Tariff Protection and Politics: Castlemaine 1870-1901’
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Deakin University Access to Thesis. Joan Mildred Hargreaves is the author of the thesis entitled: ‘Tariff protection and politics: Castlemaine 1870-1901’. This thesis may be made available for consultation, loan and limited copying for the purpose of study and/or research in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 [Australia]. This thesis was submitted for the degree of Master of Arts and is the result of the authors own research, except where otherwise acknowledged, and that the thesis in whole or part has not been submitted for an award including a higher degree to any other university or institution. TARIFF PROTECTION AND POLITICS: CASTLEMAINE 1870-1901 by Joan Mildred Hargreaves BA (Hons.) SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS FACULTY OF ARTS DEAKIN UNIVERSITY APRIL 1999 Produced on acid-free paper III DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my father, John A. Hargreaves. IV ABSTRACT This study, set within the contextual background of Victorian politics, ‘seeks to identify the economic, political and social implications of tariff protection for the Castlemaine region from 1870-1901. The introduction of the Victorian tariff in 1865 precipitated a reversal of earlier attitudes towards protection by politicians and their constituents. Reasons are sought for changes in the perceptions of the Castlemaine electorate and its political representatives towards the tariff between 1870 and Federation. An examination has been made of the role of the tariff in the creation of employment in the region’s primary and secondary industries together with its influence on politicians, primary and secondary industry leaders and workers. Also explored is the relative impact of the tariff on the economic performance of Castlemaine industries, whether producing for export or domestic markets. V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr. Marnie Haig-Muir and Dr. Roy Hay, most sincerely for their unfailing support and assistance throughout my candidature. In particular, I would like to thank Clive Willman who devoted considerable time to the provision of gold yield statistics. Also, Dennis Cox and Staff of the Castlemaine Mail for allowing copies of the Mount Alexander Mail to be researched at home. Thanks also to Mansell Davies of the Eaglehawk . Mechanics Institute for access to the Institute’s collection of Parliamentary Debates. My thanks also to the Staff of Deakin Off Campus Library, Bernadette Lingham of Deakin Library, Patrick Lakey and Staff of Castlemaine Municipal Library and Peter Perry and Staff of Castlemaine Gallery and Historical Museum. For the provision of photographs and information, I would like to thank the following – Ivan Addis, Kerry Anderson, Peter Eury of Coliban Water, Jill Gale, Steve Markham, Lawrie Muir, Alan Perry, the Castlemaine Pioneers and Old Residents Association, James Taylor, Helen Vellacott, the Victorian Parliamentary Library, Kevin Walsh, Mike Williams and the late Bill Winkelmann. I deeply appreciate the unfailing support and encouragement of my husband, Dr. David Wishart, whose contribution has played a vital role throughout my studies. Joan Hargreaves VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ………………………………………………… i Declaration ………………………………………………. ii Dedication ……………………………………………….. iii Abstract ………………………………………………….. iv Acknowledgments ……………………………………….. v Table of Contents ………………………………………... vi Tables and Figures ………………………………………. viii Abbreviations ……………………………………………. xii Conversions ……………………………………………… xiii Introduction ……………………………………………… xv Chapter 1 Free Trade, Tariff Protection, and 1 Politics …………………………………………………… Chapter 2 1870-1874 ……………………………………. 14 Chapter 3 1875-1879 ……………………………………. 44 Chapter 4 1880-1884 ……………………………………. 78 Chapter 5 1885-1889 ……………………………………. 111 Chapter 6 1890-1894 ……………………………………. 143 Chapter 7 1895-1901 ……………………………………. 179 Conclusion ………………………………………………. 214 VII TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.) Appendix 1 An Overview of Free Trade and Tariff 222 Policies …………………………….. Appendix 2 Victorian Ministries from 1870 to 228 1901 ………………………………... Appendix 3 Castlemaine Politicians 1870-1901 230 and Terms of Office ………………... Appendix 4 The Coliban Water Supply System … 232 Appendix 5 The Wattle Bark Board of Inquiry, 237 1878 ………………………………… Appendix 6 The ‘Local Option’ Issue …………… 240 Appendix 7 Opening up the Wastelands ………… 242 Appendix 8 Adulteration of Flannel Manufactured 247 by the Castlemaine Woollen Mill ….. Appendix 9 Federation ………………………….. 249 Appendix 10 Women’s Suffrage in Castlemaine … 257 Appendix 11 Old Age Pensioners in Castlemaine .. 261 Appendix 12 Labour Practices at the Castlemaine Woollen Mill ………………………. 266 Bibliography ……………………………………….. 