers impact of change. flow from west to east toward Chad. Near the eastern border of Jigawa State the two rivers The HEA training and assessment in Jigawa built converge to form the Komadugu Yobe River on a similar effort in Katsina State (the Millet which then empties into the Lake Chad basin. and Sesame Livelihood Zone), which was carried Dry season irrigation and flood retreat out in November 2010. The Jigawa State agriculture is combined with wet season upland assessment was complemented by a parallel farming in semi-arid conditions. Hence, much of effort in Zamfara State (the Cotton, Groundnut the farm land is part of the vast sudan-savannah and Mixed Cereals Livelihood Zone) led by SCI agro-ecological belt. Within this agro-ecological with support from local partners. These three belt, there is just one rainy season during the HEA baseline assessments will be used to help year. The wet season runs from May to October design hunger and poverty reduction with rains peaking in July, August and programmes in ACF and SCI`s operational areas. September. Cumulative total annual rainfall has The baseline data and the Livelihood Impact varied in the last 5 years but the long term Assessment Spreadsheet (LIAS) allow planners annual average is an estimated 600-650 mm. to quantify the magnitude of seasonal and/or Local rainfall observations show lower totals annual food and income gaps measured against (450 mm in 2010). Local data is likely indicative transparent survival and livelihood protection of overall trends which showed higher rainfall thresholds. This type of analysis is useful in from 2010 to 2011 compared to 2008 and 2009. determining how much support is needed, Rainfall patterns upstream (i.e., in the Jos when, and to meet what type of need. Plateau) are also important to flood retreat and The reference year selected for this study was irrigation agriculture. Local rainfall, therefore, is the 2010-2011 consumption year beginning only one part of the production picture. In the with the harvest in September 2010 and ending uplands, the rain-fed growing season is from in August 2011. This was an average rain-fed June to November. Dry season fadama farming production year marked by fairly low dry season along the Hadejia or Kafin Hausa Rivers is production. (See the timeline on page 18.) typically undertaken from December to May. On the rain-fed dryland farms, maize, millet, Overview of the Livelihood Zone and sorghum are the principal crops grown for The Hadejia Valley Mixed Economy Zone is food as well as cowpeas which are grown for located in Jigawa State of north-western consumption and sale. On irrigated farms, rice, Nigeria. The northern edge of the state shares wheat and vegetables are grown for subsistence an international border with Niger. There is a and sale. 5 | P a g e 2010-2011 Annual Rainfall (in MM), Jigawa State Population numbers in Auyo, Kafin Hausa, Guri (Source: ADP Jigawa State) and Kirikasamma LGAs are an estimated 709,600 people (based on the 2006 census). 200 Added to the population of the other 3 rural LGAs in the zone, this comprises about 26% of 150 the total population of Jigawa State 2010 100 (4,361,002).2 Dutse is the state capital. The rural population is comprised mainly of Hausa and 50 2011 Fulani although the urban centres are home to 0 a greater mix of ethnicities and nationalities. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Crop Production Irrigation in the state has been boosted by In northern Nigeria, land is measured in ridges. investments under the Fadama I, II and now III Approximately 133 ridges (0.75m) by 100m Projects. The Fadama III Project is a national equal one hectare. Different plots of land are project supported by World Bank funding that acquired separately as both husbands and wives aims to raise the incomes of rural farmers by inherit land. Land can also be rented in or out or providing a inputs, assets and infrastructure purchased. As a result, most farmers cultivate (such as water pumps, sprayers, bore holes, plots of land that are scattered rather than drains and culverts, milling machines and feeder consolidated. In total, very poor and poor roads) to control excessive flooding, increase households own about 1 – 1.5 ha. This contrasts water access and strengthen marketing in with middle income and better-off households fadama areas. whom own an estimated 7.5 – 12 ha. Most of The flood plains and savannah grasslands also this land is cultivated. In the Hadejia Valley provide suitable grazing for livestock. Cattle, Livelihood Zone, cultivated farm land is divided including plough oxen, goats and sheep are kept into dryland and wetland farming. Wetland or fadama by most farming households as well as poultry. agriculture is itself divided into flood Some better-off households keep horses retreat agriculture and/or irrigation (i.e., (although mainly for festivals rather than for farmers use small pumps to bring water from draught power).