DEGREE PROJECT IN TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2016

TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND BUSINESS FEASIBILITY STUDY TO PORTABLE POLYGENERATION SYSTEM FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

HAIKUO LIU

KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

Techno-economic analysis and business feasibility study to portable polygeneration system for construction industry

Haikuo Liu

Master of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology EGI_2016-046 MSC EKV1145 Division of Heat and Power Technology SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM

Master of Science Thesis

EGI_2016-046 MSC EKV1145

Techno-economic analysis and business feasibility study to portable polygeneration system for construction industry

Haikuo Liu

Approved Examiner Supervisor 2016-08-22 Anders Malmquist Anders Malmquist Aapo Sääsk Commissioner Contact person

Abstract Polygeneration technology is to utilize a single plant to offer multiple energy products, and the multiple processes are integrated into one system. In comparison with the single-product technology, polygeneration improves the system efficiency significantly since it has multiple outputs, and reduces the relevant capital and production cost accordingly. In this thesis, a polygeneration system was designed specifically for a project in construction industry and the business feasibility of the system was analyzed. The status quo and problems of present temporary power system were introduced and the idea of using polygeneration system as the substitute was described. A substation project in Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia was utilized as the reference to design the polygeneration system and to analyze the system’s technical and business feasibility. After the study of energy demand, 12 scenarios were proposed based on the available energy sources and commercialized technologies in the market. RETScreen 4 software was used to simulate proposed scenarios and relevant techno-economic discussion and analysis of the results were made. Based on “RETScreen 4” software’s simulation results, one optimized scenario was selected for the polygeneration system design and business feasibility analysis. A polygeneration system with two polygeneration sets were designed to meet energy demand of the reference project in this thesis. Considered the technical and economic information of the designed system, a business feasibility analysis of the polygeneration system for the construction industry was studied. As the last part of the thesis, a summary of business plan was made to the designed system based on the results of market research and business feasibility study.

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Sammanfattning Polygenereringsteknik är att utnyttja en enda anläggning för att erbjuda flera energitjänster där multipla processer är integrerade i ett gemensamt system. I jämförelse med separata tekniklösningar, förbättrar polygenerering systemets effektivitet avsevärt eftersom flera tjänster produceras och kapital- och produktionskostnadernadärmed minskar. I denna avhandling har ett polygenereringssystem utformats speciellt för ett projekt i byggbranschen och lämpligheten hos systemet har analyserats. Status quo och problem med nuvarande tillfälliga kraftsystemet togs med i analysen och idén att använda polygenereringssystemet som substitut har beskrivits. Ett ställverksprojekt i Al Kharj, Saudi Arabien användes som referens för att utforma polygenereringssystemet och för att analysera systemets tekniska och affärsmässiga genomförbarhet. Efter studier av efterfrågan på energi, har 12 scenarier föreslagits baserat på tillgängliga energikällor och kommersialiserade teknologier på marknaden. “RETScreen 4” programvaran användes för att simulera föreslagna scenarier och en teknisk-ekonomisk diskussion och analys av resultaten gjordes. Baserat på RETScreen 4 programvarans simuleringsresultat, har ett optimalt scenario valts för design av ett polygenereringsystem och en affärsgenomförbarhetsstudie har utförts. Ett polygenereringssystem med två uppsättningar av polygenerernde subsystem har utformats för att möta efterfrågan på energi hos referensprojektet i denna avhandling. Med hänsyn taget till de tekniska och ekonomiska uppgifterna i det utformade systemet, har realiseringen av polygenereringssystemet för byggindustrin studerats. Den sista delen av avhandlingen utgör en sammanfattning av affärsplanen för det utformade systemet baserat på resultaten av marknadsundersökningar och en affärsförstudie.

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Acknowledgement The author would like to give the sincere gratitude to Professor Anders Malmquist (KTH) and Mr. Aapo Sääsk (Scarab Development AB) for the supervision to this thesis. The thesis’ preparation and production also benefited from polygeneration research activities from “KIC Innoenergy”, “Renewable Energy Programme”, and “STandUP for energy projects”. The author would like to thank Al Kharj project team, Saudi Arabia Energy and Infrastructure Company (EICO) and Mrs. Qixan Yang The author would like to extend his gratitude to Professor Manuel Rubio (UCLV, Santa Clara, Cuba) and Dr. Alaa Kullab (KTH) for their valuable help and guidance. The author also would like to extend his gratitude to Scarab Development AB for its helps and feedbacks on the AGMD technologies.

Haikuo Liu

Stockholm, August 2016

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Nomenclature Notations and Abbreviations that are used in this Master thesis are listed as below.

Notations

Symbol Description mS/cm milli-Siemens per centimeter (conductivity) $ US dollar

Abbreviations

AC Air Conditioner AGMD Air Gap Membrane Distillation AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank AM Air Mass APAC Asian and Pacific Coasts ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate CHP Combined Heat and Power COP Coefficient of Performance CPV Concentration Photovoltaics CPV/T Concentrating Photovoltaic Thermal System CSP Concentrating Solar Power CXM Customer Experience Management DCMD Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Dia. Diameter EES Electrical Energy Storage EICO Energy and Infrastructure Company ENR Engineering News-Record GDP Gross Domestic Product Genset Generator Set HCPV High Concentration Photovoltaics ICE Internal Combustion Engine IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency LHV Low Heating Value

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LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MD Membrane Distillation MEA Middle East and Africa MJSC Multijunction Solar Cells MSW Municipal Solid Waste MVP Minimum Viable Product N/A Not Applicable NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration ORC Organic Rankie Cycle PEFC Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells PH Potential of Hydrogen PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene Polyset Polygeneration Set PV Photovoltaics R&D Research and Development RO Reverse Osmosis SGMD Sweep Gas Membrane Distillation SLFC Swim Lane Flowchart SOFC Solid Oxide Fuel Cells STS Solar Thermal System S.W.O.T Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat Temp. Temperature TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOC Total Organic Carbon US United States VMD Vacuum Membrane Distillation WHO World Health Organization

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Table of Contents Abstract ...... 2 Sammanfattning ...... 3 Acknowledgement ...... 4 Nomenclature ...... 5 List of figures ...... 10 List of tables ...... 11 1 Introduction ...... 12 1.1 Background ...... 12 1.2 Objective ...... 13 1.3 Delimitations ...... 13 1.4 Methodology ...... 13 1.4.1 Polygeneration system design ...... 14 1.4.2 Market survey and interviews ...... 14 1.4.3 Business feasibility study and business plan ...... 14 2 Problem identification ...... 15 2.1 Diesel genset in construction industry ...... 15 2.2 Challenges and obstacles ...... 15 3 Energy demands on construction site ...... 16 3.1 Energy demands on construction site ...... 16 3.2 Energy demands of the project in Saudi Arabia ...... 16 4 Available sources on project S site ...... 20 4.1 Solar and wind ...... 20 4.2 Biomass ...... 20 4.3 Water ...... 20 5 Portable polygeneration system proposal ...... 21 5.1 Initial polygeneration system for project S ...... 21 5.2 Polygeneration set generation proposal ...... 22 5.3 Polygeneration set design overall proposal ...... 22 6 Technologies study ...... 24 6.1 Software introduction – RETScreen 4 ...... 24 6.2 Solar ...... 25 6.2.1 Solar Photovoltaics ...... 25 6.2.2 Solar Thermal Energy ...... 28 6.3 Wind ...... 30 6.4 Biomass ...... 30 6.5 Micro Combined Heat and Power technologies ...... 30

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6.5.1 Reciprocating engines ...... 31 6.5.2 Microturbine ...... 32 6.6 Water purification ...... 33 6.6.1 Reverse Osmosis technology ...... 34 6.6.2 Membrane Distillation technology ...... 35 6.7 Storage technologies and devices ...... 37 6.7.1 Electrical energy storage system ...... 37 6.7.2 Heat storage system ...... 39 6.7.3 Gas storage and gas cylinder ...... 39 6.8 Technologies selection and explanation ...... 40 7 Scenarios proposing and system modeling ...... 41 7.1 Available energy generation technologies ...... 41 7.2 Scenarios proposal and modeling ...... 42 7.2.1 Proposal I system modeling ...... 42 7.2.2 Proposal II system modeling ...... 44 7.2.3 Proposal limitations and considerations ...... 45 8 Scenarios analysis ...... 46 8.1 RETScreen analysis ...... 46 8.2 Techno-economic analysis ...... 46 9 Polygeneration system design ...... 49 9.1 Technical design and sizing ...... 49 9.1.1 Energy demand ...... 49 9.1.2 The system balance and update ...... 49 9.1.3 The system operation and balance ...... 50 9.1.4 The backup system ...... 50 9.2 System overall design ...... 51 9.3 Technical figures ...... 52 9.3.1 Power system ...... 52 9.3.2 Thermal system ...... 53 9.3.3 Cooling system ...... 53 9.3.4 Water system ...... 54 9.4 Polygeneration set performance ...... 54 10 Sustainability of polygeneration set ...... 57 10.1 Sustainable development ...... 57 10.2 Environmental protection ...... 57 10.3 Economic development ...... 58 10.4 Social development ...... 58

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11 Business feasibility study ...... 59 11.1 Analysis of idea ...... 59 11.2 Minimum Viable Product ...... 59 11.3 Business model canvas ...... 60 11.4 Customer Experience Management ...... 61 11.5 Swim Lane Flow Chart ...... 62 11.6 Demand forecasting and product ...... 63 11.6.1 Past data...... 63 11.6.2 Analogy ...... 64 11.6.3 The Product ...... 64 11.6.4 Services and product extensions ...... 64 11.7 Marketing plan ...... 65 11.7.1 Target customer ...... 65 11.7.2 Selling proposition ...... 65 11.7.3 Pricing and positioning strategy ...... 65 11.7.4 Marketing strategy ...... 66 11.8 Sales forecasting ...... 66 12 Business plan ...... 67 12.1 The business ...... 67 12.2 The market ...... 67 12.3 The finances ...... 67 12.4 The future ...... 67 13 Conclusions and future work ...... 68 13.1 Conclusions ...... 68 13.2 Future work ...... 68 Bibliography ...... 69 Appendix I Air temperature in Al Kharj ...... 75 Appendix II Project S power demand ...... 76 Appendix III Proposal calculations ...... 78 LNG cylinder volume calculation: ...... 80 Battery quantity calculation: ...... 80 Solar thermal calculation: ...... 80 CPV/T power calculation: ...... 80 Appendix IV Proposal Scenarios cost information ...... 81 Appendix V Polygeneration system technical drawing ...... 84 Appendix VI Designed polysets analysis ...... 85 Appendix VII Market research ...... 87

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List of figures Figure 1. Project implementation flowchart ...... 13 Figure 2. Project S location ...... 16 Figure 3. Project S site layout ...... 17 Figure 4. Project S daily power demand by month in workdays ...... 19 Figure 5. Polygeneration overall technical proposal ...... 21 Figure 6. Container size ...... 23 Figure 7. RETScreen 4 standard analysis procedure ...... 24 Figure 8. Campus and office area layout ...... 25 Figure 9. a) HCPV application with passive cooling system; b) HCPV application with active cooling system ...... 27 Figure 10. Two solar heating systems ...... 28 Figure 11. Possible configurations for solar-driven cooling systems ...... 29 Figure 12. Collector efficiency curve against temperature difference ...... 29 Figure 13. Gas genset CHP configuration ...... 31 Figure 14. Microturbine system configuration ...... 32 Figure 15. RO system working principle and system configuration ...... 34 Figure 16. Commercial groundwater purification system configuration ...... 34 Figure 17. MD system configurations ...... 35 Figure 18. Scarab AGMD system test layout at Sweden ...... 36 Figure 19. LNG cylinder on trucks ...... 40 Figure 20. Working principle of polyset ...... 41 Figure 21. Proposal I polyset system configuration ...... 42 Figure 22. Solar panels comparison ...... 42 Figure 23. Polyset system configuration A in proposal II ...... 44 Figure 24. Polyset system configuration B (left) and C (right) in proposal II ...... 44 Figure 25. Electric demand curve in scenario 2.5 ...... 47 Figure 26. Scenario 2.5 system configuration ...... 48 Figure 27. System load characteristic graph ...... 49 Figure 28. Project S energy demand graph ...... 49 Figure 29. Polyset configuration on construction site ...... 51 Figure 30. Polysets configuration for transportation ...... 51 Figure 31. Polyset system cost structure ...... 54 Figure 32. Usage time of temporary electrical generation system on construction project site ...... 55 Figure 33. Venn diagram of sustainable development ...... 57 Figure 34. Polyset system business model canvas ...... 60 Figure 35. Polyset system swim lane flow chart ...... 62 Figure 36. The past decade’s international contractor revenue (in $ billions) ...... 63 Figure 37. Generator sales market by region, 2020 ...... 63

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List of tables Table 1. Project S energy demands ...... 18 Table 2. Project S site wind and solar data ...... 20 Table 3. Different energy demands on project S ...... 22 Table 4. Proposed polyset ...... 22 Table 5. The size of the container ...... 23 Table 6. Available roof area for solar PV panels ...... 25 Table 7. The parameters of first-generation solar panels (Yingli Solar) ...... 26 Table 8. The parameters of thin-film solar panels (Hanergy and First Solar) ...... 26 Table 9. Technical parameters of one commercial HCPV product ...... 28 Table 10. The parameters of solar collectors (Viesmann Company) ...... 30 Table 11. Technical features of small-scale CHP devices ...... 31 Table 12. Gas genset CHP system co-generation power technical features ...... 32 Table 13. The parameters of reciprocating engines CHP (Chaoran and SenerTec companies) ...... 32 Table 14. The parameters of microturbine CHP (Ansaldo Energia and Capstone Mircroturbine) ...... 33 Table 15. Project S site groundwater chemicals composition ...... 33 Table 16. Commercial groundwater purification system technical parameters ...... 35 Table 17. Commercial MD systems (solar-MD system) ...... 36 Table 18. AGMD module technical parameters ...... 37 Table 19. Simulation results, scaled-up performance ...... 37 Table 20. Technical and economical characteristics of four batteries storage technologies ...... 38 Table 21. Commercial solar battery banks parameters ...... 38 Table 22. Commercial hot water storage tanks’ parameters ...... 39 Table 23. LNG storage cylinder parameters ...... 40 Table 24. Possible electricity and heat generation combinations ...... 41 Table 25. Proposal I scenarios breakdown table ...... 43 Table 26. Proposal II breakdown table ...... 45 Table 27. Proposal I scenarios analysis results ...... 46 Table 28. Proposal II scenarios analysis results ...... 46 Table 29. Technical analysis of polyset system ...... 50 Table 30. Power system technical figures and specifications ...... 52 Table 31. Thermal system technical figures and specifications ...... 53 Table 32. Cooling system technical figures and specifications ...... 53 Table 33. Water system technical figures and specifications ...... 54 Table 34. Economic analysis of designed polyset system ...... 55 Table 35. Economic analysis of buying new diesel gensets scenario ...... 55 Table 36. Polyset system customer experience map ...... 61 Table 37. Polyset system product information (without gas cylinders) ...... 64 Table 38. Polyset system price for Project S ...... 65 Table 39. Polyset rental price for Project S ...... 65 Table 40. 2015 average temperature in Al Kharj City ...... 75 Table 41. Project S daily power demand in workdays ...... 76 Table 42. Project S daily power demand in weekend ...... 76 Table 43. Proposal I scenarios specifications ...... 78 Table 44. Proposal II scenarios specifications ...... 78 Table 45. Base case annual operation cost breakdown list ...... 81 Table 46. Proposal I scenarios cost breakdown list ...... 81 Table 47. Proposal II scenarios cost breakdown list ...... 82 Table 48. Analysis of designed polysets ...... 85 Table 49. Cost of the designed polyset system ...... 86

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1 Introduction This chapter describes the background, objectives, limitations and the methodology used in the presented project.

1.1 Background Construction industry is one of the world’s biggest industries. In 2011, the global construction contributed $7.2 trillion to the world Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and it is expected to grow to $12 trillion (13.2% of world GDP) in 2020 due to the growth in China, India and the United States (US) [1]. The global construction market is expected to outpace the world GDP in next decade as emerging markets (such as Asian market) continue to grow and industrialize rapidly and the US is recovering from the global financial crisis [2]. As the main driver of world GDP growth in the past decade, China has already begun to slow down and will cede its leading position as a fast-grow emerging market to India in the near future, and that will thrive the growth of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) nations as well [2]. China is willing to increase the overseas investment of real assets and infrastructure and export construction services, and construction products into new emerging markets over the coming decade [2]. To enhance and facilitate the overseas investment, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was established in January 2016 in China to support the development of infrastructure in Asia-pacific region based on China’s significant construction, engineering and manufacturing capacity [3]. In 2013, the economic development framework of "Silk Road Economic Belt" was initiated by China government to build the infrastructural networks in project-covered regions, which are South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, North Africa and Europe [4]. Portable power Generator Set (Genset) is a necessity to the construction industry. The construction project sites are often in the places where electricity and power are insufficient. Under these situations, the portable power units are required to maintain the project running without disruption and to meet the project deadlines. When the construction project is underway, the power demand is endless and a stable and steady power supply is as complex as the project itself [5]. Given that said, a portable genset and engine on construction site for temporary or prime power supply is irreplaceable despite project location, remote area or downtown in the city, where available power networks maybe proved insufficient. According to Google AdWords, there were around 800,000 monthly Google searches in 2015 in US relating on construction site power, and that means the construction contractors are seeking solutions to power their operation and construction sites [6]. For temporary power supply on construction site, diesel genset is main choice for the downtime on-site with power supply. On the other hand, for prime power demand in the project, diesel genset is an effective way to give continuous power. Not to mention that diesel or gas genset is the dominating choice to bring power to the off-gird construction sites [6]. Besides electricity, cooling, heating and water are essential energy demands to the construction industry. Normally all these energy demands are fulfilled by electrical appliances in most construction sites, especially these off-grid construction sites. Given this situation, diesel gensets are utilized as the only choice to all energy demands and that brings problems of noise, environmental impact, and low conversion ratio from electricity to other services, high fuel cost and project cost, and so on. Polygeneration technology is to utilize a single plant to offer multiple energy products, and the multiple processes are integrated into one system [7]. In comparison with single-product technology, polygeneration improves the system efficiency significantly since it has multiple outputs, and the relevant capital and production cost can be reduced accordingly [8]. The economic risks of polygeneration process is more controllable and adjustable due to its output diversity, and the polygeneration system is probably more profitable compared to single-product system according to its optimization of portfolios [7]. With the development of renewable energy technologies, price decrease trend of system components and the demand shifting, renewable energy market continued to grow in the past decade [6]. Nowadays,

-12- renewable energy technologies are becoming more and more efficient and affordable, especially in terms of solar, wind, Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technology, and biomass. Usually, there are available renewable energy sources on or around the construction site, such as solar, wind, biomass and small hydro. Considered the low-cost of renewable energy components in the market, to design a portable polygeneration system set will be feasible to offer energy to construction sites and solve or mitigate the problems of diesel genset. In this thesis, a polygeneration system integrated with available and commercialized renewable energy technologies/sources was designed to substitute diesel genset on construction site. One substation project in Saudi Arabia was selected to study the feasibility of polygeneration system designed, since the author worked in this project and the information of energy demand is available and accessible.

