12/11/2016

REPTILES AND , AND CHELONIANS

COMMON SNAKES SNAKES BOA CONSTRICTOR

SUNGLOW BOA CONSTRICTOR RED TAILED BOA CONSTRICTOR

COMMON SNAKES COMMON SNAKES BOA CONSTRICTOR BURMESE PYTHON

EMERALD TREE BOA CONSTRICTOR

ALBINO BURMESE PYTHON STRIPED BURMESE PYTHON

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COMMON SNAKES COMMON SNAKES MILK

HONDURAN MILK SNAKE

EASTERN MILK SNAKE PUEBLAN MILK SNAKE

COMMON SNAKES COMMON SNAKES KING SNAKE KING SNAKE

GRAY BANDED CALIFORNIA KINGSNAKE ARIZONA KINGSNAKE

COMMON SNAKES COMMON SNAKES CORN SNAKE GARTER SNAKE

ALBINO CORNSNAKE EASTERN GARTER SNAKE COMMON GARTER SNAKE COMMON CORN SNAKE

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COMMON SNAKES SNAKES ANACONDA

• ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• DIET, NUTRITION, HUSBANDRY

• COMMON DISEASES, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT

GREEN ANACONDA YELLOW ANACONDA

ANATOMY AND ORIGIN PHYSIOLOGY

•WILD CAUGHT

•CAPTIVE BRED

• THE EYES ARE MOST NOTICEABLE WITH A SHED SKIN • THE BECOME OPAQUE OR BLUE IN COLOR

• OUTER LAYER SKIN • SHOULD NOT BE HANDLED OR • MOSTLY KERATIN OR DEAD MATERIAL • INCAPABLE OF EXPANDING WITH GROWTH FED DURING A SHED BECAUSE • SECRETES LUBRICATE UNDER OUTERMOST THEIR SENSES ARE DULLED LAYER TO HELP WITH SHED

• INNER LAYER • SHED IN ONE PIECE • ABNORMAL IF THEY DO NOT • SHEDDING

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JAW JAW

• LOOSELY • LOWER JAW IS NOT FUSED CONNECTED CRANIAL WHICH ALLOWS FOR EXTRA FLEX BONES TO SWALLOW LARGER PREY

• MANDIBLE NOT • MANDIBLE LACKS MANDIBULAR FUSED SYMPHYSIS AND HAS AN • INTRAMANDIBULAR INTRAMANDIBULAR HINGE HINGE (QUADRATE BONE)

JAW LOCOMOTION

• 4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOCOMOTION • CONCERTINA: • BUNCHING AND LENGTHENING • CONCERTINA IS USEFUL FOR CLIMBING • SERPENTINE: • LATERAL UNDULATION • SERPENTINE IS THE MOST COMMON AND THE FASTEST. • MUSCLES CONTRACT AND PRODUCE A SERIES OF WAVES

LOCOMOTION LOCOMOTION

• SIDEWINDING: • CATERPILLAR: • MOVING LOOP OF BODY OFF THE • VERTICAL UNDULATION GROUND • CATERPILLAR USED IN LARGE BODIES • SIDEWINDING IS COMMON IN SNAKES WHERE SCALES GRIP THE DESERT TO KEEP THEM GROUND TO HELP WITH MOVEMENT FROM SLIPPING IN LOOSE SAND • USEFUL FOR ANY SNAKE IN SMALL • LIFT A LOOP OF THE BODY CLEAR SPACES LIKE BURROWS OFF THE GROUND AS IT MOVES SIDEWAYS

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CARDIOVASCULAR CARDIOVASCULAR

• LOCATION AND ANATOMY • THE RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM IS LIKE A • WE KNOW ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD DEPENDANT ON SPECIES SUB-UNIT. AWAY FROM THE HEART AND THE VEINS CARRY BLOOD TO THE HEART • A SECONDARY ROUTE THAT MOVES BLOOD THROUGH THE BACK HALF OF A • BLOOD MOVES FROM THE AORTA TO THE REPTILES BODY MOVING THE BLOOD • 1/3 OF THE WAY DOWN THE KIDNEYS WHICH BRANCHES INTO THROUGH THE KIDNEYS BEFORE IT BODY SMALLER CAPILLARIES EXCHANGING CIRCULATES TO THE HEART OXYGEN AND FILTERING WASTE PRODUCTS • RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR RESPIRATORY

