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Improving Extract Yield and Wort Viscosity: Automated Measurement

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Improving Extract Yield and Wort Viscosity: Automated Measurement Improving extract yield and wort viscosity: Automated measurement of hydrolytic enzymes in the production of fermentable sugars D. Mangan, Claudio Cornaggia, R. Ivory, A. Liadova, E. Rooney, N. McCormack, B. Culleton, V. McKie & Barry V. McCleary Megazyme International Megazyme International has developed a range of advanced enzymatic test kits and reagents specifically aimed at the malting and brewing industries and to cereal breeding programmes and research laboratories in brewing sciences. These new and advanced products now make enzymatic bio-analysis commercially viable for brewhouses and laboratories of any size. EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] INTRODUCTION AIM OF RESEARCH CELL WALL HYDROLASES Filterability STARCH HYDROLASES Fermentability CONCLUSIONS Introduction – Malting barley & hydrolases Germinated barley kernel during malting Hydrolases endo-(1,3:1,4)-b-glucanase MALTING BARLEY a-amylase, b-amylase MALTOSE endo-xylanase Production of hydrolases & limit-dextrinase (and other (plus exo-acting hydrolases) (plus a-glucosidase) › b-glucanase fermentable › xylanase sugars) › a-amylase Hydrolysis of barley cell Hydrolysis and › b-amylase walls to allow dextrinizing debranching of starch is available › limit-dextrinase enzymes to access starch into shorter dextrins for alcoholic › proteases granules and into maltose fermentation FILTERABILITY FERMENTABILITY EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] Introduction – Malting barley & hydrolases Hydrolases: endogenous vs exogenous MALTSTERS Endogenous hydrolases : b-glucanase, endo-xylanase, a-amylase, b-amylase & limit-dextrinase • Produced during malting. NO endogenous hydrolases produced after kilning. BREWERS • Is the wort viscosity optimal? Will there be problems on lautering? • Is the fermentability optimised? (Diastatic power) • Will there be haze problems? (Due to HMW b-glucan, protein, dextrins) • How will the beer mouthfeel be affected? Exogenous hydrolases (mostly of bacterial / fungal source) are sometimes added during the brewing process to optimise the wort filterability and the extract yield (fermentability) Exogenous hydrolases • b-Glucanase • Amyloglucosidase • Xylanase • Limit-dextrinase / Pullulanase • a-Amylase (debranching enzyme) EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] INTRODUCTION AIM OF RESEARCH CELL WALL HYDROLASES Filterability STARCH HYDROLASES Fermentability CONCLUSIONS Aim of research Hydrolases targeted for development of specific substrates and automatable assays 1) endo-(1,3:1,4)-β-Glucanase (EC 3.2.1.73) 2) endo-1,4-β-Xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) 3) α-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) Suitable substrate and assay format 4) β-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) 5) Limit-dextrinase (EC 3.2.1.142) Main challenges • Complex matrix – polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, enzymes, amino acids, inhibitors • Selectivity – presence of a range of exo-acting enzymes competing for the same substrate (e.g. a-glucosidase, a-amylase and b-amylase act on starch) • Sensitivity – low enzyme activities in some cases (e.g. limit-dextrinase) EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] Aim of research: existing methods • b-Glucan analysis in barley, malt, wort and beer (fluorimetric) EBC Methods 3.10.2/4.16.1/8.13.2/9.31.2 1) Size (MW) of b-glucan not accounted for: effect on viscosity and haze. 2) Viscosity assay: more practical indicator of how malt will affect brewhouse performance. • Diastatic power of malt (iodometric - titration) EBC Method 4.12 1) It generally gives good correlations only with b-amylase activity (not a-amylase or limit-dextrinase) 2) Not always a good predictor of fermentability, it can vary between malt varieties. • a-Amylase content in malt (iodometric - visual) EBC Method 4.13 1) Visual estimation using a colour standard, does not consider limit-dextrinase activity • Fermentability (AAL Apparent attenuation limit – specific gravity) EBC Method 4.11.1 1) Long and complicated assay 2) Use of congress mashing which is not always representative of commercial brewing techniques LIMITATIONS?? • None of the above methods can be automated • General reproducibility / practicality / reliability issues EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] Hydrolases measurement : existing methods