1.2 Objective The objective of this thesis project is to design a portable Polygeneration Set (Polyset) to meet energy demands (electricity, heat, cooling and drinking water) in construction industry, and to conduct a business feasibility study and a business plan to the polygeneration system in specified countries and region.

1.3 Delimitations In this thesis, only commercialized and available power/energy products in the market were considered for the polygeneration system design. The average number of workers on project site was utilized to estimate energy demand; the number of on-site staff was assumed a constant against the fact that the number varies in different project stages. The control system of the polygeneration system was not discussed in this thesis. The business feasibility study and business plan were made based on the system designed for the project in Saudi Arabia, where water/drinking-water is precious and expensive; the results of the techno-economic analysis to projects in other countries may be different and infeasible.

1.4 Methodology The flowchart below (see figure 1) illustrates the steps for the project implementation.

Figure 1. Project implementation flowchart

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1.4.1 Polygeneration system design The project implementation flowchart (see figure 1) clearly shows that problems of existing power supply system were identified and analyzed first, and then the literature review of construction projects and energy demands on-site was studied. Based on the literature review of RETScreen 4 software and various energy technologies, an initial polygeneration system was proposed to meet the identified problems. Several scenarios derived from the proposed polygeneration system were proposed to meet energy demands. In order to evaluate and compare the technical and economic performance of the different scenarios, the corresponding polygeneration scenarios were simulated and analyzed in RETScreen 4. The final polygeneration system was designed based on scenario with the best performance in the simulation.

1.4.2 Market survey and interviews A market survey and interview in parallel to the technical design of the polygeneration system was organized and implemented. Based on problems and the initial technical proposals, a market survey of power supply system to construction site was organized, and interviews to China contractors were conducted. Through the market survey and interviews, the customer needs for the energy on construction site and the expectation for the new energy generation system were summarized and analyzed, and the technical design and business plan were oriented by the demand and expectations from the market research.

1.4.3 Business feasibility study and business plan Taken consideration of market information and the designed polygeneration system, business feasibility of polygeneration to the construction industry was studied. In the business feasibility study, the product and idea were studied; then several tools “Minimum Viable Product (MVP)”, “Business canvas”, “Customer Experience Management (CXM)”, “Swim lane” were utilized; as the last step, the demand forecasting of the product was made. In line with all the information studied and collected, a summary of the business plan to the designed product (polyset) was made.

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2 Problem identification This chapter describes diesel genset and its challenges & obstacles on construction site

2.1 Diesel genset in construction industry Traditionally, contractors connect the construction internal electrical bus to the nearby power grid, or use gas or diesel genset for power supply if there is no grid or the site is off-grid [6]. Compared to gasoline and natural gas gensets, diesel genset is the cheapest electrical generation system/machine to meet the power need at the best running cost [9]. Diesel genset was introduced to the market in 19th century and is widely used across the world [10]. Diesel genset is powering the no-grid connection area and it is playing a very important role as a backup power system to communities, hotels, factories, and business and so on when power blackout happens. Diesel genset converts chemical energy of diesel to kinetic energy and electricity and it is accessible to almost all kind of application sites due to its mobility and portability [9]. Generally, the size of diesel genset for construction site is from 100 kW to 750 kW [11] (it depends on the size of the project). Diesel genset is applied to power the campus, construction machinery, lighting and electrical appliances in the on-site office. Based on the characteristics of the construction project, diesel genset is the power to all the project energy demands in the early stage of the project because there is no grid connection or no grid connection permission. For the electrical power generation projects in the rural area, normally there is no centralized electricity generation plant or electricity grid there. Under this situation, diesel genset is the only choice for the whole project until the project is finished and the power plant is synchronized to the power grid. The electrical power transmission and distribution projects have the same problems as power generation projects have.

2.2 Challenges and obstacles Diesel genset has been used in the construction industry for decades; it plays a very important role in maintaining the uninterrupted power in the construction industry. However, problems of diesel genset have raised due to the requirements from sustainable development in construction industry. Followings are the most distinguished challenges and obstacles of diesel genset.  Both contractors and owners are looking for sustainable ways for the construction process, and their preference to the power supply system is changing rapidly [6].  A backup diesel genset is always needed to prevent from the outages. Extra fuel tank and powerhouse are required for diesel genset. All of these supporting components and facilities increase the cost of the construction project.  The continuous and uninterrupted fuel to run the genset requires frequent fuel transportation to the site and that increases the project cost.  Diesel genset emits an amount of polluted smoke during operation. The polluted emission is comparable higher than other fuel genset, as diesel is a fossil fuel [6] [9].  The sound of running diesel genset is very high [9], which influences the surrounding inhabitants. In general, there are noise ordinances setup in urban area or national jurisdictions to appease residents and industry [6].  Diesel genset is not easy to start in extreme climate, especially when the weather is cold [9]. It requires routine maintenance to keep diesel genset running normally [12].  The inefficient way of using one product (electricity) to offer multiple energy services (heating and cooling) on site increases the size of diesel genset and its running cost.

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3 Energy demands on construction site This chapter describes energy demands on construction site and the information of energy demands of one construction project in Saudi Arabia.

3.1 Energy demands on construction site Energy consumption exists in every phase of project life in construction industry [13]. On construction site, energy and power is consumed for construction tools, on-site lighting, construction machinery, campus, offices, heating, various mechanical and electrical appliances and other facilities [14]. Large-scale construction projects may need different types of site facilities to conduct different activities, and the site area normally can be divided into four areas: site office area, storage area, campus area and workshops area [15]. Based on the different functions of the site facilities, energy demands vary. Site office and warehouse requires electricity, drinking-water, domestic water, cooling or heating (or both); workshops needs electricity and water to carry on the project; campus needs electricity, drinking-water, domestic water, cooling or heating (or both) and gas to facilitate the on-site staff’s life. In this thesis, the demand of domestic water and water for construction purpose (civil works, cooling, etc.) was not discussed, because normally a water plant/processing center is needed to fulfill this huge water demand.

3.2 Energy demands of the project in Saudi Arabia A power substation project (hereafter-called project S later) in Saudi Arabia was chosen as the base case project to design the polygeneration system in this thesis. Project S is a power substation project with a 24- month project duration. It is at a distance of around 70 km southeast of Riyadh (capital of Saudi Arabia) and around 10 km north of city “Al-Kharj” (see figure 2). The owner of project S is Saudi Arabia government and the general contractor is a Chinese company.

Project Site

Figure 2. Project S location

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There are four main site facilities in project S: campus area, office area, storage area and workshop site (see figure 2). Campus area is 500 meters far from the office; workshop site and storage area are next to the office area.

Campus

500 m

Storage area

Office

Workshop site: Substation

Figure 3. Project S site layout Project S locates in the rural deserts area and there was no grid connection during the construction though there is a 220 kV power grid line on the north of the project site. Four rental diesel gensets powered the construction site during the construction period: one 100-kW diesel genset for campus, two 250-kW diesel gensets (one as standby genset) for office and storage area and one 100-kW genset for workshop site. The 250-kW diesel genset was connected to workshop site bus to prevent the outages. There were two severe problems of these gensets: 1. the genset for campus was not sufficient to power the campus, causing voltage drop (in this situation, AC could not work normally) and blackout sometimes; 2. Gensets for campus and construction site are old machines, and it took a lot of energy and money to keep them running continuously. The working time of project S is 7:00 -12:00 and 14:00 to 19:00 from Saturday to Thursday, and Friday is the weekend. Through the project life, the staff number on site varies in line with the different phase of the project. To make a simple model, it is evaluated that 200 workers are working in project S site everyday (50 are based in office and 150 are based on site) and 150 workers are living in the campus. The electricity drove all electrical demands in project S, and the electrical Air Conditioner (AC) met the demand of cooling and heating for the office and campus. Electrical heater heated the domestic hot water on campus. Water (drinking-water, domestic water and water for construction) and gas were bought from the local market. Drinking-water consumption in the office was 2.9 liter/person/day, and the water consumption on workshop site was 5 liters/person/day [16].

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Table 1 below describes energy demands on construction site on a daily base. Table 1. Energy demands of project S Working time in Working time in Sections Energy demands Power workdays the weekend Not Applicable Lighting 1.68 kW 7:00-19:00 (N/A) Office AC cooling 53.46 kW 7:00-12:00 N/A Office Office AC heating 48.60 kW 14:00-17:00 Potable water 145 liter/day 7:00-19:00 N/A Electrical appliances (PC, printer, etc.) 6.5 kW 7:00-19:00 N/A 6:00-7:00 Lighting 2.5 kW 12:00-14:00 8:00-24:00 19:00-24:00 Dormitory AC cooling 67.32 kW 12:00-14:00 24 hours per day Dormitory AC heating 61.20 kW 20:00-7:00 12:00-14:00 Potable water 750 liter/day 435 liter/day 19:00-7:00 Campus 6:00-7:00 6:00-7:00 Domestic hot water 18 kW 12:00-14:00 12:00-14:00 19:00-24:00 19:00-24:00 12:00-14:00 Electrical appliances (PC, printer, etc.) 12.8 kW 8:00-24:00 19:00-24:00 4:00-6:00 4:00-6:00 Gas (cylinder bottle gas) for kitchen 3600 liters/day 10:00-12:00 10:00-12:00 17:00-19:00 17:00-19:00 Kitchen AC cooling 5.94 kW 24 hours per day 24 hours per day 7:00-12:00 Electricity 100 kW N/A Construction 14:00-19:00 site Lighting 5 kW 20:00-7:00 20:00-7:00

Electrical AC was the dominant electricity consuming system as it was utilized for space cooling and heating. There was no electricity metering system on project S, as only diesel gensets were running to provide electricity. Therefore, there was no exact information/data of electricity consumption in project S. To calculate and evaluate the power demand, the operation mode of AC was designed as following:  Cooling mode – T>26 °C ;  Heating mode – T<18 °C;  AC Off mode – 18 °C ≤T≤26 °C. When the surrounding temperature is higher than 26 °C , AC system works to providing the cooling; when the surrounding temperature is lower than 18 °C , AC system works like a heater to warm the space; when the temperature is comfortable (18 °C ≤T≤26 °C), AC system does not work. As electrical AC was controlled manually on construction site, human feeling to the surrounding temperatures and the delayed reactions may influence the accuracy of power demand. In line with the AC operation mode and the 2015 average temperature in Al Kharj city (see Appendix I), the daily power demand of the project S was calculated and estimated and it is described in tables 41 and 42 (see Appendix II). The daily power demand information in workdays of two months (February and August) are selected to show the demand changes in cold time (From December to February) and hot time (from March to November) respectively. February curve represents demand curve in cold time and August curve represents the demand in hot time.

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The daily power demand in the weekend is less than the demand in workdays. As the curves indicates in figure 4, compared to the energy demand in cold time, project needs more electricity in hot time. The power demand peaks in the working time (around 10 hours) and it drops significantly in the leisure time.

180.00

160.00

140.00

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00

Feb Aug

Figure 4. Project S daily power demand by month in workdays The daily power demand of each month in hot time is very similar, and the same to the daily power demand in cold time. Details of power demand of each month can be found in Tables 41 and 42 in Appendix II.

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4 Available sources on project S site This chapter describes the available sources on project S site.

4.1 Solar and wind Achieved from RETScreen 4, the highest recorded wind speed and daily radiation on project S site is 4.8 m/s in June and 7.89 kWh/m2/d in June. The annual average values for wind speed and daily radiation are 4.1 m/s and 5.81 kWh/m2/d. Table 2 describes the available wind and solar energy resources on project S site. Table 2. Project S site wind and solar data

Air Daily solar radiation - Month Wind speed temperature horizontal °C kWh/m²/d m/s January 15.1 3.81 3.8 February 17.4 4.69 4.1 March 21.7 5.37 4.1 April 27.5 6.18 3.7 May 32.7 7.17 4.1 June 34.8 7.89 4.8 July 36.2 7.59 4.7 August 35.9 7.20 4.6 September 33.0 6.47 4.1 October 28.2 5.50 3.6 November 22.5 4.25 3.7 December 17.2 3.51 3.8 Annual 26.9 5.81 4.1

4.2 Biomass There were average 200 people living and working on the project site, so the food waste can be a source of the biomass. The other source is the natural gas from the nearby town, but that may bring problems of the storage of the gas. Safety is also an issue if the biogas or natural gas is utilized as one of the sources to produce heat or power.

4.3 Water There are several water-processing plants close to the project site; therefore, the underground water source is available and sufficient in this area though it is surrounded by desert. The underground water can be the source of water for the domestic water and drinking water on construction site of project S. Arsenic is one of the most serious inorganic contaminants in ground water on site of project S, so water purification system is in need. Ground water pre-treatments (sand filter and softener filter) are also required to filter ground water prior to entering the water purification system. More details of ground water treatments are introduced and studies in “water purification” part in this thesis.

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5 Portable polygeneration system proposal This chapter describes the initial idea of polygeneration for project S and introduces possible and available technologies in the market.

5.1 Initial polygeneration system for project S Based on energy demands and problems, an integrated polygeneration system was proposed to meet energy demands, and to mitigate and solve the problems of diesel genset. A polygeneration system should meet energy demands of drinking-water, electricity, lighting, heat, gas and cooling for project S. Figure 3 below illustrates the overall initial technical proposal for project S. It integrates all possible available renewable energy technologies on the construction site.

Figure 5. Polygeneration overall technical proposal In the overall proposal, all possible and available solutions were included (see figure 5). Categorized by energy demands, following technologies were studied in this thesis.  The electricity generation: solar cell, wind turbine, MicroCHP and Concentration Photovoltaics (CPV)  The heat generation: solar thermal, Concentrating Photovoltaic Thermal System (CPV/T), MicroCHP and electrical appliances (heater and electrical AC)  The cooling generation: heat driven chiller and electrical appliance (electrical AC)  The gas generation: digester and the local market  Drinking-water generation: Membrane Distillation (MD) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) technologies  Energy storage: heat storage, gas storage, battery and hydrogen

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5.2 Polygeneration set generation proposal Derived from table 1, different energy demands are listed in table 3 below for project S. Table 3. Different energy demands on project S

Cold Time (February) daily demand Hot Time (August) daily demand Energy Service Daily demand Weekend Daily demand Weekend

Electricity (kWh) 1,268 305 1,268 305

Heating (kWh) 670 695 0 0

Cooling (kWh) 143 143 1,727 1,758

Water (liter/day) 895 435 895 435

Gas (liter/day) 3,600 3,600 3,600 3,600

Total (kWh) 2,080 1,142 2,994 2,063

Considered the power demand (see tables 41 and 42) and energy demands table 3, two initial polyset were proposed based on daily demand (daily demand is bigger than weekend demand).  Type I: polyset with 100 kW electrical power output and RO water purification system  Type II: polyset with 50 kW electrical power output and 100 kW thermal power output with MD water purification system. Table 4 below describes two proposed polyset types. Table 4. Proposed polyset Energy Polyset Generation unit Design parameter demands Photovoltaics (PV)/Wind Turbine/Gas Turbine or Electricity Generator Heating Electrical AC Electrical power Type I Cooling Electrical AC output 100 kW Water Reserve Osmosis Gas Market/Digester Electricity PV/Wind turbine/MicroCHP Heating MicroCHP/Solar Thermal/CPV/T Electrical power Type II Cooling Absorption Chiller output 50 kW and Water Membrane Distillation thermal output 100kW Gas Market/Digester - In type I, Gas turbine or generator is only used to generate electricity Complied with proposed polyset technical figures, it is estimated to utilize three type I polysets or two type II sets to satisfy energy demands of project S. The peak power demand of the project S is almost 180 kW (see figure 4) and the electricity generation size of the MicroCHP/Gas turbine/generator was proposed to be around 50 kW.

5.3 Polygeneration set design overall proposal Taken consideration of project S energy demands, possible sources and renewable energy technologies, polygeneration system with type I or type II polysets were proposed to meet energy demands. According to project S site layout, the polygeneration system would be installed between the campus are and office

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(500 meters distance), which means the transmission cable and the transmission losses shall be considered in the design. Type I polyset was designed simply as a diesel genset to meet energy demand. Type II polyset was proposed to use electricity to meet the electrical power demand and to use hot water (around 90 °C ) to drive the heat demand and cooling demand (by hot water –driven absorption chiller). A polyset was designed as the generation set by integrated all polygeneration system components to a container. Three kinds of containers were selected for the design: 20 feet, 40 feet and 40 feet high cube dry freight container (see figure 6).