• BECAUSE OF THE LOCATION OF THE • RIGHT LUNG KIDNEY AND IT’S FUNCTION MEDICATIONS • FUNCTIONING NEED TO BE GIVEN IN THE FRONT ½ TO 2/3 OF THE BODY. • ½ THE LENGTH OF THE BODY • , REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS AND FISH • LEFT LUNG

• NONFUNCTIONING

• MUCH SMALLER

DIGESTIVE EYES

• CLOACA • EYES • FUSED TO FORM A TRANSPARENT • COMMON COLLECTING CHAMBER OF SPECTACLE DIGESTIVE AND GENITOURINARY TRACTS • VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION DUE TO STRIATED MUSCLE

• YELLOW ARROWS ARE POINTING TO THE LABIAL PITS WHERE THE HEAT SENSING ORGANS ARE

• SPECTACLE IS OPAQUE OR BLUE • SHEDS WHEN SHEDS

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JACOBSON’S EXING ORGAN S

• VOMERONASAL SENSE

• CONNECTED TO ORAL CAVITY

• DETECT NON-AERIAL, • PROBE TO DETERMINE IF NONVOLATILE PARTICULATE MALES OR FEMALE ODORS PICKED UP BY CHEMO-RECEPTORS ON FORKED TONGUE

SEXING SEXING

• POPPING OF HEMIPENE IN • SPURS IN MALE BOAS AND MALES PYTHONS

HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & REPRODUCTION NUTRITION

OVIPAROUS VIVIPAROUS • 5 QUESTIONS TO ASK • SIZE OF SNAKE • TERRESTRIAL OR ARBOREAL • SECURITY • PROPER VENTILATION • DOES IT ALLOW FOR PROPER CLEANING/DISINFECTION

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HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION NUTRITION

• CAGE • SUBSTRATE • ARBOREAL OR TERRESTRIAL • ASTROTURF OR NEWSPAPER • AVOID CEDAR, PINE AND GRAVEL

HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION NUTRITION

• HEAT • WATER • REPTILES ARE ECTOTHERMS • HIDE BOXES • POTZ (PREFERRED OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE ZONE) • HEAT LIGHTS OR UNDER THE TANK HEATER (UTH) • NO HEAT ROCKS • 12:12 CYCLE

HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION NUTRITION

• DIET • DIET • MADE TO DIGEST WHOLE PREY • FREQUENCY DEPENDS ON SNAKE • THEY CAST OUT OR DEFECATE • REASONS FOR NOT EATING MATERIAL NOT DIGESTED SUCH AS • TOO COLD FUR • NOT HUNGRY • COMPANIES NOW BREED SPECIFICALLY FOR FOOD ITEM • ABOUT TO SHED • OFFER PREY THAT IS NO BIGGER • SICK THAN THE BIGGEST PART OF THE SNAKES BODY • PREKILLED IS IDEAL

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COMMON LIZARDS LIZARDS IGUANA

COMMON LIZARDS COMMON LIZARDS BEARDED DRAGON GECKO

COASTAL BEARDED DRAGON LEOPARD GECKO TOKAY GECKO CENTRAL BEARDED DRAGON

COMMON LIZARDS COMMON LIZARDS ANOLE ANOLE

BROWN ANOLE BLUE ANOLE GREEN ANOLE

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COMMON LIZARDS COMMON LIZARDS CHAMELEONS CHAMELEONS

JACKSON’S CHAMELEON VEILED CHAMELEON COMMON CHAMELEON

COMMON LIZARDS COMMON LIZARDS MONITOR

• CHAMELEONS • KNOWN FOR THEIR TONGUE

GREEN TREE MONITOR SAVANNAH MONITOR

COMMON LIZARDS COMMON LIZARDS MONITOR SKINK

RIDGE TAIL MONITOR SOUTH EASTERN 5-LINED BLUE TONGUE SKINK

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COMMON LIZARDS LIZARDS SKINK

• 3800 SPECIES • HAVE BECOME INCREASINGLY POPULAR • MOST MEDICAL ISSUES ARISE FROM IMPROPER HUSBANDRY ISSUES

FIRE SKINK

LIZARD ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SCALES

• KEELED/UN-KEELED

• IMPERMEABLE

SCALES TEETH

• ECDYSIS • TEETH • ACRODONT • SHEDDING • ATTACHED TO SURFACE • EFFECTING FACTORS • NO SOCKETS • AGE • NOT REPLACED WHEN LOST

• GROWTH RATE • PLEURODONT • TEMPERATURE • ATTACHED TO LINGUAL SURFACE • HUMIDITY • NO SOCKET • REPLACED WHEN LOST • NUTRITION

