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Renewable Energy System for Household in Thailand

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Renewable Energy System for Household in Thailand Department of Mechanical Engineering Renewable Energy System for Household in Thailand Author: Chatchawat Chungrakkiat Supervisor: Prof. Joseph Clarke A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement of degree in Master of Science in Renewable Energy Systems and the Environment 2011 2 Copyright Declaration This thesis is the result of the author’s original research. It has been composed by the author and has not been previously submitted for examination which has led to the award of a degree. The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author under the terms of the United Kingdom Copyright Acts as qualified by University of Strathclyde Regulation 3.50. Due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. Signed: Chatchawat Chungrakkiat Date: 9 September 2011 Chatchawat Chungrakkiat Renewable Energy System for Household in Thailand 3 Abstract This project aims to investigate the best match renewable energy system for Thai household to solve the electrical power distribution problem and reduce the fossil fuel consumption of electrical power generation for Thai residential sector. However, the cooling load is the most important section of Thai residential energy consumption. Therefore, this study also creates hourly cooling load data that can be a representative of the average cooling load demand of household in Thailand to implement the realistic matching renewable energy supply with electrical power demand. In order to validate the electrical power consumption of house model in this study, the results of cooling load demand from ESP-r software and total electrical power demand were verified with the national statistic. This study also found that the cooling load demand of the house that bedrooms facing to the north could be lower than the cooling load demand of the house that bedrooms facing to the east approximately 2.9%. Furthermore, adding three inches of the fiberglass to the ceiling possibly reduce the cooling load demand by 19%. Finally, this project represents that the solar power system, which composed of 3.145kW PVs connecting with twenty two 200Ah batteries, would be the best match renewable energy system for the average cooling load demand of households in Thailand. This renewable energy system probably serves the electricity to all electrical loads without the period of the energy deficit. Moreover, changing from AC cooling system to DC cooling system would help to decrease the energy loss of the power system by 20%. Chatchawat Chungrakkiat Renewable Energy System for Household in Thailand 4 Acknowledgement I wish to express my deep appreciation to Prof. Joseph Clarke for his significant suggestion and encouragement throughout the project. I would like to extend my appreciation to Dr. Paul Strachan who allowed me to do this project. Finally, I am very grateful to my family who always support me no matter what I do. Chatchawat Chungrakkiat Renewable Energy System for Household in Thailand 5 Table of Contents Abstract ……………………….……………………………………………………… 3 Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………... 4 Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………........... 5 List of Figures ………………………………………………………...……….……….8 List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………….…. 10 CHAPTER1: Introduction……………………………………………………………11 1.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………..…..11 1.2 Scope and objectives……………………………………………………………......13 CHAPTER2: Literature review……………………………………………….…..….14 2.1 Cooling load and heat gain………………………………………………………….14 2.1.1 Two forms of heat……………………………………………………...…14 2.1.2 Factors affect cooling load…………………………………………….….15 2.1.3 Heat transfer methods………………………………………………….…17 2.1.4 Building energy performance simulation……………………………..….17 2.2 Renewable energy resources in Thailand and stand alone renewable energy system………………………………………….…..18 2.2.1 Renewable energy resources in Thailand………………………….….…..18 2.2.1.1 Solar energy……………………………………………….…….18 2.2.1.2 Wind energy………………………………………………..……20 2.2.1.3 Hydro power………………………………………………..……21 2.2.1.4 Biomass…………………………………………………….……21 Chatchawat Chungrakkiat Renewable Energy System for Household in Thailand 6 2.2.2 Stand alone power system…………………………………………………22 CHAPTER3: Methodology…………………………………………………………….23 3.1 Hourly cooling load data of household in Thailand…………………………………23 3.2 Best match renewable energy system………………………………………………..24 CHAPTER4: Energy performance modeling and matching supply with demand simulation………………………………………..26 4.1 Building energy performance simulation……………………………………… ……26 4.1.1 Weather data………………………………………………………………..26 4.1.1.1 Temperature………………………………………………………26 4.1.1.2 Solar radiation………………………………………………….