Figure 6. Container size [17] All the polygeneration system components will be designed in compliance with the size of the container (see table 5). To make the polyset system convenient and mobile, all energy generation units were designed to pack into the container and that means all energy generation unit’s size is subject to the size of the container. Table 5. The size of the container [17]

20 ft 40 ft 40 ft High Cube Interior Dimensions Width 2,350 mm 2,350 mm 2,350 mm Length 5,896 mm 12,035 mm 12,035 mm

Height 2,385 mm 2,385 mm 2,697 mm Door opening Width 2,340 mm 2,339 mm 2,340 mm Height 2,274 mm 2,274 mm 2,579 mm Weight Tare weight 2,150 kg 3,700 kg 3,800 kg Payload 24,850 kg 32,500 kg 30,200 kg

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6 Technologies study This chapter introduces the project feasibility analysis software “RETScreen 4” and describes the available technologies on project S site.

6.1 Software introduction – RETScreen 4 RETScreen is a registered trademark of Natural Resources Canada, © 1997-2013. RETScreen 4 is an Excel- based clean energy project management software tool for energy efficiency, renewable energy and cogeneration project feasibility analysis [18] and it can analyze the technical and financial feasibility of potential clean projects in a quick and economical way to support the decision-making [19]. RETScreen 4 has the capabilities to analyze financially viable clean power project, heating and cooling technologies and energy efficiency measurement projects, and its climate data center covers the entire surface of the planet [18].

Figure 7. RETScreen 4 standard analysis procedure [20] For the standard project analysis, five standard analysis steps (see figure 7) describe the analysis procedure to use RETScreen 4. Following content describes the five-step analysis of RETScreen 4.  To start, the project setting and site conditions are input to the software  As the first step, the energy model of the project is built in the software  Second step, the project cost is analyzed  Third step, emission and its components are calculated and analyzed  Forth step, the financial performance of the project is analyzed in the software  Final step, sensitivity of key system components and project risks are analyzed

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6.2 Solar Two solar technologies were studied in this sector: solar PV system and solar thermal system.

6.2.1 Solar Photovoltaics Solar PV converts sunlight directly into electricity and solar PV system consists of PV module, electrical components and other hardware components. Based on the basic materials used and different level of commercial maturity, PV technologies are categorized into three generations [21]:  First-generation (fully commercial): monocrystalline silicon PV and multicrystalline silicon PV  Second-generation: thin-film PV technologies  Third-generation: Multijunction Solar Cells (MJSC) and CPV combination and organic PV cells First-generation PV technology is fully commercialized in the market and it dominates 90% of new installations by capacity in the solar PV market as it has mature nature, comparable high-efficiency and low- cost [21]. On project S site, the contractors are only allowed to utilize the predefined project site and the space among on-site facilities and buildings are roads, so the only available space for the PV panels is the roof of the buildings. Based on the drawings of the project S, figure 8 below describes building layout in campus and office area.

Figure 8. Campus and office area layout Table 6 shows the breakdown list of available roof area of on construction site. 1,520.3 m2 of roof area is available on project site for solar collectors and cells. Table 6. Available roof area for solar PV panels Available building Quantity Roof area (m2) Total area (m2) Remarks (m2) Dormitory type I 21 28.3 594.3 12x2.35 Dormitory type II 2 17.5 35 5x3.5 Canteen 1 90 90 18x5 Office I 1 240 240 24x10 Office II 1 150 150 15x10 Office III 1 25 25 5x5 Office IV 1 66 66 12x3+6x5 Parking 1 220 220 44x5 Storage 1 100 100 10x10 Total roof area (m2) 1,520.3

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6.2.1.1 First-generation crystalline solar technology Regarding to the commercial solar PV panels in the market, the size of the solar panels are almost standardized, table 7 below shows solar panel parameters from a China manufacturer (Yingli Solar). Table 7. The parameters of first-generation solar panels (Yingli Solar)

Dimensions (mm) Solar panel Series Peak power (W) Length Width Depth PANDA 48 Cell Series 1,330 990 40 205/210/215/220/225 Monocrystalline Solar Panels [22] PANDA 60 Cell Series 1,640 990 40 260/265/270/275/280 YGE 48 Cell Series 1,310 990 40 190/195/200/205/210 Multicrystalline Solar Panels [23] YGE 60 Cell Series 1,640 990 35 240/245/250/255/260 YGE 72 Cell Series 1,960 990 40 290/295/300/305/310

Based on the available roof area on project S site and the size of the solar panels, it can be calculated that monocrystalline PV panels can offer a peak power 237~262 kW and multicrystalline PV panels 223~246 kW.

6.2.1.2 Second-generation thin-film solar technology Under specific operating conditions and mounting requirements, thin-film PV technologies have some advantages over first-generation PV technologies. In 2012 and 2013 thin-film PV sector deployed 4.1 GW and 3.9 GW respectively in a consolidated pace [21]. Table 8 below describes the parameters of thin-film solar panels (flexible panel) in the market from Hanergy Company and First Solar Company. Table 8. The parameters of thin-film solar panels (Hanergy and First Solar) Dimensions (mm) Solar panel Series Peak power (W) Length Width Depth MiaSolé MS SERIES -04 1,611 665 7.5 150/155/160/165/170/175 Hanergy SOLIBRO SL2 1,190 789.5 7.3 100/105/110/115/120 Standard panel [24] Solibro SL2-F CIGS Panel 1,196 796 30 100/105/110/115/120 a-Si/uc-Si Panel 1,300 1,100 6.8 120/125/130/135/140 a-Si/Ge Panel 1,245 635 9.7 65 MiaSolé FLEX-01W 1,710 999 17 200/210/220/230 MiaSolé FLEX-01N 1,710 370 17 60/65/70/75 Hanergy 2,017 494 3 90/100 flexible panel Global Solar [24] PowerFLEX™ 3,881 494 3 185/200 5,745 494 3 275/300 HNS-BT65QA 1,245 635 4 70 HNS-BT65QB 1,245 635 4 70 FIRST 1,200 600 6.8 105/107.5/110/112.5/115/117.5 SERIES 4™ SOLAR [25] 1,200 600 6.8 92.5/95/97.5/100/102.5/105

6.2.1.3 Third-generation solar technology Third-generation PV technologies have not yet been widely commercialized, however MJSC + CPV technology’s applications have been seen in the market in China and Europe, especially the CPV/T technology is very attractive due to its combination of heat and power and its high-efficiency. The popular single junction solar cells are limited by the Shockley-Queisser Limit (the maximum theoretical efficiency of a solar cell using a single p-n junction to collect power from the cell.) of efficiency of 33.7% at Air Mass (AM) 1.5 for a single sun concentration; and MJSC have demonstrated that an increase in cell

-26- efficiency is possible on the basis of a serial connection of single junctions [26]. In simple terms MJSC consist of a number of single junctions stacked upon each other. The goal of using these multi-layers is to extract the maximum amount of energy from the solar spectrum. Going from top cell to the bottom layer the material band gap decreases. Therefore, the high energy photons are absorbed by the top layers (band gap equal to or lower than the energy of the photons), while the low energy photons are absorbed by the bottom layers. To optimize the conversion efficiency the band gap of materials should cover a wide range. The key elements of the CPV system are low-cost optics consisting of either lenses or reflectors to focus sunlight on a small area of the cell. In addition, there is single or dual-axis tracking to enhance the performance of the system. Based on different sunlight concentrating mechanism, CPV systems are classified into main four categories: Fresnel lens, Parabolic Mirrors, Reflectors and Luminescent concentrators [27]. The other popular way is to categorize CPV system with sunlight concentration ratios: concentration ratios > 300x - High concentration, photovoltaic system concentration ratio between 60x and 300x – Medium concentration photovoltaic system and concentration ratio < 50x - Low concentration photovoltaic system [28]. Currently, most companies developing MJSC-based concentrator systems have chosen a concentration level of around 500 suns High Concentration Photovoltaics (HCPV) systems [29]. In CPV system, the concentrated solar energy delivering to the solar cell is at 20-75 W/cm2; a portion of the energy is converted to electricity and the remaining waste heat must be removed to maintain the operating temperature to protect the solar cell and maximize the efficiency, therefore cooling system is an compulsory and integral part of the CPV system [30]. Based on different cooling ways, there are two types of dominant applications: 1) Fresnel lens or Parabolic Mirrors HCPV systems + MJSC + Passive cooling; 2) Fresnel lens or Parabolic Mirrors HCPV systems + MJSC + Active cooling. All HCPV applications are mounted with dual-axis trackers [27] [28]. Figure 9, a) shows a system of Fresnel lens HCPV with multijunction solar cell and passive cooling [30]. Commercially, this system reached an efficiency of up to 42% with concentration ratios above 400 [29]. b) Illustrates how the active cooling system works in a system of Fresnel lens HCPV with multijunction solar cell and active cooling by using a heat exchanger. In this kind of applications, electricity and heat are generated and collected simultaneously. Commercially, IBM Company applying this technology has announced that they reached an efficiency of up to 80% [31].

Figure 9. a) HCPV application with passive cooling system; b) HCPV application with active cooling system In this thesis, HCPV+MJSC+Active cooling system or concentrating photovoltaic thermal system (CPV/T) were studied in order to meet the power and heat demands on project S site. The CPV/T allows obtaining a high temperature thermal energy to drive the absorption chiller to work in order to satisfy the cooling demand [32]. According to IBM CPV/T system’s technical figures, 25% of the solar radiation energy is converted to electricity and 55% of the energy is converted to heat energy (hot water) [33]. The annual daily solar radiation

-27- on project S is 5.81 kWh/m²/day and the available roof area is 1520.3 m2. Assuming that 100% of the roof area is utilized to collect the sunlight, it is evaluated that 2208 kWh/day of electrical power and 4858 kWh/day of heat energy can be obtained from the CPV/T system. Currently there are no commercialized CPV/T systems in the market, and the IBM CPV/T system will be commercialized in the year 2016 [33]. Most CPV products in the market are using passive cooling system. For the CPV/T system in this thesis, some evaluation and technical assumption/design were done in the polygeneration design chapter. Table 9 below describes one commercial HCPV product series in the market. Table 9. Technical parameters of one commercial HCPV product Peak Dimensions (mm) Weight Concentration Solar panel Series power Efficiency (kg) ratio Length Width Depth (W) SKS-M05-56 1,266 1,072 333 260 52 24.0% 1,200 Skysource SKS-M10-34 1,423 1,093 516 320 54 24.5% 1,100 [34] SKS-M10-33 1,081 1,081 523 239 51 24.4% 1,100

6.2.2 Solar Thermal Energy In this thesis solar thermal energy was designed to offer domestic hot water and space heating, only Solar Thermal System (STS) for residential applications like systems of solar water heater, and solar thermal heating were studied. Concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies were not involved in the study because the generation of high temperature steam and use of steam turbine will increase the complexity of the power use and maintenance on construction site. STS absorbs solar radiation to heat the heat transfer fluid, which can be air, water or a specific fluid. The heated fluid can be directly used as domestic hot water, or be used to heat the space or to meet the cooling needs. The generated heat can drive the other final applications and be stored in the hot storage tank for the time without sunshine. Solar water heating is a mature technology widely used in the world to cover the residential heat demand and normally it includes a solar collector array, an energy transfer system and a storage bank. For the complete solar heating systems, there are two main systems: Active Glycol System (or pumped system) and Passive Thermosiphon System [35] [36].

Figure 10. Two solar heating systems [35] Active Glycol system uses a pump for the heat fluid circulation between the collector and the storage tank (see figure 10a). This system is mainly used in cold climates, such as North America and North Europe. In 2012, it accounted 11% of the global market share [36]. Thermosiphon system uses the natural convection to circulate the water in the loop (see figure 10b), and it is mainly used in warm climates, such as Middle East and Africa region. Almost 75% of the installed solar heating systems in the world are passive thermosiphon system [36].

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Figure 11. Possible configurations for solar-driven cooling systems [36] As project S is at Saudi Arabia (warm area) and the cooling demand is the biggest part of energy demand. Therefore, a heat-driven cooling system is a necessary compliment to the solar heating system. Three kinds of cooling systems are applied in the solar heating system: absorption chiller, adsorption chiller and desiccant cooling system [36]. Figure 11 above describes the possible configuration of the solar heat-driven cooling systems. Considering energy demand (heat and cooling) in project S and the possible cooling system configuration, active glycol system was selected to produce the heat because the hot water storage tanks are necessary for the on-site use. The absorption chiller was applied to meet the cooling demand, as it is the most commonly used in the cooling applications [36]. Similar to solar PV, all solar thermal collectors would be mounted on the available roof area of the construction site. For active glycol system, two main types of solar collectors are in the market: Vacuum tube solar collector and flat-plate solar collector. Figure 12 describes the curve of collector efficiency against temperature gap in different applications.

Figure 12. Collector efficiency curve against temperature difference [37] According to the efficiency curve, vacuum collector is the better system for the application of heat and cooling as it has higher efficiency. Therefore, it was selected as the solar collector for project S site. Table 10 below shows the solar collectors’ parameters of Viesmann Company.

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Table 10. The parameters of solar collectors (Viesmann Company)

Dimensions (mm) Absorber Weight Solar collectors Series Length Width Depth area (m2) (kg) 2,200 1,000 165 1.55 46 Vitosol 100-T CD1V/CD1H 2,200 1,480 165 2.33 67 Viesmann vacuum tube 2,200 1,960 165 3.1 87 collector [37] 2,000 1,450 165 2.29 65 Vitosol 300-T CD3V/CD3H 2,000 2,150 165 3.46 100

6.3 Wind Studies have found that average annual wind speed in a particular location normally need to exceed 15 km/h (4.2 m/s) to be viable [38], and the economic viability of the wind system needs an average annual wind speed of 6-8 m/s or above [39]. The annual wind speed on project S site is 4.1 m/s, which is less than 15 km/h. Consequently, wind energy is not an economical and practical source to generate electricity for project S and it was not discussed in this thesis.

6.4 Biomass Biomass is the organic matter derived from living, such as waste from plants, animals and human. Biomass can be utilized directly as combustion fuel or indirectly be converted into biofuel (biogas). Project S is l in the rural area of Saudi Arabia. It is a dry area with few green plants, and the only available biomass resources on-site are the food waste and human feces. In Saudi Arabia, the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation per day is 1.3 kg/capita/day [40]. Considering 150 people are living in the campus and 65% of the MSW is biodegradable [41], thus everyday 126.75 kg biodegradable MSW can be generated on project site. Assuming all biodegradable components have the same biogas generation ratio: 110 m3/ton [42], so everyday 13.94 m3 biogas can be generated based on the MSW on project S site. The biogas generation is enough for the daily gas demand on campus (3.6 m3), however it is not sufficient for the other energy demand and it is not economical to build a digester at this capacity. Taking all above factors into consideration, biomass would not be available for project S.

6.5 Micro Combined Heat and Power technologies CHP or cogeneration systems generates electrical power and thermal heat simultaneously. If power and heat are generated, the overall efficiency of CHP can reach as much as 85%-90% and an efficiency of 40-45% can be obtained if electrical power is the only output [43]. European Directive 2004/8/EC – the Combined Heat and Power Directive – defines micro-CHP as CHP with electrical power output less than 50 kW. Several technologies have been developed for the MicroCHP applications, and they are either commercial products or they are close to the market entry [44].  Reciprocating engines: conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) coupled with a electricity generator and heat exchanger to recuperate from flue gas  Microturbines: micro gas turbine (a type of turbo machines) with electricity output less than 500 kW and equipped with electricity generator and heat recuperator [45]  Stirling engines: thermal engine coupled with external combustion engine, generator and heat exchanger  Organic Rankie Cycle (ORC): conventional steam turbine using molecular mass organic fluid as working fluid  Fuel cells: Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEFC) with operating temperature 80 °C or Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) around 800 – 1000 °C  Various other technologies: steam cells, thermoelectric devices, etc.

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Reciprocating engines are already commercialized on the market. Theoretically, Stirling engines are very efficient, but the commercial Stirling engines on the market only have an electrical efficiency of 10% [46], and that makes it less attractive in the market. Microturbines have many advantages: high-efficiency, clean combustion and low maintenance. The mature technologies and products on the market make microturbines commercial viable. Current fuel cell technologies are complex and the start-up of fuel cell needs careful control to make sure that all components raise to the correct operating temperature; fuel cell CHP prototypes’ size is large and the commercialization of fuel cell CHP will take some years [46]. ORC and other technologies are not yet commercialized. Although some ORC applications in laboratories or on market are tested, they are still at the field of trial stage [46]. In this thesis, two CHP technologies were studied for the polygeneration system integration: Reciprocating engines and microturbines, as both of them are commercial available on the market. Table 11 below describes the technical features of the three technologies. Table 11. Technical features of small-scale CHP devices [43] Reciprocating engines Microturbines Electrical power (kW) 10-200 25-250 Electrical efficiency, full load (%) 25-45 25-30 Electrical efficiency, half-load (%) 23-40 20-25 Total efficiency (%) 75-85 75-85 Electrical power/heat flow (-) 0.5-1.1 0.5-0.6 Output temperature level (°C ) 85-100 85-100 Natural or biogas, diesel, fuel Natural or biogas, diesel, gasoline, Fuel oil alcohols Length of maintenance cycle (h) 5,000-20,000 20,000-30,000 Investment costs (US$/electrical kW) 800-1,500 900-1,500 Maintenance costs (₵/electrical kW) 1.2-2.0 0.5-1.5

6.5.1 Reciprocating engines Figure 13 illustrates the system configuration of commercial gas genset CHP system. The heat comes from engine cooling system (jacket water heat exchanger) and exhaust gas heat exchanger.