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TAIL CARDIOVASCULAR

• TAIL AUTOTOMY • CARDIOVASCULAR • LOSS OR RELEASE OF TAIL • 3 CHAMBER HEART • REGENERATES TAIL

• USUALLY SMALLER AND DARKER • LARGE VENTRAL ABDOMINAL IN COLOR AND TAIL VEIN

• RENAL-PORTAL SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY DIGESTION

• RESPIRATORY • TONGUES • NO DIAPHRAGM • CARNIVOROUS • HERBIVOROUS • COMMON COELOMIC CAVITY RATHER THAN SEPARATE THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITIES • CLOACA • SAME AS SNAKES • BREATHE BY RIB EXPANSION BY CONTRACTION OF INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES • LIVER AND GALL BLADDER ARE CRANIAL TO THE STOMACH

EYES SEXING

• MOVABLE EYELIDS AND EWLAP NICTITATING MEMBRANE • D • MALE • MUSCLES IN IRIS ARE • ATTRACT FEMALES STRIATED AND UNDER CONSCIOUS CONTROL • PROTECTION

• PARIETAL EYE OR THIRD EYE- DORSAL HEAD

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SEXING SEXING

HEMIPENE BULGE(S)

THE MALE (LEFT) CLEARLY SHOWS THE HEMIPENAL BULGES, WHICH CAUSES AN INDENTATION IN THE CENTER OF THE TAIL. FEMALES (RIGHT) WILL HAVE A SLIGHT PROTRUSION DUE TO THE LACK OF HEMIPENES.

SEXING HUSBANDRY

• FEMORAL PORES ON • KNOW NATURAL HISTORY MALES • NATIVE HABITAT AND MICROHABITAT • ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY • DIET • BEHAVIOR

HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION

• CAGING • SUBSTRATE • ARBOREAL • NEWSPAPER • TERRESTRIAL • INDOOR/OUTDOOR CARPET

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HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION

• HEAT • LIGHTING • REPTILES ARE ECTOTHERMS • MOST REPTILES REQUIRE • POTZ (PREFERRED OPTIMAL ULTRAVIOLET ( UV-B) FOR TEMPERATURE ZONE) VITAMIN D3 SYNTHESIS AND • HEAT LIGHTS OR UNDER THE TANK SUBSEQUENT CALCIUM HEATER (UTH) ABSORPTION FROM THE GI TRACT • NO HEAT ROCKS • 12:12 CYCLE • BASKING AREA

HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION

• LAST 6 MONTHS • WATER • UVB BULB MAY STILL WORK BUT • HUMIDITY GRADIENT THE UVB COMPONENT IS • VAPORIZERS, ELECTRONIC EXHAUSTED. REPLACE EVERY MISTERS, HAND MISTING FALL/WINTER/SPRING • GIVE WATER IN FORM THEY • PUT THEM IN OUTSIDE WOULD DRINK- DRIP OR DISH ENCLOSURES FOR A COUPLE HOURS A WEEK IN SUMMER • SOAK IS GOOD HERE IN UTAH DUE MONTHS TO LACK OF HUMIDITY

HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION

• HIDE BOXES • NEED TO LOOK AT NATIVE DIET

• LIGHT AND HEAT GREATLY EFFECT NUTRITIONAL HEALTH SO PROPER HUSBANDRY IS ALSO FACTOR

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HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION CHELONIANS

• OMNIVORE • HERBIVORES • PLANT PROTEIN AND CA:P RATIO • INSECTIVORES • NOT WILD • CARNIVORES • LIVE VERTEBRATES

SLIDERS AND PAINTERS BOX TURTLES

EASTERN BOX TURTLE ORNATE BOX TURTLE RED –EARED SLIDER PAINTED TURTLE

TORTOISES SULCOTAS

THEY GROW FROM HATCHLING SIZE (2-3 THE AFRICAN SULCATA OR AFRICAN INCHES) VERY QUICKLY, REACHING 6-10 BURMESE STAR TORTOISE AFRICAN SPUR SIDE SPURRED TORTOISE CAN GROW VERY INCHES (15-25 CM) WITHIN THE FIRST FEW LARGE, WEIGHING 80-110 POUNDS. YEARS OF THEIR LIVES.