Megazyme existing products for hydrolase measurement Dyed polysaccharides - insoluble LIMITATIONS?? Ill-suited for automated assays due to filtration step EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] Aim of research – Novel substrates Blocked colorimetric oligosaccharides ADVANTAGES Practical and rapid assay format Ability to measure endogenous enzymes in barley malt / all cereals Ability to measure exogenous enzymes in commercial enzymatic preparations Sensitive and quantitative assay Excellent repeatability and reproducibility Automatable assay format for auto-analyser Replace / complement existing methods EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] INTRODUCTION AIM OF RESEARCH CELL WALL HYDROLASES Filterability STARCH HYDROLASES Fermentability CONCLUSIONS endo-(1,3:1,4)-β-Glucanase – Overview • (1,3:1,4)-β-Glucan: 75% (w/w) of cell wall in starchy endosperm • Composed of b-1,4-linked glucose units (DP4:DP3) separated by β-1,3 linkages • b-Glucan hydrolysis allows starch hydrolases to degrade starch leading to maltose formation DP3 DP4 DP3 β-1,3 linkage • endo-(1,3:1,4)-β-Glucanase hydrolyses β-1,4 linkages on the non-reducing side of the β-1,3 linkages • Extent of b-glucan hydrolysis: key for wort viscosity, filterability, haze formation & starch mobilisation EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] endo-(1,3:1,4)-β-Glucanase – Substrate & assay format K-MBG4 Assay: Rationale DP4 (1,3:1,4)-b-gluco-oligosaccharide β-1,3 • optimal recognition by endo-(1,3:1,4)-b-glucanase Benzylidene acetal blocking group • prevents hydrolysis by exo-acting glycosyl hydrolases present in barley malt extracts (e.g. b-glucosidase) 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol chromophore (pKa = 5.4) • provides for substrate sensitivity Directly proportional to endo- (1,3:1,4)-b-glucanase activity EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] endo-(1,3:1,4)-β-Glucanase – Substrate & assay format K-MBG4 Manual Assay Conditions Mill barley malt sample to pass 0.5 mm screen. Enzyme Extraction Enzyme 0.5 g Milled malt sample + 8 mL extraction buffer (pH 4.5, 0.1M NaOAc). Extract over 15 min. Centrifuge at 1000 x g for 10 min. Standard curve relating the activity of malt Decant the supernatant. endo-(1,3:1,4)-β-glucanase on barley b-glucan to absorbance increase at 400 nm on hydrolysis of MBG4 under the assay conditions 0.5 mL Enzyme extract + 0.1 mL MBG4 reagent Activity Assay (10 mM, 50% DMSO/H2O). Barley malt endo-(1,3:1,4)-β-Glucanase o Incubate for 20 min at 30 C. International Units on b-glucan = 3.98 x MBG4 Units MBG4 substrate suitable also for the Terminate assay with 0.9 mL Tris buffer (pH 10). Read absorbance value at 400 nm. assay of lichenases of bacterial source Mangan et al. 2016, Carbohydr. Res. submitted EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] endo-Xylanase – Overview • Arabinoxylan (pentosan): approximately 20% (w/w) of cell wall in starchy endosperm • Heterogeneous polysaccharide: backbone of β-1,4-linked xylose monomers (arabinofuranosyl residues, feruloyl esters and glucuronic acid residues also present) • endo-1,4-β-Xylanase hydrolyses internal β-1,4 linkages between xylose residues in the backbone • Extent of arabinoxylan hydrolysis is key for wort viscosity, filterability & starch mobilisation • Soluble arabinoxylan levels are much higher in wort and beer than those of b-glucan (up to 10 times) EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] endo-Xylanase – Overview XylX6 Substrate + K-XylX6 Assay: Rationale ancillary b-xylosidase = XylX6 Reagent XylX6 assay suitable also for the measurement of endo-xylanase in: • Barley malt • Commercial enzyme preparations • Pure enzyme (fungal/ bacterial) Directly proportional to endo-xylanase activity EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] endo-Xylanase – Substrate & assay format Graph showing the activity of Standard curve relating the activity of endo-β-xylanase endo-β-xylanase extracted (A. niger) on beechwood xylan (left) or wheat arabinoxylan (right) to from malt flour on XylX6 absorbance increase at 400 nm on hydrolysis of XylX6 A. niger endo-(1,4)-β-Xylanase International Units on xylan beechwood = 1.13 x XylX6 Units A. niger endo-(1,4)-β-Xylanase International Units on wheat arabinoxylan = 1.05 x XylX6 Units EBC Symposium 2016 – Wroclaw, Poland 18-20th September Dr. Claudio Cornaggia – Senior Scientist – [email protected] INTRODUCTION AIM OF RESEARCH CELL WALL HYDROLASES Filterability STARCH HYDROLASES Fermentability CONCLUSIONS Amylases and limit-dextrinase
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