Figure 13. Gas genset CHP configuration [47]

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Table 12 shows the parameters of the co-generation power of gas genset CHP system. Table 12. Gas genset CHP system co-generation power technical features

Co-generation Power [47] Cooling Water Inlet Temperature 30°C (Hot-water supply) Outlet Temperature 70°C Inlet Temperature 82°C Jacket Water Outlet Temperature 74°C Inlet Temperature 600°C Exhaust Gas Outlet Temperature 200°C

Table 13 below shows the parameters of commercial reciprocating engines on the market. Table 13. The parameters of reciprocating engines CHP (Chaoran and SenerTec companies) Overall Electric rated Dimensions (mm) Thermal Fuel consumption power Input power (kW) power (kW) (m3/hr) Length Width Height (kW) 30 1,900 750 1,280 64 11.17 111 40 1,900 770 1,300 86 14.90 148 Chaoran 50 2,100 770 1,300 102 17.96 179 gas power 60 2,200 800 1,400 122 21.55 214 [48] 80 2,800 1,100 1,800 163 28.73 286 100 2,800 1,100 1,900 184 32.44 323 30 1,800 720 1,280 64 11.09 110 50 2,250 820 1,500 102 17.96 179 80 2,250 820 1,500 151 27.27 271 SenerTec 5.5 1,060 720 1,000 14.5 2.13 21 [49] 19.2 1,510 730 1,045 42 6.52 65 - Fuel in the table is natural gas, and its Low Heating Value (LHV) is 35.8 MJ/m3. - The size of the unit is the size of the gas genset; CHP unit’s dimension should consider the size of co- generation parts (heat exchanger, pipes etc.) - Thermal power in the table is calculated based on overall efficiency of CHP system (85%) and the given electrical power efficiency.

6.5.2 Microturbine Figure 14 illustrates the configuration of commercial microturbine product, and the heat (hot water) is from the heat exchange from the exhaust flue gas.

Figure 14. Microturbine system configuration [45] [50]

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Up to now, the microturbine products have been put into market, companies like Ansaldo Energia and Capstone that own their mature microturbine technologies have already had some different applications/projects. Table 14 lists the main microturbine products of these two companies. Table 14. The parameters of microturbine CHP (Ansaldo Energia and Capstone Microturbine) Fuel Overall Electric rated Dimensions (mm) Thermal Series consumption power input power (kW) power (kW) Length Width Height (m3/hr.) (kW) 85 3,900 900 1,810 51 9.38 93 Ansaldo Energia 100 3,900 900 1,810 61 11.09 110 [50] 100 3,900 1,200 1,810 240 68.50 400 30 1,500 760 1,800 74 11.60 115 65 1,900 760 1,900 137 22.54 224 Capstone 200 3,800 1,700 2,500 345 60.94 606 Microturbine [51] 600 9,100 2,400 2,900 1,036 182.83 1,818 800 9,100 2,400 2,900 1,382 243.78 2,424 1,000 9,100 2,400 2,900 1,727 304.72 3,030 - The fuel used in the table is natural gas, except the last product of Ansaldo Energia uses biogas as fuel. - The LHV of natural gas and biogas used in the table are 35.8 MJ/m3 and 21 MJ/m3 respectively.

6.6 Water purification Two types of water purification technologies were studied in this sector: RO and MD. Project S is in Riyadh region (the center of the Saudi Arabia), and groundwater was used as the water source for drinking water. Table 15 describes the water chemicals compositions on project S site in Al Kharj region. Table 15. Project S site groundwater chemicals composition [52]

Potential of Hydrogen (pH) 7.3 EC (mS/cm) 2.912 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (휇g/L) 1,863.68 Na+ (mg/L) 276.2 K+ (mg/L) 23.65 Ca+ (mg/L) 360.1 Mg+ (mg/L) 85.84 - HCO3 (mg/L) 449.4 Cl- (mg/L) 265.54 NO2- (mg/L) 4.85 NO3- (mg/L) 81.42 SO42- (mg/L) 1,657.25 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) (mg/L) 11.96 Li (mg/L) 0.123 Sb (mg/L) 0.776 Mn (휇g/L) 6 As (휇g/L) 30 Fe (휇g/L) 560 B (mg/L) 0.601 - The sample from borehole 15 is used, as 15 is the closest location to project S

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According to the maximum contaminant level and guided values in drinking-water from World Health

Organization (WHO), the arsenic cannot exceed 10 휇g/L; chlorine cannot surpass 5 mg/L; NO2 and NO3’s limit are 3 mg/L and 50 mg/L respectively; Sodium’s guideline value is 50 mg/L [53]. As one of the most serious inorganic contaminants in drinking water, the long-term intake of over leveled arsenic can cause chronic symptoms and illnesses. Based on the groundwater chemicals composition (see table 14), the groundwater cannot be used as drinking-water directly on project site and a water purification system for the groundwater is needed.

6.6.1 Reverse Osmosis technology In general, RO technology uses a high-pressure pump to push the feed water go through a semi-permeable membrane to remove the contaminants in the water, like ions and metals (see table 14), organic chemicals, particles and pesticides [54].

Figure 15. RO system working principle and system configuration [55] According to RO system working principle and system configuration (see figure 15), it is clear that RO is driven by electricity to purify the feed water, and two types of water coming out of the system: permeate water and reject stream. Typically, the electrical power consumption of RO facility is around 1.5 kWh/m3 and there is no thermal energy consumption in RO applications [56]. Normally most of RO water purification systems in the market are using tap water as the feed water, so some pre-treatments are needed for groundwater before it feeds into the RO system. Figure 16 below illustrates the common commercial groundwater purification configuration in the market.

Figure 16. Commercial groundwater purification system configuration [57] From figure 16, it is clear that three filters are applied before the water going into RO system. The commercialized groundwater purification system integrates all the filters and components into a set and it is highly portable and compact for decentralized applications. Based on the drinking water demand on

-34- project S: 895 liter/day and the size of the polyset container, some of the commercial groundwater purification systems in the market were selected as the reference for polyset design and integration (see table 16). Table 16. Commercial groundwater purification system technical parameters

Output Electricity Dimensions (mm) Company Model capacity consumption Remarks (m3/day) (kWh/m3) Length Width Height Jiangmen RO-0.5 0.5 2.2 1,700 700 1,700 Motor power: 1.1 kW Seraph [58] RO-1 1 1.5 1,550 900 1,800 Motor power: 1.5 kW Jiangmen RO-0.5 0.5 2.2 1,300 600 1,400 Motor power: 1.1 kW Pengjiang angel [59] RO-1 1 1.5 1,300 600 1,400 Motor power: 1.5 kW

6.6.2 Membrane Distillation technology Membrane distillation is a thermal based separation process, and it uses the vapor pressure difference across the membrane to purify the feed water. Based on different cold side permeate processing, there are mainly four MD configurations (see figure 17) [60].

Figure 17. MD system configurations In Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) configuration, the membrane is contacting with the liquid phases directly. Compared to other three configurations, DCMD has the highest heat conduction loss due to its configuration, and the high loss causes the low thermal efficiency and low energy efficiency, which are the obstacles of commercialization on the market [60]. Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) configuration interpose an air gap between the membrane and the condensation surface (see figure 17). AGMD has the highest energy efficiency among the four MD configurations, however the permeate flux is generally low and a large surface is needed normally [60]. Vacuum Membrane Distillation (VMD) configuration’s permeate side is vapor or air under reduced pressure. To maintain the pressure difference the vapor permeate should be removed continuously and technically according to this configuration, the greatest force at the same temperature can be generated because the temperature on the cold side can reach almost zero due to the reduced pressure [60]. Sweep Gas Membrane Distillation (SGMD) uses stripping gas (a physical process to strip components from liquid stream by a vapor stream) as the carrier for the generated vapor that is condensed in an external condenser. SGMD is normally used to remove the volatiles from an aqueous solution [60]. SGMD has a high mass transfer rate and a little heat loss through the membrane, however the configuration decides that external devices (such as external condenser and air blower) are required to maintain the operation and that

-35- means increased investment, energy consumption and operation cost [60]. Table 17 lists some notable organizations and their commercial MD systems. Table 17. Commercial MD systems (solar-MD system) [60] Properties Scarab Medesol Memstill Memsys Smades Sprial Configuration AGMD AGMD AGMD VMD wound MD Surface area (m2) 2.3 2.8 9 - 72 Polytetrafluoroet Membrane material PTFE - - PTFE -hylene (PTFE) Capacity (m3/day) 1-2 0.5-50 80/50 1 0.6-0.8 Permeate flux (kg/m2/h) 12-27 5-10 - - 2-11 Thermal energy consumption 5-12 810 22-90 175-350 200-300 range (kWh/m3) Electricity consumption 0.6-1.5 - - 0.75-1.75 - range (kWh/m3) Singapore Test sites Sweden Spain Singapore Jordan Rotterdam Stage Commercialized Pilot plant Pilot plant Commercialized Pilot plant

Based on the thermal energy consumption of the MD systems, AGMD system from Scarab Company is the best option for polyset and project S, as this system is commercialized and the thermal energy need is around 10 kWh/m3 [61].

Figure 18. Scarab AGMD system test layout at Sweden [56]

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Figure 18 illustrates the test layout of Scarab AGMD modules. Five modules in three parallel cascades (two modules connected in series for each cascades, except the last set) were tested with the municipal water as the feed water [56]. Table 18 below describes the parameters of each AGMD module. Table 18. AGMD module technical parameters [56]

Dimensions (m) AGMD Air gap Company Configuration Width Height Thickness (mm) Scarab AGMD 0.63 0.73 0.175 2

Following the test result of each cascade, the second module produces about 35% of the total water output at high flow rates (1015 l/h), while it does not work at a low flow rates due to the larger temperature polarization effect [56]. To test the performance of the AGMD module, the scale-up simulation was tested based on the test result, and the configuration of the scale-up test can be seen in figure 17. In this simulation the input heat energy is from the district heat and the feed hot water temperature are 70 °C and 90 °C while cold water 40 °C . Table 19 describes the simulation results of the scale-up test. Table 19. Simulation results, scaled-up performance [56]

Parameter Case I Case II Cascade flow rate (l/h) 1,200 1,200 MD hot side temperature (°C) 70 90 MD cold side temperature (°C) 40 40 Pure water output (m3/h) 10 10 Specific case thermal energy consumption (kWh/m3) 5.5 12.1 Specific case electricity consumption (kWh/m3) 1.3-1.5 0.6-0.7 Membrane area (m2) 2,392 1,141 No of MD Modules 1,040 496 Pure water output (l/h)/Cascade – 2 modules 19 40

Based on the study of the parameters of AGMD, to meet the drinking-water demand on project S site “895 l/day”, one cascade with two modules connected in series under Case II configuration will be utilized.

6.7 Storage technologies and devices In this sector, the storage technology and devices of energy (electricity, heat and gas) are introduced.

6.7.1 Electrical energy storage system The Electrical Energy Storage (EES) system is a very important part of the system to store the surplus electricity and compensate the shortages at generation-demand unbalanced moment. EES stores the electrical energy in a certain state and convert the stored energy into electrical energy when needed. Based on the form of the energy stored in the system, EES systems is divided into six main categories [62]:  Mechanical energy storage: pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage and flywheels  Electrochemical energy storage: conventional rechargeable batteries and flow batteries  Electrical energy storage: capacitors, super capacitors and superconducting magnetic energy storage  Thermochemical energy storage: solar fuels  Chemical energy storage: hydrogen storage with fuel cells  Thermal energy storage: sensible heat storage and latent heat storage For project S, only ground water is available and there is no topographical height difference on site, so pumped hydroelectric storage is not available. In addition, the devices and equipment in the pumped storage

-37- system need an extra cost, and the consideration of integrating all these equipment and devices into the container is a big challenge. Pumped hydroelectric storage is a good choice for some certain hydropower projects, where the dam and reservoir are already constructed and pump-turbine and other devices are in the scope of the project equipment list. Similar to pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage and flying wheels have the same obstacles for project S. Flow batteries, solar fuels and hydrogen storage with fuel cells technologies are still in the development and demonstration stage; capacitors have a limited capacity and relatively low energy density and they are normally used for high voltage power compensation, balancing the mass transit system [62]. Thermal storage system has very good energy density and relatively low capital cost, however the size of the thermal storage is the problem to make it integrated into the portable container [62]. No storage technologies discussed above are the right choices for project S, however for different projects the optimized storage technology may be different. The storage system for each project shall be analyzed to suit the project requirements and to meet the design criteria. The rechargeable battery is widely used in industry and daily life. There are four types of rechargeable batteries in the market: Lead-acid batteries, Lithium-Ion (Li-ION) batteries, Nickel-Cadmium (NI-CD) batteries and sodium Sulfur (NAS) batteries. According to the comparison of the four battery technologies (see table 20 [62]), Li-ion is not yet commercialized and NAS and NI-CD have a relatively high power capital cost, consequently the more economic Lead-acid battery technology is selected to be used in the polyset system. Table 20. Technical and economical characteristics of four batteries storage technologies Discharge Suitable Energy Operating and time at Power capital Technology storage capital cost maintenance Maturity power cost ($/kW) duration ($/kWh) cost rating Minutes–days, Seconds– 200–400, 300–600, Lead–acid short-to-med. hours, up 50–100, ~50 $/kW/year Mature 200–300, 400 Term to 10 h 330 Minutes–days, Minutes– 1,200–4,000, 600–2,500, Li-ion short-to-med. hours, 1–8 900–1,300, - Demonstration 2770–3,800 Term h 1,590 Seconds– 1,000–3,000, 300–500, NAS Long-term ~80 $/kW/year Commercialized hours, 1 h 350–3,000 350, 450 Minutes–days, Seconds– 800–1,500, NI-CD Short and hours, 1– 500–1,500 ~20 $/kW/year Commercialized 400–2,400 long-term 8 h

To estimate the limit of the batteries quantities in the container, one series of commercial Lead-acid battery banks for solar system from a China manufacturer are listed (see Table 21) [63]. Table 21. Commercial solar battery banks parameters

National Standard Rated voltage Rated Capacity Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg) Mode (V) (Ah-10h) Length Width Height 6-CNJ-80/90/100 12 80/90/100 329 172 236 25.3/27.3/27.7 6-CNJ-120 12 120 408 174 238 33.6 6-CNJ-150 12 150 483 170 240 40.5 6-CNJ-180 12 180 522 240 243 52.8 6-CNJ-200 12 200 522 240 243 55.5 6-CNJ-220 12 220 522 269 245 61.2 6-CNJ-250 12 250 522 269 245 68.2

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Compared to battery banks from other manufactures, the size of the battery banks at the same capacity is almost same, so the parameters in table 21 is available and common for commercial solar batteries.

6.7.2 Heat storage system In line with the system proposal (type II polyset system), the working fluid for heating and cooling in the polyset system is hot water at 90 °C . Considered the configuration of solar thermal system and cooling system (hot water tanks needed), the hot water tanks with thermal insulation protection were selected as the heat storage system to balance the hot water generation and demand. For the solar thermal and big-size residential applications, one type of big size (>5 tons) solar hot water tanks are utilized in the market widely. Such solar thermal hot water storage tanks from a manufacturer are listed in table 22 as the reference for the polygeneration design [64]. Table 22. Commercial hot water storage tanks’ parameters

Inner tank thickness Outer tank thickness Normal tank (mm) (mm) Model Insulating Vertical Type Horizontal typ (ton) layer (mm) Standard Normal Standard Normal (dia×height) e (dia×height) model (mm) (mm) model model model 0.3 Φ720×1,050 Φ800×900 50 0.5 0.4 0.31 0.4 Φ800×1,100 Φ800×1,100 50 0.5 0.4 0.31 0.5 Φ960×1,000 Φ930×1,100 50 0.5 0.4 0.31 0.8 Φ1,030×1,300 Φ1,030×1,300 50 0.5 0.4 0.31 1 Φ1,060×1,500 Φ1,030×1,600 50 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.5 Φ1,280×1,500 Φ1,250×1,550 50 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 2 Φ1,400×1,600 Φ1,360×1,700 50 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 2.5 Φ1,400×1,900 Φ1,360×2,100 50 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 3 Φ1,610×1,750 Φ1,360×2,510 50 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.4 4 Φ1,700×2,100 Φ1,560×2,500 50 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 5 Φ1,800×2,310 Φ1,700×2,600 50 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 6 Φ2,130×1,900 Φ1,700×3,100 50 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 7 Φ2,130×2,270 Φ1,700×3,600 50 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 8 Φ2,130×2,600 Φ1,800×3,630 50 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 9 Φ2,250×2,600 Φ1,800×4,080 50 1 0.8 0.5 0.5 10 Φ2,250×2,860 Φ2,130×3,200 50 1 0.8 0.5 0.5 12 Φ2,500×2,750 Φ2,130×3,810 50 1 0.8 0.5 0.5 15 Φ2,600×3,200 Φ2,130×4,750 50 1 0.8 0.5 0.5

The water temperature is maintained at 85-90 °C in the tank and the tanks in the table are used as reference for the polyset design. The real parameters may vary.

6.7.3 Gas storage and gas cylinder To run the MicroCHP and gas turbine/genset, a gas storage system is needed. To have a small-size vessel and big gas capacity, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) cylinders were selected as the storage system. Considered the size limits of the container, LNG cylinder for truck use are available in the market and this kind of

-39- cylinder can store a large mass of natural gas. Table 23 describes parameters of a commercial LNG cylinder for truck use [65] . Table 23. LNG storage cylinder parameters Type CDPW600-500-1.59 Nominal capacity (L) 500 Usable capacity (L) 460 Filling Medium LNG Max filling weight (kg) 196 Nominal pressure (Mpa) 1.59 Calculating pressure (Mpa) 3.18 Design temperature (°C ) -196 Insulation type High vacuum multi-layers spiral wound insulation Material 0Cr18Ni9/SUS304/304 Evaporation rate (%/d) LIN2:≤2.0 Empty weight (kg) Without pressurized devices≈355 Surface treatment (Accurate value refer to nameplate) Polished Liquid treatment Capacitance Size (mm) 2,220*690*750 Saddle-type

Figure 19 below describes the cylinders installation on trucks.

