Maria Goreti Da Silva Monteiro Prof. Doutora Maria Luísa Fernandes

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Maria Goreti Da Silva Monteiro Prof. Doutora Maria Luísa Fernandes UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS ÁREA DE LITERATURAS, ARTES E CULTURAS COMUNICAÇÃO EMPRESARIAL, INGLÊS E TRADUÇÃO: UM ESTUDO DO CORREIO ELECTRÓNICO EM EMPRESAS PORTUGUESAS DE MOLDES PARA PLÁSTICOS NO QUADRO DA GRAMÁTICA SISTÉMICO-FUNCIONAL Maria Goreti da Silva Monteiro Dissertação orientada pela Prof. Doutora Maria Luísa Fernandes Azuaga DOUTORAMENTO EM LINGUÍSTICA (Linguística Inglesa) 2010 Em memória de meus pais e de L. J. ii AGRADECIMENTOS O percurso de anos que conduz à conclusão de uma dissertação de doutoramento permite conviver com pessoas que ajudam a reflectir e materializar projectos iniciais, muitas vezes vagos e dispersos. As valiosas colaborações de um número dessas pessoas, bem como o seu incentivo e dedicação não podiam deixar de ser aqui e agora registadas. Agradeço à Prof. Doutora Luísa Azuaga, minha orientadora, em primeiro lugar, não apenas por acompanhar o meu trabalho desde o primeiro momento, mas também pelas palavras de encorajamento, essenciais para a conclusão de cada etapa. Agradeço, ainda, o seu convite para integrar a equipa de pesquisa do CEAUL, um local de estudo e, tão importante, de discussão de saberes. Ao mesmo tempo, não teria sido possível chegar a este ponto sem o apoio do IPL / ESTG, que proporcionou condições indispensáveis a uma maior dedicação ao doutoramento. Para tal, muito colaboraram a Coordenadora do Departamento de Ciências da Linguagem e todos os meus colegas, a quem agradeço de forma muito especial. Não posso deixar de lembrar que este estudo só foi exequível com o particular apoio das empresas que, por motivo de sigilo a elas devido, não são nomeadas, mas que têm a minha permanente gratidão. No entanto, tenho de fazer aqui uma menção particular ao meu grande amigo, Sr. Fernando Pedro, a quem muito devo, por colocar a sua larga experiência ao meu dispor, tanto no que diz respeito aos saberes técnicos, como aos conhecimentos das indústrias de vidros e de moldes e, especialmente, pelo seu auxílio nos contactos com os empresários portugueses. iii Por fim, e porque a minha família esteve sempre presente a amparar e encorajar, tem o meu reconhecimento, especialmente a minha irmã, a quem desejo poder retribuir da mesma forma. Também à minha filha, por quem este passo foi dado, quero agradecer por tornar esta tarefa mais leve, pelos sinais de alegria e cumplicidade ao ver-me alcançar metas, pelos abraços sinceros às chegadas de serões de trabalho e de viagens de estudos e pelas interrupções intervaladas com o único intuito de obrigar a mãe a descansar. A todos que contribuíram para a minha chegada a este ponto, o meu muito obrigada. iv RESUMO No universo dos negócios e das indústrias de exportação em Portugal, a indústria de fabrico de moldes para plásticos estende-se à escala mundial, sendo os contactos e a troca de informação efectuados, maioritariamente, em língua inglesa e por correio electrónico. Neste trabalho, a fim de se estudar a comunicação empresarial estabelecida nesta indústria e o papel nela atribuído à língua inglesa, analisou-se um corpus composto por e- mails autênticos, trocados entre dezanove empresas estrangeiras compradoras de moldes e doze fabricantes portugueses, localizados na Marinha Grande e em Oliveira de Azeméis. Procedeu-se, em primeiro lugar, a uma análise da organização retórica, do grau de formalidade e da densidade terminológica da linguagem dos e-mails que constituem o corpus, pretendendo-se determinar o eventual grau de hibridismo do género, dado que, nesta indústria, os e-mails substituíram por completo as cartas comerciais. Porque o nível de conhecimento da língua inglesa é inconstante dentro de algumas empresas aqui consideradas, é frequente proceder-se a traduções: são traduzidos para português textos ingleses antes de serem reenviados aos restantes trabalhadores; são traduzidos para inglês textos portugueses, antes de serem enviados a clientes. Esta prática de tradução é, por consequência, uma vertente deste estudo, onde, confrontando a mensagem nos textos de partida e de chegada, se investiga, particularmente, a expressão de relações interpessoais de poder, no sentido de constatar e tirar conclusões relativamente a eventuais alterações. Reconhecendo-se que o ponto de partida para toda a produção dos textos estudados é o fabrico de moldes para plásticos, investigou-se, ainda, a origem e evolução da terminologia em uso nos textos trocados, procurando descobrir diferenças nas suas aplicações. v Como base teórica para a obtenção de resultados, recorreu-se à Gramática Sistémico-Funcional, de M. A. K. Halliday, mais precisamente à teoria do registo e, na variável relações, à metafunção interpessoal, para além