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HINGEBACKS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

BELL’S HINGEBACK TORTOISE

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

CARAPACE TOP OF SHELL

SHELL • NU – NUCHAL (THE BACK OR NAPE OF THE NECK)

CARAPACE (TOP OF THE SHELL) • VE- VERTEBRAL

PLASTRON (BOTTOM OF THE) SHELL • CO - COSTAL

• MA - MARGINAL SCUTES (THE KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM THAT COVERS AND PROTECTS THE BONE) • SU - SUPRACAUDAL

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PLASTRON (BOTTOM SHELL) CARDIOVASCULAR, RESPIRATORY AND ORAL

• GU - GULAR • CARDIOVASCULAR HREE CHAMBERED HEART • (THE UPPER PART OF THE THROAT OR • T GULLET OR FORWARD PART OF THE NECK) • RESPIRATORY UNGS ATTACHED TO • HU - HUMERAL • L CARAPACE • PE - PECTORAL • ORAL • AB - ABDOMINAL • BEAK SIMILAR TO A • FE - FEMORAL

• AN - ANAL • RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM

SEXING SEXING

• FEMALES • PLASTRON NOT CONCAVE • SHORTER TAIL • TOP OF SHELL MAY BE SMOOTHER NEAR THE REAR END

• MALES • CONCAVE PLASTRON • LONGER TAIL

HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION

• AQUATIC NEEDS • CAGE • FILTERED WATER TANK AS WELLAS DRY BASKING AREA • CAREFUL WITH DRASTIC TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN WATER (75-82 F)

• POTZ • (PREFERRED OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE ZONE) • BASKING AREA NEEDS TO BE 12 INCHES FROM HEAT SOURCE

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HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & HOUSING, HUSBANDRY & NUTRITION NUTRITION

• TERRESTRIAL NEEDS • AQUATIC • DIET • CAGE • MOST ARE OMNIVORES • IDEAL ENVIRONMENT IS TO • GOLDFISH, EARTHWORMS, CRICKETS, FRUITS AND LIVE OUTSIDE VEGGIES • SHADE/HIDING PLACE • MORE PROTEIN WHEN YOUNG • LIKE TO DIG AND ESCAPE • TERRESTRIAL • IN CAGE, GRADIENT 75-90 F • DIET • TEMPERATURE SHOULD NOT • 85% VEGGIES DROP BELOW 65 F • 10% FRUIT • BEDDING-NEWSPAPER OR • 5% HIGH PROTEIN ALFALFA PELLETS

TERMINOLOGY

• AMPHIBIANS • AMPHI –BOTH AND BIOS –LIFE

• POIKILOTHERMS • TOTALLY DEPENDANT ON THEIR ENVIRONMENT TO REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE AND METABOLIC ACTIVITY

COMMON AMPHIBIANS – SIRENS, TERMINOLOGY CAECILIANS

• ANURA • AND TOADS

• CAUDATA • SALAMANDERS, NEWTS AND SIRENS

• CAECILIANS • LIMBLESS AMPHIBIANS

• GYMNOPHIONA • LIMBLESS, WORM-LIKE WITH NO PELVIC GIRDLE OR PECTORAL MUSCLES

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COMMON AMPHIBIANS – SALAMANDERS, COMMON AMPHIBIANS - FROGS NEWTS

WHITE’S TREE

RED EYED TREE FROG

COMMON AMPHIBIANS - POISON DART FROGS

COMMON AMPHIBIANS - FROGS

ARGENTINE HORNED FROG

ANATOMYAND OMMON MPHIBIANS OADS C A - T PHYSIOLOGY

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ANATOMY AND METAMORPHISIS PHYSIOLOGY

• JELLY-LIKE

• AQUATIC LARVA WITH DEVELOPING GILLS, LIMBS AND TAIL

• AQUATIC BECOME FULLY DEVELOPED BUT MAINTAIN GILLS

• TERRESTRIAL -FULLY DEVELOPED GILLS, LIMBS FOR TERRESTRIAL SPECIES • CAN HAVE A TAIL OR NO TAIL

LIFE CYCLE

LIFE CYCLE

SKIN CARDIOVASCULAR - THREE CHAMBERED HEART

• HEALTHY WILL SHED THEIR SKIN

• WONT’ EVEN KNOW IT BECAUSE THEY CONSUME IT

• IF SEEING POOR SKIN SHEDS THERE IS A HUMIDITY PROBLEM

• DEHYDRATED ANIMALS WILL BE STICKY OR TACKY

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RESPIRATORY SEXING – FROGS AND TOADS

• FULLY DEVELOPED • VERY DIFFICULT • FROG • TOADS • MALES HAVE INTERNAL TESTES • SALAMANDERS • SOME MALE FROGS AND TOAD • MOST BREATHE THROUGH THE HAVE NUPTIAL PADS ON THEIR SKIN AND LUNGS TOES TO ASSIST IN AMPLEXUS