Figure 19. LNG cylinder on trucks [65] Normally, there are fuel tanks on construction sites for diesel generator and other diesel-driven machinery, so the gas storage system can either be integrated in the polyset or be prepared by the project owner/contractor. Instead of preparing diesel fuel tanks, a LNG truck is estimated to be sufficient for the MicroCHP or gas turbine/generator. The overall cost of the LNG truck is cheaper than the LNG cylinders for the same gas consumption case.

6.8 Technologies selection and explanation In this chapter, available technologies on project site were studies and analyzed. Wind energy and biomass are not available and feasible for project S. Solar energy, microCHP, water purification and storage technologies were proved to be feasible to project S, and some corresponding commercialized products in the market were listed in the thesis for the system modeling and sizing in the next chapter. All the products listed in this chapter were only used as the reference for the system sizing and they were utilized as scandalized products. The real size and technical figures of the products in the market may vary.

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7 Scenarios proposing and system modeling This chapter makes the comparison among the available technologies and proposes possible combinations of available energy generation technologies to meet project S energy demand.

7.1 Available energy generation technologies Through the studies in chapter 6, the available technologies for project S are solar PV Frist-generation (Crystalline) and Second-generation (Thin-film), CPV/T, solar thermal, reciprocating engines and microturbines. Table 24 lists all possible combinations of electricity and heat generation systems. Table 24. Possible electricity and heat generation combinations Possible Combination Electricity generation system Heat generation system Proposed polyset Crystalline solar PV C1 / Type I Reciprocating engine Crystalline solar PV C2 / Type I Microturbine Thin-film solar PV C3 / Type I Reciprocating engine Thin-film solar PV C4 / Type I Microturbine Crystalline solar PV C5 Reciprocating engine Type II Reciprocating engine Crystalline solar PV C6 Microturbine Type II Microturbine Thin-film solar PV C7 Reciprocating engine Type II Reciprocating engine Thin-film solar PV C8 Microturbine Type II Microturbine Reciprocating engine C9 Reciprocating engine Type II Solar Thermal Microturbine C10 Microturbine Type II Solar Thermal Reciprocating engine Reciprocating engine C11 Type II CPV/T CPV/T Microturbine Microturbine C12 Type II CPV/T CPV/T

The possible combinations C1 to C4 correspond to the proposed polyset “Type I”, which only generates electricity; while C5 to C12 to “Type II”, in which both electrical power and heat are produced. Figure 20 describes the working principle of the polyset: all the components are packed into the container for transportation; some of the components are mounted in the container and the other components will be installed out of the container (on the project site).

Figure 20. Working principle of polyset

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7.2 Scenarios proposal and modeling Geometrically, there are two limitations to the polyset for project S: the size of the available roof area (1520.3 m2) and the size of 40 feet container (12.035*2.35*2.385 m, L*W*H, see table 5). Considering the size of the solar PV panels (crystalline and thin-film), MicroCHP engines, battery, water purification system and other components (storage, electrical system, etc.), two proposals were made to meet project S energy demand:  Proposal I: three polysets (Type I) with electricity output  Proposal II: two polysets (Type II) with electricity and heat output

7.2.1 Proposal I system modeling In this proposal, solar PV technologies and Gas turbine/generator technologies were utilized to generate electricity and three polysets were proposed to meet energy demand. Figure 21 describes the proposal I polyset system configuration.

Figure 21. Proposal I polyset system configuration The purple frame in the figure is the container boundary, and all the components in the frame are packed in the container. RO is used to produce drinking water; electrical AC is applied for heat and cooling demand on the site in proposal I. In terms of solar PV technologies, figure 22 shows the comparison among four different commercial solar panels (The figure is made based on table 7, table 8 and the total available roof area).

Thin-film flexible panel

Thin-film Standard panel

Multicrystalline Solar Panels

Monocrystalline Solar Panels

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Volume (Cubic meter) Unit peak power price ($/W)

Figure 22. Solar panels comparison

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It is clear that crystalline solar panels have a lower unit peak price and a higher volume. Monocrystalline solar panels were selected due to its lower price compared to multicrystalline solar panels, and thin-film standard panels have a lower price and size/volume in comparison with flexible panels. For the commercial monocrystalline solar panels, 262 kW peak power can be installed on project S site subject to the available roof area and 149 kW for thin-film standard panels. The principle of the designed proposal is try to maximize the penetration of renewable energy in the polyset system (in Proposal I: PV). The peak power from Monocrystalline PV is 262 kW, divided by three polysets; and considered the space use of the roof (incomplete space use due to installation), the capacity of the Monocrystalline PV for each polyset is 240/3 = 80 kW. Following the same way, the capacity of the thin-film PV is 40 kW for each polyset. Annually, the electrical energy generation from Thin-film PV system is 120 x 5.81 x 365 (peak solar hours) = 254,478 kWh The annual energy demand on project S site is 923,791 kWh. The difference is 669,313 kWh, which should be generated by gas genset or microturbine, so the capacity is equal to 669,313/24/365 = 76.4 kW, when gas genset or microturbine works 24 hours per day. 76.4 kW divided by three polysets, the minimum capacity of the gas genset or microturbine is 25.5 kW. Followed the same way, the minimum capacity is 15 kW when Monocrystalline PV is used. In project S, a constant electrical power of 100 kW is needed in the daytime, considered the stability of the PV system, 30 kW is selected as the rated electrical power output of the microturbine or gas genset. In this circumstance, three polysets will have a minimum 90 kW rated output power no matter the PV system works and that can ensure the power supply of the project. Four scenarios were proposed based on the available solar energy and energy demand (see table 25). Table 25. Proposal I scenarios breakdown table

Scenario 1.1 Scenario 1.2 Scenario 1.3 Scenario 1.4 Components Size Size Size Size Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter (m3) (m3) (m3) (m3) Monocrystalline 80 kW 15.05 80 kW 15.05 / / / / PV Thin-film PV / / / / 40 kW 2.78 40 kW 2.78 Gas genset 30 kW 2.19 / / 30 kW 2.19 / / Microturbine / / 30 kW 2.05 / / 30 kW 2.05 RO 1 m3/day 0.55 1 m3/day 0.55 1 m3/day 0.55 1 m3/day 0.55 Battery 250 Ah 13.95 250 Ah 13.95 250 Ah 6.99 250 Ah 6.99 Gas cylinder 460 L 8.05 460 L 9.20 460 L 8.05 460 L 9.20 Total Volume / 39.78 / 40.80 / 20.55 / 21.57

For the calculation in the table 25, items below are complied with:  The components selected are the reference commercial products described in chapter 6.  The volume calculation is based on tables 7, 8, 13, 14, 16, 21 and 23.  Gas consumption time per cylinder for gas genset and microturbine is calculated based on LNG and natural gas density and on the basis of methane proportion 96.5% on references [66] [67].  It is set that the autonomy time for battery banks are 3 days.  The charge frequency for gas cylinder is 7 days/time.  All the components selections are to be adjusted after the simulation if necessary.  The calculations in table 24 refer to appendix III.

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7.2.2 Proposal II system modeling In this proposal, both electricity and heat are generated by polysets, and two polysets were to used meet energy demand. Considering the possible combination of available energy technologies, polysets with three different configuration were proposed in proposal II.

Figure 23. Polyset system configuration A in proposal II In configuration A (see figure 23), besides generating electricity like solar PV, MicroCHP is providing heat to meet the drinking-water demand and cooling demand through MD and absorption chilling technologies respectively.

Figure 24. Polyset system configuration B (left) and C (right) in proposal II In configuration B and C (see figure 24), the cooling and drinking water demand are satisfied by heat driven MD and absorption chiller (same as configuration A). The difference lies in the electricity generation parts: electricity is generated only by MicroCHP in configuration B while by MicroCHP and CPV/T in configuration C. Regarding the heat generation, MicroCHP and solar thermal are the heat generators in configuration B while MicroCHP and CPV/T in configuration C. Applying the same principles described in proposal I, in scenarios 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4, the size of the MicroCHP is set to 30 kW ( in proposal II, the electrical demand is smaller than the demand in proposal I because electrical AC is not utilized in proposal II). The PV peak power in scenarios 2.1 and 2.2 is set to 80 kW due to the size limit of the container. In scenarios 2.5 and 2.6, the MicroCHP capacity are 60 kW and 65 kW respectively by applying the same limits/principle of scenarios 2.1 and the selection scope of the available microturbines in the market. The size of the solar collectors are limited to 29.8 m3 in compliance with the size of the 40-feet container (67 m3). Similar to scenario 2.5 and 2.6, the capacity of the MicroCHP is set to 30 kW and the size of the CPV/T is limited to 32 m3. Subject to the roof area, energy demand and the size of the container, 8 scenarios were designed in proposal II (see table 26).

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Table 26. Proposal II breakdown table Scenario 2.1 Scenario 2.2 Scenario 2.3 Scenario 2.4 Components Size Size Size Size Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter (m3) (m3) (m3) (m3) Monocrystalline 80 kW 15.05 80 kW 15.05 / / / / PV Thin-film PV / / / / 60 kW 4.17 60 kW 4.17 Gas genset 30 kW 2.19 / / 30 kW 2.19 / / Microturbine / / 30 kW 2.05 / / 30 kW 2.05 MD 1 m3/day 0.16 1 m3/day 0.16 1 m3/day 0.16 1 m3/day 0.16 Battery 250 Ah 13.95 250 Ah 13.95 250 Ah 10.47 250 Ah 10.47 Heat Tank 10 Ton 14.52 10 Ton 14.52 10 Ton 14.52 10 Ton 14.52 Gas cylinder 460 L 8.05 460 L 9.20 460 L 8.05 460 L 9.20 Total Volume / 53.92 / 54.93 / 39.56 / 40.57

Scenario 2.5 Scenario 2.6 Scenario 2.7 Scenario 2.8 Components Size Size Size Size Parameter Parameter Parameter Parameter (m3) (m3) (m3) (m3) Vacuum Vacuum Solar Thermal 29.80 29.80 / / / / tubes tubes CPV/T / / / / 18.2 kW 32.00 18.2 kW 32.00 Gas genset 60 kW 2.96 / / 30 kW 2.19 / / Microturbine / / 65 kW 2.74 / / 30 kW 2.05 MD 1 m3/day 0.16 1 m3/day 0.16 1 m3/day 0.16 1 m3/day 0.16 Battery / / / / 250 Ah 3.15 250 Ah 3.15 Heat Tank 10 Ton 14.52 10 Ton 14.52 10 Ton 14.52 10 Ton 14.52 Gas cylinder 460 L 16.10 460 L 17.25 460 L 8.05 460 L 9.20 Total Volume / 63.54 / 64.47 / 60.07 / 61.08

For the calculation in the table 26, below items are complied with:  The components selected are the referenced commercial products described in chapter 6.  The volume calculation is based on tables 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23 and figure 12.  Gas consumption time per cylinder of gas genset and microturbine is calculated based on LNG and natural gas density, which are calculated on the basis of methane proportion 96.5% on references [66] [67].  The size of CPV/T is based on commercial CPV in table 9; 18.2 kW is the electrical power output of CPV/T; the efficiency of electrical power and heat power are 24% and 55%.  The selections of 10-ton heat tank and 18.2 kW CPV/T are subject to the size of the container.  It is assumed that the autonomy time for battery banks are 3 days.  The charge frequency of gas cylinder is once every 7 days.  All the components selections maybe be adjusted after the simulation if necessary.  The calculations in table 25 refer to appendix III.

7.2.3 Proposal limitations and considerations Microturbine and CPV technologies are already commercialized in the market, however the price of microturbine is relatively higher compared to gas genset and the maturity of the CPV products is the main obstacle of CPV’s development in the market. CPV/T is still in the development stage and there is no commercialized product in the market. In a long-term view, in this thesis microturbine and CPV/T are analyzed in scenarios to evaluate how far these two advanced new technologies should advance to substitute the market predominant products.

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8 Scenarios analysis In this chapter, all scenarios were analyzed in RETScreen software and the techno-economic analysis and comparisons among scenarios were made.

8.1 RETScreen analysis Table 27 below shows the RETScreen analysis results of proposal I four scenarios. Table 27. Proposal I scenarios analysis results

Items S 1.1 S 1.2 S 1.3 S 1.4 Annual Fuel consumption (m3) 124,913 94,711 231,011 248,781 Initial costs ($) 630,950 663,650 404,030 436,730 Annual costs ($) 5,513 4,180 10,196 10,981 Base case annual operation costs ($) 270,462 270,462 270,462 270,462 Annual Savings ($) 264,949 266,282 260,266 259,481 Payback time (Year) 2.38 2.49 1.55 1.68 Emission Reduction (Ton) 395 451 197 164

Due to the calculation on different demand in RETScreen software (simulation of the space heating and cooling), the base case annual costs in proposal II is less than the costs in proposal I, because the costs in proposal I take consideration of the human behavior influence to the electrical AC operation. Table 28 shows the RETScreen analysis results to proposal II eight scenarios. Table 28. Proposal II scenarios analysis results

Items S 2.1 S 2.2 S 2.3 S 2.4 S 2.5 S 2.6 S 2.7 S 2.8 Annual Fuel 74,762 74,173 74,762 74,173 159,101 153,733 3,092 3,162 consumption (m3) Initial costs ($) 455,800 469,800 397,160 411,160 206,100 281,800 227,000 283,500 Annual costs ($) 3,300 3,274 3,300 3,274 7,022 6,786 136 140 Base case annual 250,464 250,464 250,464 250,464 250,464 250,464 250,464 250,464 costs ($) Annual Savings ($) 247,164 247,190 247,164 247,190 243,442 243,678 250,328 250,324 Payback time (Year) 1.84 1.90 1.61 1.66 0.85 1.16 0.91 1.13 Emission Reduction 215 216 215 215 56 63 338 339 (Ton)

The base case annual costs calculation of proposal I scenarios and the cost information of all scenarios can be seen in appendix IV. The annual cost of all scenarios does not include the cost of the drinking water.

8.2 Techno-economic analysis Compared to proposal II scenarios, scenarios in proposal I use three polysets to energize the construction site and the initial costs are relatively higher. Based on the scenarios results in table 27 and table 28, scenario 1.2 has the same system configuration as scenario 1.1 except that it uses microturbine instead of gas genset, and the same way applied to scenarios 1.3-1.4, 2.1-2.2, 2.3-2.4, 2.5-2.6 and 2.7-2.8. The payback time of microturbine scenarios is longer than the payback time of the gas genset scenarios with the same configuration because the microturbine’s unit price is higher than gas genset’s. However, the difference is not as big as the price difference between microturbine and gas genset. Compared scenarios 2.1 and 2.2, the payback times of these two scenarios are almost the

-46- same: 1.99 and 2.07 years respectively. That means the more expensive microturbine has the high potential to be an alternative device of the conventional generator set, especially when it is considered as one part of an integrated system rather than a single device. However, the limited number of companies, product series and scope for option is the biggest challenge for its development now. In scenarios 2.7 and 2.8, CPV/T is analyzed as one part of the system. The price of the CPV/T is estimated based on the commercial CPV product and the overall efficiency of CPV/T is set to 80% (25%-electrical efficiency and 55% - Thermal efficiency). According to the simulation result, CPV/T scenarios have a very good economic performance compared to other scenarios (except 2.5 and 2.6 scenarios) as it generates both heat and electricity at the same time. CPV/T for small and big applications is still in the development stage currently; the feasibility of simulation results needs to be further studied, as there are no references in the market. Among all the scenarios, scenario 2.5 has the lowest initial costs and the shortest payback time (0.85 years), and it meets energy demand by utilizing heat as the main driving force. Technically, scenario 2.5 can satisfy energy demand with best economic performance. So scenario 2.5 is selected as the optimized scenario for project S. Scenario 2.5 includes solar thermal system, absorption chiller, AGMD, gas genset, gas cylinders and other necessary electrical, hydraulic and thermal components. Figure 25 below describes the daily electric demand under the scenarios 2.5 (Peak power around 110 kW as the electrical AC is not used in this scenario). It is clear that the electricity demand in the nighttime is very low in workdays and the electric demand on weekend is lower than the demand in workday. The electric energy demand for the nighttime of workday (from 19:00 to 6:00) and weekend are 139 kWh and 305 kWh respectively.

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Weekday demand (kW) Weekend demand (kW)

Figure 25. Electric demand curve in scenario 2.5 According to scenario 2.5, space cooling and space heating will be satisfied by hot water, and only part of the roof are occupied by the solar thermal collectors subject to the size of the container and the convenience of the transportation. To save the natural gas and improve the system efficiency, solar PV panels and

-47- batteries are utilized in the system to use battery to meet all the electric demand in the night. Figure 26 below describes the system configuration of scenario 2.5.

Figure 26. Scenario 2.5 system configuration

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9 Polygeneration system design In this chapter, the polyset based on scenario 2.5 was designed and analyzed, and the technical specifications and figures of the polyset were calculated and confirmed.

9.1 Technical design and sizing In this sector, the technical design and sizing of the polyset system based on scenario 2.5 are introduced.

9.1.1 Energy demand In scenario 2.5, space heating and cooling are used to meet energy demand, and cooling water is generated by hot-water driven absorption chiller (seasonal Coefficient of Performance (COP): 0.7). The information of demand of power, heating and cooling in RETScreen 4 is described in figure 27.

Figure 27. System load characteristic graph Figure 28 below shows heating and power demand of project S (seasonal COP: 0.7).

Figure 28. Project S energy demand graph The peak loads of system are as following: power – 111 kW, heating – 120 kW and cooling – 53 kW. The annual power energy demand is 435 MWh, and annual heating power demand is 407 MWh.

