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Arundo Donax: Source of Musical Reeds and Industrial Cellulose Author(S): Robert E

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Arundo Donax: Source of Musical Reeds and Industrial Cellulose Author(S): Robert E Arundo donax: Source of Musical Reeds and Industrial Cellulose Author(s): Robert E. Perdue, Jr. Source: Economic Botany, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1958), pp. 368-404 Published by: Springer on behalf of New York Botanical Garden Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4287997 . Accessed: 06/08/2014 13:13 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. New York Botanical Garden Press and Springer are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Economic Botany. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 158.135.136.72 on Wed, 6 Aug 2014 13:13:55 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Arundo donax-Source of Musical Reeds and Industrial Cellulose Arundo donax has played an important role in the cul- ture of the western world through its influence on the development of music. Reeds for woodwind musical instruments are still made from the culms, and no satis- factory substitutes have been developed. This grass has also been used as a source of cellulose for rayon and considered as a source of paper pulp. ROBERT E. PERDUE, JR.' Introduction peoples of the Middle East. The term The grass family is well known as a "reed" is of frequent occurrence in the source of many important economic Bible, and at least some of these refer- plants. The cereal grains form the most ences allude to Arundo donax. Biblical important source of food for mankind writers provide little information as to and grains and forage types provide the the utility of the plant but by simile complete diet of many domestic animals. made use of its well-known character- Sugar cane is the principal source of istics, its tenacity, rigidity, vigor and the sugar. Bamboos are widely utilized in nature of its surroundings in expressing tropical and subtropical areas and many their ideas or in creating imaginative species of grasses are employed as lawn descriptions of phenomena of their day. plants. Several grasses, notably esparto, Today, reeds for woodwind musical are used for the manufacture of paper, instruments are still made from Arundo donax species of Cymbopogon and Vetiveria culms, the same material that has provide essential oils, and the seed heads been employed throughout the history of of broom corn provide raw materials for these instruments. This is a rather un- the manufacture of brooms. usual case in which modern technology From the viewpoint of the quantity has been unable to develop a satisfactory utilized or its monetary value, Arundo substitute although, during times of donax L. is a grass of relatively minor shortages, much effort has been expended in importance, but this plant has played an this direction and, from time to time, important role in the culture of the west- musicians have turned in desperation to ern world through its influence on the a variety of other materials. A development of music. The plant has a considerable quantity of the grass long history, perhaps as long as that of has been used as a source of cellulose for any other species with the exception of rayon manufacture, and the plant has the basic food plants. Its utilization in received consideration as a source of the creation of music can be traced back paper pulp. 5,000 years. Botany The plant was well known to ancient The genus Arundo of the family Gra- 1 Botanist, Crops Research Division, Agri- mineae, tribe Festuceae, includes about cultural Research Service, U. S. Department of six species of which A. donax L. is the Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland. most widely distributed and the best 368 This content downloaded from 158.135.136.72 on Wed, 6 Aug 2014 13:13:55 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ARUNDO DONAX 369 known. A. consppicuaForst., a native of largest of the herbaceous grasses. The New Zealand, is widely grown in Euro- fleshy, almost bulbous, creeping root- pean gardens as an ornamental. A. stocks form compact masses from which pliniana Turra is native to the countries arise tough fibrous roots that penetrate bordering the Mediterranean Sea and is deeply into the soil. The culms reach a utilized to a limited extent for forage. diameter of 1 to 4 cm. and commonly A. formosana Hack. is native to For- branch during the second year of growth. mosa; A. fulvida J. Buch. and A. rich- They are hollow, with walls 2-7 mm. ardi Endl. are native to New Zealand. thick, and divided by partitions at the Common Names. Because of its wide- nodes. The nodes vary in length from spread distribution and extensive utili- approximately 12 to 30 cm. The outer zation by man, Arundo donax has as- tissue of the stem is of a siliceous nature, sumed many common names. In the very hard and brittle with a smooth southwestern United States, the plant is glossy surface that turns pale golden sometimes called by the Mexican name yellow when the culm is fully mature. carrizo. In English-speaking countries The leaves are conspicuously two- in general, it is called bamboo reed, Da- ranked, 5 to 8 cm. broad at the base, nubian reed, donax cane, giant reed, tapering to a fine point. The leaf sheaths Italian reed, Spanish reed, or Provence are tightly wrapped around the stem and cane, as well as by such general appel- often persist long after the blades have lations as cane, reed, or bamboo. fallen. The flowers are borne in large, In other countries, the most widely terminal, plume-like panicles 30 to 60 employed names are merely translations cm. long. of the simple epithets "cane" or "common Morphologically, Arundo donax is cane". The most important names, some comparatively uniform. A variegated of which are applied also to Phraginites variety of the species, known only in communis, are as follows: Burma: cultivation, was described in Miller's alokyu; Egypt: kasab; France and Gardener's Dictionary in 1768. This French Africa: canne, canne de Prov- form is now known as A. donax var. ence, roseaux; Germany: Pfahlrohr, versicolor (Mill.) Kunth, and in most Pfeilrohr, Riesenschilf; Greece: kala- respects is a diminutive of typical A. mos; India: bara nal, gaba nal, narkul; donax. In its most familiar form, this Italy: calami, caneviera, canna, canna variety has culms up to 1.5 cm. in di- berganega, canna di cannitu, canna com- ameter that reach a maximum height of mune, canna domestica, canna montana, 4 to 5 m. but are frequently but .6 to 1 canna da rocchi, canna di stenniri, ciane m. high. This plant produces a more gergane, donaci, gutamu, virtamu; Spain dense growth than does typical A. donax and Spanish speaking countries: cana due to a greater production of culms as comun, canna de Castilla. well as to a greater production of leaves In Italy, the form with variegated and is less hardy than the latter. By leaves is known as canna zagariddara. selection of off-shoots other variegated With several exceptions in which the forms have been propagated that do not meaning will be clear from context, the differ significantly from typical A. donax term "reed" is employed in this paper except for their variegated leaves. only in reference to the sounding mecha- Cane grows very rapidly. Growth at nism of a musical instrument. a rate of .3 to .7 m. per week over a Description. Arundo donax is a tall, period of several months is not unusual erect, perennial, cane-like or reed-like wlhen conditions are favorable. Young grass, 2 to 8 m. high. It is one of the culms develop -at approximately the full This content downloaded from 158.135.136.72 on Wed, 6 Aug 2014 13:13:55 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 370 ECONOMIC BOTANY diameter of mature cane, but their walls Donax cane has also been widely dis- increase in thickness after the initial persed in the New World, from the growing season. The new growth is soft southern United States southward and very high in moisture and has little through Central and South America. It wind resistance. occurs in most of the islands of the West Distribut.on. Arundo donax is native Indies, as well as in Bermuda and the to the countries surrounding the Medi- Bahamas. In the United States, the terranean Sea. From this area, it has plant has been cultivated successfully as become widely dispersed, mostly through far north as Washington, D. C., and intentional introduction by man, into all escapes from cultivation as far north as ~~~~~~~~~~ ; - S - W--LN IP: FIG. 1. A cultivated cane brake (Arundo donax) in California. (Photo courtesy of Arnold Bc ilhart) of the subtropical and warm-temperate Virginia and Missouri. It has been areas of the world. In many areas it widely planted, often as an ornamental, has become well established. The plant throughout the warmer states, especially is abundant in India, ascending to eleva- in the southwestern part of the country tions of 8,000 feet in the Himalayas, and where it is used along ditches for the has been dispersed eastward to Burma prevention of erosion. There are abund- and China. The species appears to be ant wild growths along the Rio Grande absent from central Africa but has been River.
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