• ALSO TAKE IN WATER THROUGH SKIN MEMBRANE BY OSMOSIS

SEXING – SALAMANDER AND • QUESTIONS TO ASK NEWTS

• TERRESTRIAL OR AQUATIC

• SOME SPECIES ARE SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC HOUSING, • TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY (POTZ)

HUSBANDRY • PREFERRED OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE ZONE & NUTRITION • MALES HAVE CREST BEHIND THE HEAD AND • SECURITY ALONG THE DORSAL SURFACE • DOES IT ALLOW FOR PROPER CLEANING/DISINFECTION

• SOME HAVE COLOR DIFFERENCES

VIVARIUMS VIVARIUMS

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VIVARIUMS VIVARIUMS

VIVARIUMS VIVARIUMS

HEAT LIGHTING

• POTZ (PREFERRED • AMPHIBIANS REQUIRE ULTRAVIOLET ( UV-B) FOR OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE VIT D3 SYNTHESIS AND SUBSEQUENT CALCIUM ZONE) ABSORPTION FROM THE GI TRACT

• ALSO REQUIRE UV-A • WATER HEATER • LAST 6 MONTHS • UVB BULB MAY STILL WORK BUT THE UVB • 12:12 CYCLE COMPONENT IS EXHAUSTED. REPLACE EVERY FALL/WINTER/SPRING

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WATER SUBSTRATE

• HUMIDITY GRADIENT • MOSS • VAPORIZERS, ELECTRONIC • PEAT MISTERS, HAND MISTING • ORGANIC SOILS IVE WATER IN FORM THEY • G • WANT SUBSTRATES THAT WILL WOULD DRINK- DRIP OR DISH HOLD MOISTURE • SOAK IS GOOD HERE IN UTAH DUE TO LACK OF • MOST PRODUCT WILL COME HUMIDITY COMPACTED AND WILL EXPAND AS THEY ABSORB WATER

WATER QUALITY DIET

• TREAT WITH DECHLORINATED CHEMICALS • LARVAE • ADULTS • ALGAE • CARNIVORES • OTHER TAQDPOLES AND LARVAE • DO NOT USE DISTILLED WATER AS SOME OF THE CHEMICALS • LIVE FOOD • FRY OF FISH (FECES) IN WATER ARE BENEFICIAL AND NOT IN DISTILLED WATER • EARTHWORMS • FISH • 24 HOUR WATER – SITS IN AN OPEN CONTAINER FOR 24 • SLUGS AND SNAILS HOURS TO BECOME DECHLORINATED – EVAPORATES OUT • FRUIT FLIES • CRICKETS • WATER FILTERS • INSECTS • SUPERWORMS • AND PUPS

RESTRAINT AND HANDLING BLOOD COLLECTION

• Never with bare hands!!! • Complicated • Non-latex, powder free gloves • Wet gloves • Extremely small and fragile vessels • Moist paper towels • IC • Absorb through the skin • Bacteria • 25g needle and tuberculin syringe • Soap • Lotion • Salamanders – lateral tail vein, ventral abdominal vein may be better options

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INJECTION SITES FLUID THERAPY

• BEST OPTIONS • NOT GIVEN BY INJECTION • IP • DONE BY SOAKING PATIENT • ICE • DECHLORINATED WATER • CAN CAUSE TRAUMA AND POSSIBLE TISSUE NECROSIS • 0.9% SALINE WITH 50% WATER • SQ • IM

ANESTHESIA RADIOGRAPHY

• TRICAINE METHANESULPHONATE (MS-222) • FULL BODY STUDIES

• POWDER DISSOLVED IN WATER • PATIENT IS PLACED ON WET PAPER TOWELS ON CASSETTE • CONCENTRATION DEPENDS ON AMOUNT OF WATER USED

• PATIENT IS PLACED IN BATH OF MEDICATION • PAPER TOWEL IS REMOVED THE SECOND BEFORE TAKING THE • INDUCTION MAY TAKE UP TO 20 MINUTES RADIOGRAPH AND PATIENT IS PLACED BACK ON TOWEL WHEN FINISHED • MAINTAIN BY TRICKLING SOLUTION OVER BODY AS NEEDED • DV BECAUSE THE ANIMAL WILL SIT FOR SHORT PERIOD ON ITS OWN • REVERSE ANESTHESIA BY PLACING THE ANIMAL IN A BATH OF DISTILLED, OXYGENATED WATER

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