9.1.2 The system balance and update Based on the scenario 2.5, the system power and heat balance were analyzed (see appendix V). Electrical power and hot water rate were used as basic elements to check the system balance and stability. As the peak cooling power of the load is 53 kW, 2 absorption chillers with 35 kW cooling capacity (hot water driven) were selected. The challenge for the absorption chiller is that the temperature drop of hot water is only 5 °C and the rated hot water flow rate is 8.6 m3/h [68]. The high flow rate of the absorption chiller requires big hot water tanks to compensate and balance the heat system. In this circumstance, the polyset system for project S was revised to use the other two containers to transport the 15 tons hot water

-49- tank instead of 10 tons tank. Three containers in the polyset system means more spare space to transport solar collectors. Followed the core idea of the polyset “more and more renewable energy penetration to the polyset”, the solar collector quantity was increased, and solar PV system and batteries were integrated into the system. The capacity of the PV system is calculated based on the spare space of the containers and the spare roof area on construction site. According to the system update, 53 solar collectors, 40 kW monocrystalline PV panels, 4 15-ton hot water tanks and 72 pieces of battery banks are packed in each polyset, the other components stay the same as described in scenario 2.5 (see figures 29 and 30). The cost of the transportation is changed as two more container are needed to transport the solar collectors, the hot water tanks, solar panels and battery banks and the cost of the hot water tanks and solar thermal system are changed due to the quantity change.

9.1.3 The system operation and balance Based on the power demand curves (see figure 28) and system balance and the drawing (see appendix V), the operation strategy of the polysets was designed as following:  Electricity generation in daytime 7:00 – 18:00: gas generation, solar PV and battery banks  Electricity supply in the nighttime 19:00 – 6:00: battery banks  Hot water generation in daytime 7:00 – 18:00: gas generation heat recovery system and solar thermal  Hot water supply in the nighttime 19:00 – 6:00: hot water tanks Applied this strategy, gas gensets are only used in the daytime and the storage systems are providing electricity and hot water in the nighttime. Table 29 describes the system balance of the operation strategy. Table 29. Technical analysis of polyset system Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Gas gensets working 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.2 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.5 9.8 hours per day (hour) Daytime hot water 163 173 121 117 108 111 110 109 108 106 130 161 balance (m3) Nighttime hot water 118 141 94 70 16 18 17 17 16 13 116 117 balance (m3) Daytime electricity 249 248 249 248 248 247 247 246 249 253 245 248 balance (kWh) Nighttime electricity 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 4 7 1 4 balance (kWh)

The hot water demand in table 29 and appendix V (Designed polysets analysis) are calculated based on operation mode: Cooling mode – T>26 °C ; Heating mode – T<18 °C; 18 °C ≤T≤26 °C – No heating and cooling. The temperature utilized in the calculation referred the temperature in table 40 in appendix I. It is clear that the designed polyset system can easily meet the heat and electricity demand. The gas gensets only run on daytime as the peak electric demand is 110 kW. During the nighttime, the stored electricity and hot water is sufficient for energy demand. Complying with the designed polysets and operation mode, the charge cycle of the cylinders is once per 22 days for each polyset.

9.1.4 The backup system The backup system for the polyset is very important to ensure a nonstop and stable performance. Because the polyset configuration varies from project to project, the backup system needs to be designed accordingly. For project S, the energy generation system works on daytime and the storage system offers the energy in the nighttime (see table 29). This operation strategy allows the generation system and the storage system to be each other’s backup system. If one of the gas genset stops working or part of the solar system (solar PV and solar thermal) dysfunction, the battery banks and hot water tanks can be used to compensate the energy shortage in the daytime, and vice versa for the nighttime.

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Gas genset is very important to the energy supply of project S. The other way to meet energy demand in an emergency when one of the gas gensets stopped is to adjust the operation strategy of the polyset system. When only one gas genset is available on project S site, the only gas genset will need to run more than 9 hours to satisfy the demand and spare some time for the repairs and replacement.

9.2 System overall design Two polysets were designed to integrate all the components into the containers. Based on the real size of the system and components, figure 29 below describes container configuration on the construction site.

Figure 29. Polyset configuration on construction site Based on the design principle of the polyset, all the components are packed in the container for the transportation. Based on this principle, figure 30 describes the polyset design for the transportation.

Figure 30. Polysets configuration for transportation

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One polyset includes three containers (see figure 30); one container (system container) with all system mounted (see in figure 29) is filled with solar collectors and the other two containers (transportation container) are with solar thermal collectors, four hot water tanks, solar panels and batteries inside. To meet energy demand of project S, six containers (two polysets) will be transported to the project site, two system containers will work onsite and the other four transportation containers will be emptied on site. Batteries will be mounted in the system containers, solar thermal collectors and solar panels will be mounted on the roof of the construction buildings. The system containers can work as a control room of the whole system. The detailed information of system configuration and onsite arrangement for project S could be found in Appendix V “Polygeneration system technical drawing”.

9.3 Technical figures In this sector, the technical figures of the polygeneration system (two polysets) are described in four categories: power system, thermal system, cooling system and water system.

9.3.1 Power system The electricity is generated from two sets of gas genset (60 kW) and solar panels (63 kW). Two synchronization control panels and one control panel are utilized to synchronize two gensets (refer to appendix V: polygeneration system technical drawing) and one inverter control panel is applied to solar energy control. Table 30 below shows the technical specifications of the power system. Table 30. Power system technical figures and specifications Power system Item Unit Remarks 2 units for two polysets with Electric rated power 60 kW heat recovery systems Fuel Natural gas Gas genset Heat recovery rate 79.50% Rated frequency 50.00 Hz Fuel consumption 21.55 m3/h Consumption at rated power 2 units automatic Synchronization Rated efficient power 100-350 kW control panel synchronization panels [69] Switch capacity 630 A Rated insulation voltage 690 V Rated work voltage 400 V Low voltage switchgear Rated frequency 50 Hz Control panel Main bus bar rated voltage 3,150 A (Switchgear) [70] Rated peak withstand current 105 KA Noise ≤55 dB Protection degree IP30 / Size (width*depth*height) 800*600*2,200 mm Maximum input power 40,800 W 1 unit for two polysets Maximum input voltage 1,000 V Maximum input current 69 A 3*23 A Rated input voltage 680 V Inverter [71] Rated output power 36,000 W Rated output voltage 277/480 V Rated frequency 50/60 Hz Noise 33 dB Size (width*depth*height) 550*770*270 mm Peak power 280 W Refer to PANDA 60 Cell Series PV panels Quantity 142 piece Panel in table 8 Battery banks Quantity 144 piece Refer to 6-CNJ-250 in table 20

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9.3.2 Thermal system Two systems are applied to offer heat (hot water at 90 °C ): heat recovery system of gas gensets and solar thermal system. Table 31 below shows the technical specifications of the thermal system. Table 31. Thermal system technical figures and specifications Thermal Item Unit Remarks system Thermal rated power 123 kW Cooling water inlet/outlet 75/85 °C temperature (temp.) Gas genset Cooling water flow rate 3.5 m3/h heat recovery Jacket water inlet/outlet temp. 95/87 °C system Jacket water flow rate 7.0 m3/h Flue gas inlet/outlet temp. 600/200 °C Flue gas flow rate 368.5 kg/h Solar collector 106 pieces Fixed mode, slope 20°, azimuth 0° Daily energy output 1,168 kWh Based on RETScreen simulation Solar Thermal power 193 kW Based on RETScreen simulation thermal Cooling water inlet/outlet temp. 75/90 °C Cooling water flow rate 11.0 m3/h Based on RETScreen simulation Pump power consumption 20 kWh/day Based on RETScreen simulation Shower Hot water flow rate 3.3 m3/day temperature 75 °C [72] Distribution pipe diameter (dia.) 65 mm Space Secondary distribution pipe dia. 32 mm heating Flow rate 2.5 m3/day Hot water Refer to 15 tons, Φ2,130×4,750 tank Quantity 8 pieces tanks in table 21

9.3.3 Cooling system The cooling system in this polygeneration system is an absorption chilling system and two absorption chillers (cooling capacity 35 kW) are using hot water to produce cooling water. Table 32 below shows the technical specifications of the thermal system. Table 32. Cooling system technical figures and specifications Cooling system Item Unit Remarks Cooling capacity 35 kW 2 units for polysets. Hot water flow rate 8.6 m3/h Hot water inlet/outlet temp. 90/85 °C Hot water inlet/outlet dia. 40 mm Hot water pressure loss 0.04 Mpa Absorption Lowest hot water working temp. 75 °C chiller (Model: Chilled water flow rate 4 m3/h TX 35) [68] Chilled water inlet/outlet temp. 15/10 °C Chilled water inlet/outlet dia. 32 mm Chilled water pressure loss 0.03 Mpa Fouling factor of chiller water 0.086 m2/°C /kW Power consumption 2 kW Size (width*depth*height) 2,000*975*1,765 mm Distribution pipe size 65 mm Space cooling Secondary distribution pipe dia. 32 mm

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The absorption chiller unit in table 30 includes lithium bromide absorption chiller, control box, cooling water tower, chilled water pump, cooling water pump, hot water adjusting valve, filter of chilled & cooling water and vacuum pump. Refrigeration standard of the climate conditions for the absorption chiller: atmosphere temperature 36 °C , wet bulb temperature (the adiabatic saturation temperature) 27 °C .

9.3.4 Water system Water is pumped from ground for project S, and there are water pre-treatment process for groundwater before it goes to the AGMD system and the domestic water system. Table 33 below shows the technical specifications of the water system. Table 33. Water system technical figures and specifications Water system Item Unit Remarks Hot water inlet/outlet temp. 90/60 °C Cold-water inlet/outlet temp. 30/55 °C AGMD Thermal energy consumption 12.1 kWh/m3 Specific electricity consumption 0.6-0.7 kWh/m3 Sand filter 1 piece 4 m3/h flow rate Pretreatment Carbon filter 1 piece 4 m3/h flow rate softener filter 1 piece 4 m3/h flow rate Ground water drilling 1 set 1 time for construction site Ground water facility Submersible pump [73] 450 W 15 m3/h

Water tanks and water pumps on construction sites (see technical drawing in appendix V) are not included in the polyset system, as the contractors will prepare the water tanks.

9.4 Polygeneration set performance The system cost of the polysets for project S is estimated to $300,000 (see table 49 in appendix VI), and figure 31 below describes the cost structure of the polyset system.

Installation, Synchronization panel Transportation& Gas generator 60 kW 0.91% Mantenance Solar thermal 12.01% 1.07% Control panel 17.32% 0.15% Water pretreatment Solar panel 1.02% 9.42% Electrical appliance Inverter 0.47% 1.02%

Absorption Chiller 35 Heat tank Battery banks kW 4.08% 10.55% 7.15%

AGMD 1.65% Container 2.45%

LNG cylinder 30.74%

Figure 31. Polyset system cost structure The cost of LNG cylinders is the biggest part of the total cost, which is 30.74% (see figure 31). Normally, the fuel tanks are prepared on site by project contractors. Considering the high cost of the LNG cylinders,

-54- the polyset system cost will decrease significantly if fuel tanks, which service diesel genset and other diesel driven tools and equipment on construction site, replace LNG cylinders. To analyze the economic performance of the designed polyset system, two scenarios are applied: the first sticks to the original design and the second analyzes the system without LNG cylinders. Table 34 below describes the economic analysis result of the designed polyset system based on the designed operation strategy. The detailed cost information of the polyset system is described in appendix VI table 49. Table 34. Economic analysis of designed polyset system Annual Gas consumption (m3) 144,730 Gas price ($/ m3) [74] 0.044 Annual cost ($) 6,388 Initial cost with LNG cylinders($) 300,000 Initial cost without LNG cylinders ($) 208,000 Based case annual cost ($) 270,462 Payback time with LNG cylinders (year) 1.12 Payback time without LNG cylinders (year) 0.78

In project S, four diesel gensets were rented to offer electricity and that is the major option for most contractors with short time project (less than 3 years) according to the marketing research result. The other options are to buy new diesel gensets. Considering the power demand in project S, two 100-kW diesel gensets and one 250-kW diesel genset as the backup genset will be the right choice to meet energy demand. Table 35 shows the economic analysis of the new diesel gensets option for project S. Table 35. Economic analysis of buying new diesel gensets scenario

Initial cost ($) 58,600 - Genset 100 kW cost ($) 12,000 - Genset 250 kW cost ($) 24,600 - Others ($) 10,000 Drinking water price ($/l) [75] 0.35 Annual consumed drinking water cost ($) 107,000 Diesel price ($/l) [76] 0.196 Annual consumed diesel cost ($) 46,000 Payback time with LNG cylinders (year) 1.6 Payback time without LNG cylinders (year) 1.0

Up to the time when the thesis was finished, 84 contractors participated in the market questionnaire. Figure 32 below describes the feedback on the usage time of temporary electrical generation system on project site.

No less 4 years than 5 4% years 15% 1 year 36%

3 years 15% 2 years 30%

Figure 32. Usage time of temporary electrical generation system on construction project site

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Based on the feedback from the participated contractors, 64% of their projects kept the temporary electrical generation system (diesel genset) working no less than two years for single project. For the projects using electrical gensets less than two years, they are small-size projects and the gensets were transported from present project site to another project site if they are the properties of the contractors, or new gensets will be rented. Using diesel gensets as the base case, the low operation cost of using polyset system promises short payback time for the gensets rental and new gensets cases, which are 1.12 years and 1.6 years respectively (see table 34 and table 35). Considered the usage time of diesel gensets on the construction site, it can be concluded:  the overall cost of polyset system will be lower than the overall cost of diesel genset if the usage time is no less than two years;  the polyset system costs less in the projects, where the usage time is less than two years if the contractors have no less than one projects and these projects are not in parallel. The economic performance of the polyset is excellent if natural gas storage system are not integrated. The payback time are 0.78 year and 1 year for gensets rental and new gensets cases respectively, which means polyset system is more economical than diesel genset in most projects. It is clear that polyset system is a more economical system to satisfy the temporary energy demand on construction sites regardless which way contractors access diesel gensets, to buy or to rent. Compared to diesel gensets, polysets for project S are more complex, therefore, the installation needs more time and the system operation training is needed for the technicians. The system operation is very important for economic performance and system stability. Another challenge to polysets system is the operation strategy implementation. The system operation can be either manual or automatic, the manual operation is simple but technicians need to be assigned for the job; the automatic operation means an extra electronic monitoring, control and metering system is needed, and therefore, more investment is needed to the polysets system. The cost in table 34 and 35 includes the cost of the manual operation. The automatic operation of the system needs further research and studies in the future.

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10 Sustainability of polygeneration set In this chapter, the sustainability of the designed polygeneration set for construction industry was introduced.

10.1 Sustainable development The term sustainable development first appeared in 1987: “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” in “Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future” (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987). Since the concept was defined, sustainable development has developed in all nations. In 2005, United Nations identified environment protection, economic development and social development as sustainable development goals in the report “2005 World Summit Outcome” [77]. As sustainable development developed, it has shifted to focus more on environment protection, economic development and social development and these three concepts are commonly defined as three pillars of sustainability. Venn diagram of sustainable development below describes the confluence of three constituent pillars (see figure 33).

Figure 33. Venn diagram of sustainable development [78] The diagram above illustrates the nature of the sustainability. In terms of technologies, sustainability brings together the three main impacts of the technologies’ applications, environmental, economic and social. The sustainability of designed polygeneration system is discussed in the context of these three pillars.

10.2 Environmental protection Environmental sustainability refers to human being actions/or projects that can run indefinitely with very little or no adverse impact to the environment. To energy technologies, environmental sustainability is about the renewable resource harvest, non-renewable resources depletion and pollution creation. In designed polygeneration system, solar PV, solar thermal and microCHP technologies are the energy generation systems. Compared to the base case “24-hour working diesel genset power system”, the designed polygeneration system integrates solar systems (solar PV and solar thermal) into the system to make the whole system renewable and sustainable. In addition, MicroCHP system (gas genset) using natural gas is the prime mover in the polygeneration system, and it improves the efficiency of the system, hence decreases the usage of the natural gas and relevant emission. Compared to fossil fuel “diesel” in the base case, natural gas in the designed system is a greener and more sustainable source: it decreases the air pollution and carbon dioxide emission significantly and there will be no contaminated water and soil pollution because of using diesel on project site. Based on the operation mode of the designed system, gas genset only works around 9 hours in the daytime. The excess energy generated from solar systems and gas genset in the daytime are stored in the heat storage

-57- system for the energy demand in the nighttime. This operation mode maximizes the utilization of energy from renewable energy system; therefore, it improves the sustainable performance of the system. Wind and biomass are not feasible in project S, and they are not in the designed system. As mentioned before, the polygeneration system varies with different projects, so the polygeneration system will be more environmentally friendly and sustainable if there are more available renewable energy resources on/or around the project site.

10.3 Economic development Economic sustainability refers to the use of various strategies to achieve a long-term responsible and beneficial balance by employing available resources. To energy technologies, economical sustainability is to use the technologies in an efficient way to provide long-term benefits to the user of the technologies. In project S, annual cost of drinking water is a big part of the overall annual cost in the base case because the drinking water is very expensive in Saudi Arabia. Considered the available underground water and water purification technologies, water purification system is integrated in the system, and this promises the designed system a good economic performance. Instead of using diesel, natural gas with very low price is used in the system to drive the MicroCHP system. The price difference between diesel and natural gas in Saudi Arabia gives the system a promising benefit. The renewable energy systems and natural gas let the designed system operate at a very low cost, and that makes the system competitive for the long-term run. As discussed in paragraph 9.4, the designed system has a very short payback time if the gas cylinders are not involved in the system. The short payback time of the designed system can guarantee the long-term benefits to the contractors, though the higher initial cost of the new system may bring some hesitations and obstacles. As mentioned above, the polygeneration system varies with different projects, so the polygeneration system may be not economically feasible and sustainable in some countries and regions. Different technical and economic strategies shall be applied to different projects, and economic issues are an important piece of the development.