268 VIII TABLE AND FIGURES Table 1.1 General Revenue and Expenditure in the 2 Colony of Victoria 1858-1869 …………. Table 1.2 Selected Items from the Victorian Tariffs 8 of 1865 and 1867 ………………………. Table 2.1 Selected Items from the Victorian Tariffs of 1871 (First and Second Revisions) …. 18 Table 2.2 Revenue from the Sale of Crown Lands and Expenditure on Railways in the Colony of Victoria 1870-1874 …………………. 21 Table 2.3 General Revenue and Expenditure in the 27 Colony of Victoria 1870-1874 ……….. Table 2.4 Gold production in the Castlemaine 32 Region 1870-1874 ……………………. Table 2.5 Expenditure of the Castlemaine 41 Benevolent Asylum 1870-1874 ………. Table 2.6 Relief Distributed by the Ladies’ Committee of the Castlemaine Benevolent 42 Asylum 1870-1874 …………………… Table 3.1 General Revenue and Expenditure in the 45 Colony of Victoria 1875-1879 ……….. Table 3.2 Revenue from the Sale of Crown Lands and Expenditure on Railways in the Colony of Victoria 1875-1879 ……….. 46 Table 3.3 Selected Items from the Victorian 56 Tariff of 1875, 1877/1878, and 1879…... Table 3.4 Gold Production in the Castlemaine 65 Region 1875-1876 ……………………... Table 3.5 Six monthly Reports by Directors of the 70 Castlemaine Woollen Mill 1877-1879 … Table 3.6 Value of Victorian Exports of Wattle Bark, Hides and Leather and Imports of Hides and Leather from 1870-1877 …… 73 IX Table 3.7 Expenditure of the Castlemaine 75 Benevolent Asylum 1875-1879 ………. Table 3.8 Relief Distributed by the Ladies Committee of the Castlemaine Benevolent Asylum 1875-1879 …………………… 76 Table 4.1 General Revenue and Expenditure in the 79 Colony of Victoria 1880-1884 ……….. Table 4.2 Revenue from the Sale of Crown Lands and Expenditure on Railways in the Colony of Victoria 1880-1884 ………... 81 Table 4.3 Selected Items from the Victorian 92 Tariff of 1881 …………………………. Table 4.4 Gold Production in the Castlemaine 99 Region 1880-1884 ……………………... Table 4.5 Six-monthly Reports by Directors of the 104 Castlemaine Woollen Mill 1880-1884 … Table 4.6 Expenditure of the Castlemaine 107 Benevolent Asylum 1880-1884 ……….. Table 4.7 Relief distributed by the Ladies’ Committee of the Castlemaine Benevolent Asylum 1880-1884 ……………………. 108 Table 5.1 General Revenue and Expenditure in the 123 Colony of Victoria 1885-1889 ……….. Table 5.2 Gold Production in the Castlemaine 125 Region 1885-1889 ……………………. Table 5.3 Selected Items from the Victorian 131 Tariffs of 1886 and 1889 ……………… Table 5.4 Annual Reports by Directors of the 132 Castlemaine Woollen Mill 1885-1889 ... Table 5.5 Expenditure of the Castlemaine 139 Benevolent Asylum 1885-1889 ………. Table 5.6 Relief distributed by the Ladies’ Committee of the Castlemaine Benevolent Asylum 1885-1889 ………………….... 141 X Table 6.1 General Revenue and Expenditure in the 144 Colony of Victoria 1890-1894 …………. Table 6.2 Selected Items from the Victorian 150 Tariff of 1892 …………………………... Table 6.3 Annual Reports by Directors of the 162 Castlemaine Woollen Mill 1890-1894 … Table 6.4 Gold Production in the Castlemaine 169 Region 1890-1894 ……………………... Table 6.5 Expenditure of the Castlemaine 175 Benevolent Asylum 1890-1894 ……….. Table 6.6 Relief Distributed by the Ladies Committee of the Castlemaine Benevolent Asylum 1890-1894 ……………………. 176 Table 7.1 General revenue and expenditure in the 180 Colony of Victoria 1895-1901 ………… Table 7.2 Selected Items from the Victorian 181 Tariff of 1895 …………………………. Table 7.3 Factories and employees in Victoria and 195 New South Wales in 1890 ……………. Table 7.4 Annual Reports by Directors of the 199 Castlemaine Woollen Mill 1895-1901 .. Table 7.5 Gold Production in the Castlemaine 206 Region 1895-1901 ……………………. Table 7.6 Expenditure of the Castlemaine Benevolent 210 Asylum 1895-1901 …………………… Table 7.7 Relief Distributed by the Ladies’ Committee of Castlemaine Benevolent Asylum 1895-1901 212 Figure 1 Map of Castlemaine Region ………….. 15 Figure 2 Photograph of Nicholas Fitzgerald MLC 22 (North West Province 1864-1906) ……. Figure 3 Portrait of Sir James Patterson KCMG, 24 MLA (Castlemaine 1870-1895) ………. XI TABLES AND FIGURES (Contd.) Figure 4 Photograph of Sir William Zeal MLA (Castlemaine 1871-1874), MLC (North West Province 1882-1901) ……………. 26 Figure 5 Map of Coliban Water System ………... 35 Figure 6 Photograph of Charles Pearson MLA 61 (Castlemaine 1878-1883) ……………... Figure 7 Photograph of James Service MLA 87 (Castlemaine 1883-1886) ……………... Figure 8 Photograph of Edward D. Williams MLA 158 (Castlemaine 1894-1904) …………….. Figure 9 Photograph of Sir James Patterson KCMG and Sir William Zeal – laying of foundation stone for New York Equitable Life Assurance Society Building, 167 Melbourne on 6 March 1893 …………. Figure 10 Portrait of Sir James McCay MLA (Castlemaine 1895-1899), MHR (Corinella 1901-1906) …………………………... 186 Figure 11 Photograph of Sir Harry Lawson MLA 191 (Castlemaine 1899-1928) ……………. Figure 12 The