…27 4.1.1.3 Wind speed……………………………………………………….30 4.1.2 Model description…………………………………………………………..33 4.1.2.1 House model………………………………………………………33 4.1.2.2 House construction………………………………………………..33 4.1.2.3 Building location and direction…………………………………...35 4.1.2.4 Occupant……………………………………………………..……35 4.1.2.5 Infiltration rate………………………………………………….…35 4.1.2.6 Lighting and other electrical appliance…………………………...36 4.1.2.7 Cooling control………………………………………………...…37 4.1.2.7.1 Cooling set point…………………………………..……37 4.1.2.7.2 Maximum and minimum cooling capacity………….....38 4.1.2.7.3 Cooling period………………………………………….38 4.2 Matching supply with demand simulation…………………………………………...38 Chatchawat Chungrakkiat Renewable Energy System for Household in Thailand 7 4.2.1 Renewable energy system design………………………………………...…39 4.2.2 Model of matching supply with demand simulation………………………..40 4.2.2.1 Renewable energy system components……………………...……40 4.2.2.2 Renewable energy resources…………………………………...…42 4.2.2.3 Electrical load demand………………………………………...….43 4.2.2.4 Size to consider………………………………………………...…45 4.2.3 Best match renewable energy assessment……………………………….....45 CHAPTER5: Model validation……………………………………………………..….47 CHAPTER6: Results and discussion………………………………………………..…50 6.1 Cooling load demand…………………………………………………………………50 6.1.1 Cooling load demand of base case…………………………………….…...50 6.1.2 Cooling load demand of Case2…………………………………………..…52 6.1.3 Cooling load demand of Case3…………………………………………..…53 6.2 Best match renewable energy system……………………………………………..….58 6.2.1 Best match renewable energy system for base case…………………......…58 6.2.2 Best match renewable energy system for Case2……………………....……61 6.2.3 Best match renewable energy system for Case3………………………....…63 CHAPTER7: Conclusion and recommendation…………………………………….....66 CHAPTER8: References……………………………………………………………..….70 Chatchawat Chungrakkiat Renewable Energy System for Household in Thailand 8 List of Figures Figure1: Solar energy map of Thailand………………………………………………….19 Figure2: Research design diagram……………………………………………………….24 Figure3: Monthly average temperature in Thailand and Bangkok in 2009………….…..27 Figure4: Solar energy map of Thailand…………………………………………………..28 Figure5: Monthly average solar radiation in Thailand and Bangkok in 2009…………...29 Figure6: Wind map of Southeast Asia…………………………………………..……….30 Figure7: Wind map of Thailand……………………………………………………….....31 Figure8: Site plan of base case model………………………………………………...….33 Figure9: Direction of base case model…………………………………………...….……35 Figure10: Renewable energy system design………………………………………….…..40 Figure11: 185W 12V DC solar panel……………………………………………………..40 Figure12: 400W 12V DC low cut in speed wind turbine…………………………....……41 Figure13: Power curve of 400W 12V DC low cut in speed wind turbine………………..41 Figure14: Monthly average solar radiation in Bangkok…………………………………..43 Figure15: Monthly average wind speed in Bangkok……………………………………...43 Figure16: Seasonal cooling load profile of base case……………………………….....…44 Figure17: Seasonal cooling load profile of Case2…………………………………..…….44 Figure18: Seasonal cooling load profile of Case3……………………………….…….….44 Figure19: Seasonal load profile of lighting and other electrical appliances………......….45 Figure20: Average solar absorbed in two bedrooms of base case and Case2...........…....52 Chatchawat Chungrakkiat Renewable Energy System for Household in Thailand 9 Figure21: Hourly cooling load of bedroom1 in base case………………………………55 Figure22: Hourly cooling load of bedroom2 in base case………………………………55 Figure23: Hourly cooling load of bedroom1 in Case2………………………………….56 Figure24: Hourly cooling load of bedroom2 in Case2………………………………….56 Figure25: Hourly cooling load of bedroom1 in Case3………………………………….57 Figure26: Hourly cooling load of bedroom2 in Case3………………………………….57 Figure27: Supply and demand of base case (system with AC cooling load)…………...60 Figure28: Supply and demand of Case2 (system with AC cooling load)………………62 Figure29: Supply and demand of Case3 (system with AC cooling load)………………64 Chatchawat Chungrakkiat Renewable Energy System for Household in Thailand 10 List of Tables Table1: Wind potential in Thailand…………………………………………………….20 Table2: Weather data of Bangkok in 1983……………………………………………..32 Table3: Constructions of base case model……………………………………………..34 Table4: Lighting and electrical appliances in base case model…………………….…..37 Table5: Range of all variable inputs…………………………………………………….45 Table6: Energy balance in each zone of base case model………………………………47 Table7: Average ambient temperature and solar radiation in summer and winter……..48 Table8: Average zone dry bulb temperature in summer and winter……………………48 Table9: Average zone temperature in the bedrooms of Case2 and base case…………..53 Table10: Average zone temperature in two bedrooms of base case and Case3………...54 Table11: Assessment factors of base case …………………………………………...….58
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