10.4 Social development Social sustainability of processes, systems, technologies and structures actively support the current and future generations to build healthy and livable communities. The portable polygeneration system is designed to substitute the temporary power system (diesel genset) in construction industry, and the usage time of the system is not very long. Normally, the community of the construction site is not stable because it is temporary, although it can last more than 5 years for some big- size projects. Two of the most important characteristics of the polygeneration system are flexibility and portability, and these two characteristics can help the contractors to build their new community (construction campus, onsite facilities and offices) on the new project site in a very quick and efficient way. It is easy to move the integrated system from one project to another, and it saves time, energy and money to adjust the system to the new energy demand and the new available renewable energy sources. In addition, the operation mode of the system promises a quiet night for the construction community, as only storage systems are working in the nighttime; and the high-quality water and green energy support the community habitants to have healthy and comfortable living conditions on the construction site. The portable polygeneration system may bring some risks to the safety of the community. For example, natural gas tanks/or stations are needed to support the designed system in project S, and it is a big challenge to manage the risky and explosive fuel in a small and temporary community. For other projects where biomass is available and feasible, how to manage the interaction and relation among biomass processing plant, the construction community and local community in a green and sustainable way will be a very important issue.

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11 Business feasibility study In this chapter, business feasibility of the designed polyset was studied and analyzed through six tools.

11.1 Analysis of idea Initially, the idea was to develop a polyset system integrated in one container with electric power capacity 100 kW or electric power capacity 50 kW and thermal power 100 kW to replace diesel gensets on construction site. One project in Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia was selected to test the accessibility of the polyset, as the author was involved in this project before. The polyset would be a major contribution for construction industry for two main reasons:  Currently most construction contractors use diesel gensets to meet the construction site energy needs. One environmental, sustainable and renewable energy system would be another choice for the contractors.  Besides electricity, heat and cooling, drinking water and domestic water are added benefits from the polyset system. After the techno-economic analysis, one polyset integrated in three containers (two of them just for storage system transportation) was selected as the optimized solution to meet energy demand. This polyset system has very good economic performance and one polyset can meet the daily demand of 1,650 kWh electricity, 3,500 kWh thermal power and 1 m3 drinking water. Project S was selected because the author worked in this project and the information of energy demand is easily accessible, other alternative locations were not considered in this thesis because of the limited research time. The problems of the current energy system has been mentioned and the available technologies on project S was discussed in earlier chapters (chapter 2, 3 and 4), and the big data used in this thesis was achieved from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for solar irradiation and wind speed information, and Wunderground for temperature information.

11.2 Minimum Viable Product The minimum viable product of polyset system is the energy technical advisory service to the existing construction projects. Normally, energy demand varies with project processing to different stages, so it is wise and efficient to use an adjustable and flexible system to meet energy demand. The technical advisory will be given to existing construction projects to cut the energy consumption and relevant cost. The renewable energy penetration oriented advisory service to the contractors will improve their existing conventional energy generation quality (energy cost/energy consumption), and foster and thrive the renewable energy conception in the construction industry. Furthermore, technical advisory with polyset scenario to meet energy demand of the existing projects will be presented to the contractors. A vivid animation presentation of the comparison and the simulation of the new polyset system will be a practical tool to the technical advisory. The results can be measured by the number of customers giving the feedback on the advisory, and interests, doubts, questions, concerns and obstacles to the new system can be measured and analyzed based on the feedback. The minimum viable product will be first applied to the customers, who have personal connections with the author or the company’s employees and the cost of the minimum viable product lies on the preliminary design of the existing project and techno-economic simulation, which are not complicated and costly.

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11.3 Business model canvas The business model canvas is a strategic management and entrepreneurial tool to develop new business model. Potential trade-offs of a company’s or product’s value propositions, infrastructure, customers and finances are listed in the visual chart to aid aligning the relevant activities. The business model canvas is a powerful and popular tool to see the potential development of a new business model, hence it is utilized to analyze the polyset system’s business model (see figure 34 below).

Key Partners Key Activities Value Propostions Customer Relationships Customer Segments

Low cost of electricity, Material suppliers Marketing Personal relationships Construction contractors heating and cooling High quality drinking Construction Interconnection among R & D water and domestic Independent energy users: contractors contractors water Independent energy Polyset adjustability and Participation from ealry Logistics Hotel and hospital users flexibility project stage Isolated villages, islands and Logistics company Built-in backup system Polyset seminars and training communities Energy advisory

Key Resources Channels

Renewable energy Field sales penetration Online sales

Exhibitions

Cost Structure Revenue Streams

Marketing R & D Polyset rental

Logistics Materials Polyset sales

Installation cost Maintenance Technical advisory service

Figure 34. Polyset system business model canvas From business canvas, it is realized that:  The low-cost of the energy services (electricity, heating and cooling) and high-quality drinking water are the most important factors to make the polyset an outstanding integration system.  Renewable energy penetration is the key resource to the polyset system, and the distinguished advantage to the conventional power generation system.  Personal relationship is very important to develop the market as all construction contractors have the interconnections and the word-of-mouth marketing is a very persuasive way in construction industry.  Besides construction contractors, independent energy users and isolated villages/islands could be the target customers.  Project-oriented field sales is the main channel for the product sales.

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11.4 Customer Experience Management The customer experience map is drawn as a matrix with four vertical “experience steps”- Awareness, Purchase, Product/Service and Post-sale/New project, and five horizontal “what happens in the progress” – Actions, Touchpoints, Motivation, Question and barriers and Key points and ideas. Table 36 describes the customer experience map for the polyset system. Table 36. Polyset system customer experience map Awareness Purchase Product/Service Post-sale/New project Make the comparison Prepare project Check previous between diesel information; Rental extension; projects energy and genset and polyset; Coordinate and Maintenance requirement; water cost; Actions Consider the cooperate for on-site Rental to purchase; Realize the choices among installation and Project scale-up; problems of diesel rental, purchase training; Technical advisory need. gensets. and technical Operate the polyset. advisory. Phone calls, email, Email, techno- Interaction Post-sales regular phone office visit and economic communication calls and email; Touchpoints product pitch explanation (phone calls, emails, Promotion meetings for presentation. meeting. meetings). new projects. One choice besides Stable and quiet diesel gensets and solution; Efficient coordination A few/no maintenance grid; Short payback and communication; issues; Cheap and time compared to Quick installation and Customer-oriented Motivation environmental way diesel genset; effective training; aftersales services; to fulfill energy Focus on Easy operation; Project-participation demand; construction Project-oriented services. Various demand project rather than demand following. can be satisfied. the power supply. Initial capital and Questions Time taken to How to do the smart new system Long-term cooperation and barriers quote operation acceptance Correct project Key Points Clear explanation Professional training information for Relationship buildup and ideas and comparison and easy operation design

The customer experience map is an important tool to discover the critical aspects of the activity by being in customer’s shoes. For the polyset system, they were:  The awareness of the temporary energy cost on construction site and the disadvantages of diesel genset.  The acceptance of the new system is the biggest barrier for both customers and suppliers.  Short quotation time and efficient coordination and communication for the polyset design.  Few maintenance and quick post sales response.  Active participation in the early stage of the potential projects.

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11.5 Swim Lane Flow Chart Swim lane flow chart is an effective tool to distinguish job sharing and responsibilities in a business process. Figure 35 below describes the Swim Lane Flowchart (SLFC) of polyset system.

Figure 35. Polyset system swim lane flow chart SLFC gives a clear picture of how to process the project and the interconnections among different stakeholders and phases. It includes time and cost management, communication management, sales management and stakeholder management.

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11.6 Demand forecasting and product Demand forecasting is analyzed to estimate the sales of the product. It is essential in a sense that it helps in,  Estimating market sales potential and profitability,  Aiding in establishing capacity and output levels,  Supporting in decision-making on product, marketing and budget,  Assisting in comparison between proposed changes to current results.

11.6.1 Past data The historical data of construction projects and diesel genset application were listed in this sector. Despite the economic stability in the past years, global contractors develop their business well in the world market. In general, the contracting revenue of Engineering News-Record (ENR) top 250 international contractors from international projects was in an increasing trend (see figure 36) [79]. In 2014, the revenue obtained from projects out of their own countries was $521.5 billion and the domestic projects contributed a revenue $909.26 billion in comparison to $871.50 billion in 2013 [79].

Figure 36. The past decade’s international contractor revenue (in $ billions) Generator sales market is projected to increase from $17.59 Billion in 2015 to $23.36 Billion in 2020, and the market Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is expected to increase 5.85% from 2015 to 2020 [80].

Figure 37. Generator sales market by region, 2020 [80] Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC) is forecasted to have the largest market and highest growth rate; the quick developing market in Middle East and Africa (MEA) is expected to run with a relatively high growth rate from 2015 to 2020 (see figure 37) [80]. At an expected CAGR of 12.9% from 2015 to 2020, the size of global power rental market will reach $21.3 Billion by 2020, and utilities, oil & gas, industrial, construction, and quarrying & mining are the main and largest end-user segments for the market [11]. The power rental market is expected to be booming in the near future in Middle East as the market is driven by the 2022 FIFA world Cup in Qatar and World Expo in the UAE. The power rental business is increasing rapidly in Saudi Arabia, the largest power rental market in Middle East, and Saudi Electricity Company is

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lacking of ability to meet the power demand from flourishing infrastructural sector that offers the power rental business a reliable market.

11.6.2 Analogy The polyset system is new to the construction industry; however, some products have been launched in the market with some similar figures as the polyset system.  Some renewable energy companies are providing solar panels to power the construction lighting.  Combined heat and power reciprocating machines (gas generator) starts to be used in the market for the small applications, but was not yet found in the construction industry.  Gas genset and diesel genset are widely used to generate electricity on offshore project sites.  Solar heating and solar cooling applications to the house/villa are already commercialized in the market and the combination of cooling and heating from solar energy is available.  The applications of generating electricity, heating, cooling and drinking water can be found in some independent energy systems in the building or villa, but the systems are not integrated. That means there are four separate system (electricity, heating, cooling and drinking water systems) to meet the demands.

11.6.3 The Product The polyset system designed for reference project S in MEA consists of a 60 kW gas genset, electric panels, solar PV, 3 40-feet containers, water processing system, cooling system, solar thermal system and others. The cost objective is to produce a polyset system (without LNG cylinders) at a price of $104,000 per set (see table 37). Gas storage system (gas cylinders) is not included in the polyset system and the polyset price varies with different project. Table 37. Polyset system product information (without gas cylinders)

System components Cost ($) Gas genset 18,000 Electric panels 2,300 Solar PV system 31,500 Container 3,600 Water processing system 4,000 Cooling system 11,000 Solar thermal system 32,000 Installation, Transportation and Maintenance 1,600 Total cost 104,000

11.6.4 Services and product extensions As a substitute of diesel genset, the rental service to the construction site is a big part of the business. On project S site, three diesel gensets were utilized the rental was $9,600 per month ($3,200 per set per month).The rental rate of the polyset system is set to the same price of diesel genset with equivalent capacity. In the case of the project S, the monthly rental rate is $3,200 /month/set and the yearly rental rate is $40,000 /year/set. Technical advisory is another service offered to the customer, especially in the early stage of the company development. The cost of the technical advisory is counted based on man-hour/man-day/man-month rate and it varies with the requirement. The standard rate for the technical advisory is set to $100 per man-hour and $500 per man-day, and the lump sum price of a project is based on requirements and negotiation. The retrofit cost of exiting energy generation system is evaluated from project to project, and the cost of the extension to the polyset system in use depends on the extension size and specific requirements.

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11.7 Marketing plan

11.7.1 Target customer Initially, the target customers are set to construction contractors, who are using or about to use diesel gensets as prime movers on the construction sites. The independent energy users, hospital, hotel, and isolated villages and islands will be involved in the customer segments afterwards.

11.7.2 Selling proposition The selling proposition is what distinguishes our company from competitors. A combination output of heat, cooling, drinking water/water and electricity is the main characteristics of polyset system. The combination gives the system a high-efficiency and low-cost energy products. As the polyset system is an integration of different technologies, the system is adjustable for different energy demand, and the flexibility of the system is a big advantage to the changing energy demand. No extra backup system is needed according to the operation mode of the polyset system, and that saves the cost of the system. The energy advisory services is an added-value service to promote the business development of polyset system.

11.7.3 Pricing and positioning strategy As pre-described, one product and two services are put into the market: polyset system, polyset system rental service and energy advisory service. Regarding the polyset sales, the polyset system configuration varies with different projects and requirements, and so does the price of the system. The price of the polyset system (without LNG storage) is set to the price, which gives the customers two years’ time to pay back their cost compared to the conventional scenario: diesel gensets rental or buying new diesel gensets. The lower first year annual cost (operation cost + initial cost) conventional scenario prevails when the pricing setting to the polyset system is applied. For example, the price of the polyset system for Project S is set based on the scenario “buying new gensets” as its cost is lower than the scenario “diesel gensets rental”. Following this principle, the price of the polyset for Project S is described in table 38. Table 38. Polyset system price for Project S

Scenario initial cost ($) 58,700 Polyset system annual operation cost ($) 3,200 Scenario annual operation cost ($) 153,000 2 polysets price ($) 358,000 Polyset unit price ($) 179,000 Polyset unit cost ($) 104,000 Profit margin % 72% Payback time (year) – “Buying new gensets” 2.0 Payback time (year) – “Gensets rental” 1.3

For the polyset rental service, the rental rate of the polyset system is set to the same price of diesel genset with equivalent capacity. Table 39 describes the rental price for Project S. Table 39. Polyset rental price for Project S Rental service Remarks Monthly rental ($) 3,200 Polyset unit cost ($) 104,000 Polyset life (years) 15 Polyset monthly cost ($) 500 Besides polyset cost, the other costs are considered Profit margin % 900% Project S duration (years) 3

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In terms of energy advisory services and retrofit/extension project, the price strategy is introduced in paragraph 10.6.4.

11.7.4 Marketing strategy To develop the prototype and set up a showcase project, then to develop customers of international contractors in the first few years. Potential customers are categorized by regions and industry sectors, and they will be contacted, visited and maintained regularly. Business development team is in charge of developing new customer segments, agencies and distributors and maintaining the long-term cooperation customers through company propaganda and professional exhibitions. The main distribution channel is the field sales to the office and customer’s offices. In addition, online propaganda and professional exhibitions are another two practical ways to promote the sales. Agencies and distributors are to be developed in the countries where the projects locate. With local relationship and connections, it is easy for local agencies and distributors to facilitate the after-sales services and business development localization.

11.8 Sales forecasting The sales forecast is obtained from past data, analogy, product and relevant services of product. Based on the demand forecasting, it is comprehended that the market for polyset system is bright, especially in APAC and MEA area. Compared to independent energy users (hotels, hospitals, and isolated islands and communities), construction contractor is prioritized to be the dominant customer segment to develop the polyset system business because temporary energy service is a mandatory part of the construction project and a fixed budget is assigned to get the energy generation system. Initially, the potential customers will be targeted to China international contractors and the business development will focus on markets of APAC and MEA. Up to May 2016, there are 4,113 international construction contractors registered in the Ministry of Commerce of People’s Republic of China [81]. In 2015, the revenue of China international contractors was $154 billion and the value of newly signed contract was $210 billion; compared to the value in 2014, the revenue and the value of newly signed contract increased 8.2% and 9.5% respectively [82]. 3,987 contracts were signed between China contractors and countries under the framework of "Silk Road Economic Belt' in 2015 [83] and 479 contracts with a contractual value over $50 million were signed from January to September [84]. Theoretically, projects with contractual value over $50 million have a project life longer than 2 years and the corresponding contractors are targeted as the prospective buyers. 640 annual contracts were calculated based on “479 contracts in 9 months” assuming the same pace and amount applied to the remaining three months. The price of each polyset ($180,000) refers to the price of polyset for project S ($179,000 in table 38). The annual sales forecasting for the early stage (2017-2019) of the company development is described as below:

Annual Contracts (contract value over Total estimated prospective buyers 640 $50 million) Target market 10% of total contracts x 0.1 Distribution/communication coverage 10% of target market x 0.1 Annual purchase rate 2 units per year per contract x 2 Annual sales Annual sales quantity 12 Average offering unit price ($) Unit price: $180,000 x 180,000

Forecasted sales ($) 2,160,000 Considered company’ status in the market (new and small-size company), 10% of total contracts are forecasted as the target market and distribution coverage is expected to be 10% for the early stage.

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12 Business plan This chapter describes a summary of the business plan of the polyset system.

12.1 The business Business name: H.K. Energy Solutions, Ltd Business structure: Sole Trader Company Business location: Haikou, Hainan Province, China Date established August 2017 Business owner(s): Haikuo Liu Products/services: Polyset system and polyset rental services

12.2 The market Target market: International construction contractors, independent energy users in China Marketing strategy: To enter the market, the target customers are set to construction contractors, who are using or about to use diesel gensets as prime movers on the construction sites. Compared to independent energy users (hotel, hospital, and isolated island and communities), construction contractor is prioritized to be the dominant customer segment to develop the polyset system business, because temporary energy services is a mandatory part of the construction project and a fixed budget is assigned to get the energy generation system. Independent energy users, such as hospitals, hotels, and isolated villages and islands, will be involved in the customer segments afterwards.

12.3 The finances Initial fund requirement for the company is around $500,000. The upfront fund for the company operation and development will be sought from loans and relatives, and ¾ of my money will be contributed towards the business. In the early stage of the company development (the first 3 years: 2017-2019), the annual profit intention is around $450,000.

