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Appendix O – Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex Cultural Resources Assessment

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Appendix O – Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex Cultural Resources Assessment Appendix O – Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex Cultural Resources Assessment [THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK] Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex Cultural Resources Assessment May 2011 Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 9, Pacific Southwest Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex 4009 Hill Road Tule Lake, California 96134 (530) 667-8323 Prepared by: North State Resources, Inc. 5000 Bechelli Lane, Suite 203 Redding, CA 96002 (530) 222-5347 (530) 222-4958 fax 30017 Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex Cultural Resources Assessment 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Archival Research .......................................................................................................................... 2 3. Background .................................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Historic Overview ..................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Historic Context ........................................................................................................ 7 3.3 Reclamation, Agriculture, Homesteading ............................................................... 22 4. Ethnographic Overview............................................................................................................... 27 4.1 The Modocs............................................................................................................. 27 4.2 The Klamath ............................................................................................................ 29 4.3 The Yahooskin ........................................................................................................ 33 5. Prehistoric Overview ................................................................................................................... 34 5.1 Paleoarchaic (12,000 to 7,000 B.P.) ........................................................................ 34 5.2 Early Archaic (7,000 to 4,500 B.P.) ........................................................................ 34 5.3 Middle Archaic (4,500 to 2,500 B.P.) ..................................................................... 34 5.4 Late Archaic/Late Prehistoric (2,500 to 200 B.P.) .................................................. 35 6. Archaeological Resources ............................................................................................................ 36 6.1 History of Archaeology in Region .......................................................................... 36 6.2 Selected Regional Sites ........................................................................................... 37 6.3 Identifying Temporal Variability in Human Use of the Upper Klamath River Basin (Chronology) ....................................................................................... 39 6.4 Distribution of Ethnic Groups, Precontact and Post-Contact .................................. 45 6.5 Identifying Resource Use (Subsistence) and Settlement Patterning ....................... 47 6.6 Identifying Prehistoric Site Function and Organization by Site Type .................... 49 6.7 Summary of Relevant Cultural Resources .............................................................. 51 7. References ..................................................................................................................................... 53 North State Resources, Inc. Klamath Basin NWR Complex May 2011 i Cultural Resources Assessment 1. Introduction 1. Introduction This section discusses the cultural resources of five of the six national wildlife refuges that make up the Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex (NWRC). The five refuges are Clear Lake Wildlife Refuge, Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge, Lower Klamath Lake Wildlife Refuge, Bear Springs Wildlife Refuge, and Upper Klamath Wildlife Refuge. Although it is a part of the NWRC, the Klamath Marsh Wildlife Refuge is excluded from this discussion because it was the subject of a separate CCP. Based on archival research, two historic properties are known (i.e., are documented in confidential archives) to be on lands within the congressionally authorized boundaries of the Klamath Basin NWRC (excluding Klamath Marsh Wildlife Refuge), the Tule Lake Segregation Center and the Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge Historic District; both are currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Also based on archival research, the following unevaluated cultural resources are known (i.e., are documented in confidential archives) to be on lands within the congressionally authorized boundaries of the Klamath Basin NWRC (excluding Klamath Marsh Wildlife Refuge): 112 recorded prehistoric sites (i.e., worked stone, stacked rocks, cleared areas, bedrock mortars, habitation sites, rock shelters, human remains, pictographs, midden, house pits, traditional use loci) and 28 recorded historic sites (i.e., rock enclosure, structural remains, refuse scatters, battlefields, repatriation locus, Civilian Conservation Corp (C.C.C.) activity loci, miscellaneous structures, railroad grade segment). Protection measures for properties are keyed to determinations of each property’s eligibility for inclusion in the NRHP. Historic properties listed on the NRHP and those determined eligible for listing or with an undetermined eligibility are of concern. Sites that have been formally determined as ineligible are excluded from consideration in future planning processes. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) is required to comply with National Historic Preservation Act Section 106 procedures to avoid adversely affecting historic properties and cultural resources with undetermined eligibility. If an area under consideration for management action has not yet been adequately inventoried for the presence or absence of historic properties, Section 106 requires that the Service identify as-of-yet-undiscovered or unevaluated potentially eligible historic properties. North State Resources, Inc. Klamath Basin NWR Complex May 2011 1 Cultural Resources Assessment 2. Archival Research 2. Archival Research Records and archival searches were conducted in California and Oregon to develop an overview of known cultural resources within the vicinity of the Klamath Basin NWRC. Extrapolating from that record, areas of cultural resource sensitivity were also identified. Additionally, a review of published books, articles, maps, and agency files was conducted in order to form a comprehensive perspective on cultural resources that may not be formally archived, but that could be affected by future Klamath Basin NWRC management activities. Archival research included a search for information at: . the California Historical Resources Information System . the California State University, Chico, Special Collections Library . the Modoc County Historical Society . the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) . the California State Historical Landmarks listing . the California Points of Historical Interest listing . the National Register of Historic Places . the National Parks Service National Historic Landmarks Program . the National Parks Service National Historic Trails . Oregon-California Trails Association (OCTA) . General Land Office (GLO) maps and records . the Oregon Historic Sites Database . Oregon State Historic Preservation Office (Oregon SHPO) archaeological files . the Klamath County Historical Society Journals Klamath Basin NWR Complex North State Resources, Inc. Cultural Resources Assessment 2 May 2011 3. Background 3. Background Historically, the Klamath Basin was dotted by approximately 185,000 acres of shallow lakes and freshwater marshes (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2010a). Prominent lakes and marshes in the basin are Agency Lake, Klamath Marsh, Upper and Lower Klamath Lakes, Rhett (or Tule) Lake, Clear (or Wright) Lake, Goose Lake, Albert Lake, Summer Lake, Silver Lake, and Pauline Marsh. There are also a number of small water bodies in the upper reaches of the basin. Numerous depressions, now characterized as marshes and alkali flats, show evidence of former ponding. Major rivers are the Williamson, Sprague, Klamath, Link, Sycan, and Wood. Small perennial and intermittent tributaries, some without natural outlets, occur throughout the basin The Klamath Basin NWRC provides a variety of habitats, including freshwater marshes, open water, grassy meadows, coniferous forests, sagebrush and juniper grasslands, agricultural lands, and rocky cliffs and slopes. This diversity of habitats and associated natural resources have enticed humans to travel, dwell, and subsist in the basin since as early as 12,000 (Siskin et al. 2009). Descendants of the earliest inhabitants continue to practice their traditional ways. Contemporary Native American use of the Klamath Basin NWRC includes spiritual quests and the gathering of food, medicine, and basketry materials. The rivers, streams, and lakes still support runs of suckers and the water lily-wokas used by Native Americans. The Devil’s Garden plateau provides epos-root (Perideridia sp.) and other plant-foods in addition to deer, antelope, and other game. The nearby mountains and highlands offer other plants for food, basketry, and medicine, and obsidian sources provide an abundance of glassy stone for tools and
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