da metáfora gramatical. Palavras-chave: Comunicação empresarial; teoria do registo; metafunção interpessoal; metáfora gramatical; terminologia. vi ABSTRACT In the universe of the export industries in Portugal, mouldmaking for plastics has reached a worldwide scale. As a result, making contacts and exchanging information are carried out, mainly, in English and by electronic mail. This thesis aimed to study this industry‘s communicative practices and the role the English language plays in it, by analysing a corpus of authentic e-mails sent by nineteen foreign mould buyer companies to twelve Portuguese mould making companies, located in Marinha Grande and Oliveira de Azeméis. The study began with an analysis of the rhetorical organization and the degree of formality and of terminological density of the language found in the e-mails, so as to determine the degree of hybridism of the genre, given that, in this industry, e-mails have replaced business letters. Because the level of knowledge of the English language is uneven in some of these Portuguese companies, it is common to resort to translation: the received English texts are translated to Portuguese before being forwarded to the workers, and the texts in Portuguese are translated to English before being sent to clients. The practice of translation was, consequently, considered in this study, where the source and the target messages were confronted, in order to investigate eventual variations, particularly with regard to the expression of interpersonal power relations. Because the point of departure to the production of all texts is the making of moulds for plastics, the origin and evolution of terminology in use was also examined in every e-mail exchange, both in English and Portuguese, in order to discover differences in its application. vii The theoretical basis applied to the study was M. A. K. Halliday‘s Systemic Functional Grammar, more specifically, register theory and, in the variable of tenor, interpersonal metafunction, and also grammatical metaphor. Key words: Business communication; register theory; interpersonal metafunction; grammar metaphor; terminology. viii ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS ........................................................................................................................................................... iii RESUMO .....................................................................................................................................................................................v ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................................... vii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .......................................................................................................................................................... xi ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS ....................................................................................................................................................... xi ABREVIATURAS ................................................................................................................................................................. xiv INTRODUÇÃO......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO 1. A COMUNICAÇÃO NAS EMPRESAS DE MOLDES ................................................................. 11 1.1. A Indústria de Moldes: Breve Panorâmica Histórica........................................................................ 12 1.2. O E-mail: Meio de Comunicação Preferencial ...................................................................................... 18 1.3. O Papel do Inglês nas Empresas em Estudo.......................................................................................... 23 CAPÍTULO 2. A GRAMÁTICA SISTÉMICO-FUNCIONAL ................................................................................. 34 2.1. Contexto de Cultura ........................................................................................................................................... 36 2.2. Contexto de Situação ......................................................................................................................................... 37 2.2.1. Modo ................................................................................................................................................................. 38 2.2.2. Relações .......................................................................................................................................................... 43 2.2.3. Campo .............................................................................................................................................................
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