12.4 The future Vision statement: Every independent energy user has its green, portable and adjustable energy system. Goals/objectives: Short-term goal: To build the reputation of the polyset system in construction industry and to start the rental service in the market. Long-term goal: To substitute the conventional energy temporary systems in all applications.

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13 Conclusions and future work This chapter concludes the thesis and describes the future work.

13.1 Conclusions Polyset system with high-efficiency is promising in the construction industry, serving as a substitute to the current conventional oil-based energy generation system. Compared to the conventional energy generation system, polyset system with multiple output products and services has advantages of higher energy efficiency and lower economic risks. The commercialization of polyset system is feasible with current available renewable energy technologies and materials in countries where energy services prices are high, and the business feasibility of the polyset system was analyzed on the basis of the target customer is set to China international construction contractors. A company will be registered to develop the business of polyset system for international construction industry, and a business plan based on the polyset system designed for the reference project was made to access the availability of the business operation. According to the business plan, seven polyset sets need to be sold to break-even and keep the company running. In this thesis, an idea using polygeneration system to substitute conventional power generation system (diesel genset) on construction sites was studied after the author finished a series of courses and training on polygeneration. Firstly, the application of diesel genset was studied and problems were identified in the construction industry to support the idea. To test the feasibility of the idea, one construction project (project S) in Saudi Arabia was selected as the reference project. Secondly, the energy generation system and energy demand on project S site were studied and pictured. Based on available renewable energy sources on-site and design criteria (mobility) of the polyset system, solar, MicroCHP, water purification and energy storage technologies were proposed and studied. 12 scenarios were proposed to meet energy demand. CPV/T and microturbine were involved in the scenarios, though their commercialization is still immature and the price is relatively high in comparison with the gas genset and other technologies. According to the techno-economic simulation results of all scenarios, CPV/T and microturbine have the potential to replace the present renewable energy technologies as a part of a generation system, which mitigates the high price influence and needs advanced technologies to innovate and to improve system stability. Based on the analysis results of the scenarios and the design principle of maximization of renewable energy penetration, two polysets were designed to satisfy energy demand of project S and each polyset includes solar PV, solar thermal, MicroCHP, AGMD water purification, electrical storage and thermal storage systems. In comparison with the base case of diesel gensets power systems and drinking water supply, the designed polyset system has a very short payback time (0.78 year) and that makes the polyset system very competitive. Several tools were applied to analyze the business feasibility of the polyset system. Based on the polyset system of the reference project, the polyset price and the annual sales were estimated to $180,000 and 12 units respectively. To develop the polyset system for the construction industry, a company will be founded and the business plan for the company’s development and operation was made in parallel to this thesis.

13.2 Future work In this thesis, only the preliminary design of the polyset system was made and a detailed design shall be done for specific projects in the future. The operation mode and control system of the polyset system will be a big part of the future work, as they were not discussed in this thesis. A market questionnaire was made to support the thesis and some of the interviews were made. The interviews to the contractors will be a supplement to the future study. To support the propaganda of the business, an animation introducing polyset system and its working principles will be developed. Business plan improvement is expected to be a very important part of the future work.

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[86] HefeiSunway, "80kw off grid industrial power star inverter," Alibaba, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/80kw-off-grid-industrial-power- star_60022218911.html?spm=a2700.7724838.0.0.BL7A3e. [Accessed 20 March 2016].

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Appendix I Air temperature in Al Kharj Table 40. 2015 average temperature in Al Kharj City [85] 2015 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Time °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C 0:00 14 17 21 25 32 32 35 37 33 29 22 15 1:00 13 16 20 24 32 32 34 36 32 29 21 14 2:00 12 15 19 24 31 31 33 35 32 29 21 14 3:00 11 14 18 23 30 30 32 34 31 28 20 13 4:00 11 14 17 23 30 30 32 33 31 28 20 13 5:00 10 14 17 22 30 31 31 33 30 28 19 13 6:00 11 14 17 22 30 31 30 34 30 27 19 13 7:00 12 15 19 23 30 34 32 35 31 28 19 13 8:00 13 16 22 25 32 36 34 37 33 31 21 14 9:00 16 19 25 28 35 38 38 39 37 34 22 16 10:00 18 21 27 30 38 40 40 42 39 36 24 17 11:00 19 22 29 32 38 41 42 44 40 37 26 18 12:00 20 24 30 34 40 42 44 45 41 38 27 20 13:00 21 25 30 35 40 43 44 46 42 39 28 21 14:00 21 25 31 36 40 43 45 46 42 39 29 21 15:00 21 25 31 37 40 43 45 46 43 39 29 21 16:00 21 25 30 37 39 42 44 45 42 39 29 21 17:00 19 24 29 36 38 42 44 45 42 39 28 20 18:00 18 22 27 35 37 41 43 44 40 36 27 19 19:00 16 21 26 34 37 39 41 42 38 34 26 17 20:00 15 20 25 31 35 37 39 41 37 32 24 17 21:00 14 19 23 30 34 37 38 39 35 31 23 16 22:00 14 20 22 29 34 35 37 38 35 31 23 15 23:00 13 19 17 28 33 34 36 37 34 30 21 15

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Appendix II Project S power demand Table 41. Project S daily power demand in workdays 2015 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Time kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW 0:00 72 72 11 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 1:00 72 72 11 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 2:00 72 72 11 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 3:00 72 72 72 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 4:00 72 72 72 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 5:00 72 72 72 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 6:00 93 93 93 31 81 81 81 81 81 81 31 93 7:00 163 163 114 114 168 168 168 168 168 168 114 163 8:00 163 163 114 114 168 168 168 168 168 168 114 163 9:00 163 114 114 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 114 163 10:00 114 114 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 114 163 11:00 114 114 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 114 114 12:00 47 47 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 47 13:00 47 47 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 47 14:00 114 114 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 114 15:00 114 114 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 114 16:00 114 114 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 114 17:00 114 114 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 114 18:00 163 114 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 168 114 19:00 105 44 44 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 44 105 20:00 105 44 44 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 44 105 21:00 105 44 44 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 44 105 22:00 105 44 44 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 44 105 23:00 105 44 105 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 44 105 Total (kWh) 2,483 2,080 2,440 2,434 2,994 2,994 2,994 2,994 2,994 2,994 2,027 2,483

Table 42. Project S daily power demand in weekend 2015 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Time kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW 0:00 72 72 11 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 1:00 72 72 11 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 2:00 72 72 11 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 3:00 72 72 72 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 4:00 72 72 72 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 5:00 72 72 72 11 78 78 78 78 78 78 11 72 6:00 90 90 90 29 78 78 78 78 78 78 29 90 7:00 67 67 6 6 73 73 73 73 73 73 6 67 8:00 82 82 21 21 89 89 89 89 89 89 21 82 9:00 82 21 21 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 21 82 10:00 21 21 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 21 82 11:00 21 21 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 21 21 12:00 39 39 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 39 13:00 39 39 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 39 14:00 21 21 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 21 15:00 21 21 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 21 16:00 21 21 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 21

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2015 Jan. Feb. Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 17:00 21 21 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 21 18:00 82 21 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 21 19:00 105 44 44 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 44 105 20:00 105 44 44 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 44 105 21:00 105 44 44 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 44 105 22:00 105 44 44 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 44 105 23:00 105 44 105 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 44 105 Total (kWh) 1,571 1,142 1,467 1,475 2,063 2,063 2,063 2,063 2,063 2,063 1,027 1,571

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Appendix III Proposal calculations Table 43. Proposal I scenarios specifications Quantity Total volume Scenarios Item Specification Remarks per polyset per polyset (m3) Solar panel PANDA 60 Cell Series 286 15.05 Refer to table 7 Inverter 80 kW [86] off grid solar inverter 1 0.25 Battery banks 250 Ah capacity 465 13.95 Refer to table 21 S 1.1 Gas genset 30 kW 30 kW 1 2.19 Refer to table 13 Container Standard container 1 67.45 Refer to table 5 LNG cylinder 460 L 8 8.05 Refer to table 23 RO 1 m3/day 1 0.55 Refer to table 16 Solar panel PANDA 60 Cell Series 286 15.05 Refer to table 7 Inverter 80 kW [86] off grid solar inverter 1 0.25 Battery banks 250 Ah capacity 465 13.95 Refer to table 21 S 1.2 Microturbine C30 30 kW 1 2.05 Refer to table14 Container Standard container 3 67.45 Refer to table 5 LNG cylinder 460 L 8 8.05 Refer to table 23 RO 1 m3/day 1 0.55 Refer to table 16 Solar thin film panel a-Si/uc-Si Panel 286 2.78 Refer to table 8 Inverter 40 kW [71] 40 kW 1 0.25 Battery banks 250 Ah capacity 233 6.99 Refer to table 21 S 1.3 Gas genset 30 kW 30 kW 1 2.19 Refer to table 13 Standard 40 feet Container 3 67.45 Refer to table 5 container LNG cylinder 460 L 8 8.05 Refer to table 23 RO 1 m3/day 1 0.55 Refer to table 16 Solar thin film panel a-Si/uc-Si Panel 286 2.78 Refer to table 8 Inverter 40 kW [71] 40 kW 1 0.25 Battery banks 250 Ah capacity 233 6.99 Refer to table 21 S 1.4 Microturbine C30 30 kW 1 2.19 Refer to table14 Container Standard container 3 67.45 Refer to table 5 LNG cylinder 460 L 8 8.05 Refer to table 23 RO 1 m3/day 1 0.55 Refer to table 16

Table 44. Proposal II scenarios specifications Quantity Volume per Scenarios Item Specification Remarks per polyset polyset (m3) Solar panel PANDA 60 Cell Series 286 15.05 Refer to table 7 Inverter 80 kW [86] off grid solar inverter 1 0.25 Battery banks 250 Ah capacity 465 13.95 Refer to table 21 Gas genset 30 kW 30 kW 1 2.19 Refer to table 13 S 2.1 Container Standard container 1 67.45 Refer to table 5 LNG cylinder 460 L 8 8.05 Refer to table 23 AGMD 40 l/h 1 0.16 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 3.44 35 kW [68] Heat tank 10 tons 1 14.52 Refer to table 22 Solar panel PANDA 60 Cell Series 286 15.05 Refer to table 7 Inverter 80 kW [86] off grid solar inverter 1 0.25 S 2.2 Battery banks 250 Ah capacity 465 13.95 Refer to table 21 Microturbine C30 30 kW 1 2.05 Refer to table14

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Quantity Volume per Scenarios Item Specification Remarks per polyset polyset (m3) Container Standard container 1 67.45 Refer to table 5 LNG cylinder 460 L 8 8.05 Refer to table 23 AGMD 40 l/h 1 0.16 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 3.44 35 kW [68] Heat tank 10 tons 1 14.52 Refer to table 22 Solar thin film panel a-Si/uc-Si Panel 429 4.17 Refer to table 8 Inverter 60 kW [86] 60 kW 1 0.25 Battery banks 250 Ah capacity 349 10.47 Refer to table 21 Gas generator 30 30 kW 1 2.19 Refer to table 13 kW S 2.3 Container Standard container 1 67.45 Refer to table 5 LNG cylinder 460 L 8 8.05 Refer to table 23 AGMD 40 l/h 1 0.16 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 3.44 35 kW [68] Heat tank 10 tons 1 14.52 Refer to table 22 Solar thin film panel a-Si/uc-Si Panel 429 4.17 Refer to table 8 Inverter 60 kW [86] 60 kW 1 0.25 Battery banks 250 Ah capacity 349 10.47 Refer to table 21 Microturbine C30 30 kW 1 2.05 Refer to table14 S 2.4 Container Standard container 1 67.45 Refer to table 5 LNG cylinder 460 L 8 8.05 Refer to table 23 AGMD 40 l/h 1 0.16 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 3.44 35 kW [68] Heat tank 10 tons 1 14.52 Refer to table 22 Vacuum tube collectors Solar thermal 42 37.60 Refer to table 10 (30 tubes per collector) Gas generator 60 60 kW 1 2.96 Refer to table 13 kW Container Standard container 1 67.45 Refer to table 5 S 2.5 LNG cylinder 460 L 14 16.10 Refer to table 23 AGMD 40 l/h 1 0.16 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 3.44 35 kW [68] Heat tank 10 tons 1 14.52 Refer to table 22 Vacuum tube collectors Solar thermal 42 37.60 Refer to table 10 (30 tubes per collector) Microturbine C65 65 kW 1 2.74 Refer to table14 Container Standard container 1 67.45 Refer to table 5 S 2.6 LNG cylinder 460 L 15 17.25 Refer to table 23 AGMD 40 l/h 1 0.16 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 3.44 35 kW [68] Heat tank 10 tons 1 14.52 Refer to table 22 Electrical power 18.2 CPV/T 70 32.00 Refer to table 9 kW Inverter 20 kW [86] 20 kW 1 0.25 S 2.7 Battery banks 250 Ah capacity 105 3.15 Refer to table 21 Gas generator 30 30 kW 1 2.19 Refer to table 13 kW Container Standard container 1 67.45 Refer to table 5

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Quantity Volume per Scenarios Item Specification Remarks per polyset polyset (m3) LNG cylinder 460 L 8 8.05 Refer to table 23 AGMD 40 l/h 1 0.16 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 3.44 35 kW [68] Heat tank 10 tons 1 14.52 Refer to table 22 Electrical power 18.2 CPV/T 70 32.00 Refer to table 9 kW Inverter 20 kW [86] 20 kW 1 0.25 Battery banks 250 Ah capacity 105 3.15 Refer to table 21 Microturbine C30 30 kW 1 2.05 Refer to table14 S 2.8 Container Standard container 1 67.45 Refer to table 5 LNG cylinder 460 L 8 8.05 Refer to table 23 AGMD 40 l/h 1 0.16 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 3.44 35 kW [68] Heat tank 10 tons 1 14.52 Refer to table 22

LNG cylinder volume calculation: The natural gas density is 0.688 kg/m3 [67], and the LNG density is 465.4 kg/m3 [66]. So LNG cylinder with 460 l volume can discharge 460*465.4/0.688 = 311,168.6 l natural gas. For gas generator 30 kW, the nominated natural gas consumption is 11.17 l/h, so one fully charged LNG cylinder could drive the gas generator run 26.82 hours. Following the same way, one fully charged LNG cylinder can drive the gas generator (60 kW, 21.55 l/h) 14.44 hours, microturbine (30 kW) 26.82 hours and microturbine (65 kW) 13.80 hours.

Battery quantity calculation: The annual peak sun hour on project S site is 5.81 hours (annual radiation 5.81 kWh/day). The battery bank size is determined by the peak sun hour, autonomy days (3 days) and the size of the peak power of installed solar panels. For example, the solar panel peak power in scenario 1.1 is 260 kW, so the calculation of battery bank quantity is as following: Q = 260,000*5.81*3/250/12 = 464.8, so the quantity of the battery banks is 465. The battery bank parameter: 250 Ah and 12 V.

Solar thermal calculation: The quantity of the solar collectors is determined by the size of the container, as the size of each solar collector is not small. Initially the size of the solar thermal collectors for proposed scenarios was set to 32 m3 and it was adjusted to 37.60 m3 after the simulation. Solar thermal power annual average output (1168 kWh/day) was calculated in RETScreen software with 53 pieces of vacuum tube solar collectors.

CPV/T power calculation: The quantity of the CPV/T panel is determined by the size of the container. The size of the total CPV/T panels’ volume was set to 32 m3. The size of the CPV/T panels refer to the commercialized CPV panels in the market and the electric power efficiency and thermal power efficiency were set to 25% and 55%. Based on the settings of efficiency and the quantity (70 pieces), the electric power of CPV/T panels is calculated to 18.2 kW.

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Appendix IV Proposal Scenarios cost information Table 45. Base case annual operation cost breakdown list Operation cost Remarks Diesel gensets rent ($/month) 9,600 3 units Transportation cost ($) 800 Maintenance fee ($/month) 133 Annual drinking water cost ($/year) 106,973 (895*313+52*435)l drinking water Diesel annual consumption ($/year) 45,889 Annual operation cost ($/year) 270,462

Table 46. Proposal I scenarios cost breakdown list Quantity Scenarios Item 3 sets costs ($) Remarks per polyset Solar monocrystalline panel 286 170,000 Inverter 80 kW 1 36,000 Battery banks 465 306,900 Gas genset 30 kW 1 37,500 S 1.1 Container 1 3,750 LNG cylinder 8 52,500 RO 1 17,400 Electrical appliances 1 2,100 Installation & Transportation 1 4,800 Solar monocrystalline panel 286 170,000 Inverter 1 36,000 Battery banks 465 306,900 Microturbine C30 1 70,200 S 1.2 Container 3 3,750 LNG cylinder 8 52,500 RO 1 17,400 Electrical appliances 1 2,100 Installation & Transportation 1 4,800 Solar thin film panel 286 123,200 Inverter 1 9,000 Battery banks 233 153,780 Gas genset 30 kW 1 37,500 S 1.3 Container 3 3,750 LNG cylinder 8 52,500 RO 1 17,400 Electrical appliances 1 2,100 Installation & Transportation 1 4,800 Solar thin film panel 286 123,200 Inverter 1 9,000 Battery banks 233 153,780 Microturbine C30 1 70,200 S 1.4 Container 3 3,750 LNG cylinder 8 52,500 RO 1 17,400 Electrical appliances 1 2,100 Installation & Transportation 1 4,800

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Table 47. Proposal II scenarios cost breakdown list Quantity Scenarios Item 2 sets cost ($) Remarks per polyset Solar monocrystalline panel 286 112,800 Inverter 1 24,000 Battery banks 465 204,600 Gas generator 30 kW 1 25,000 Container 1 2,500 S 2.1 LNG cylinder 8 52,500 AGMD 1 4,800 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 22,000 Heat tank 1 3,000 Electrical appliance 1 1,400 Installation & Transportation 1 3,200 Solar monocrystalline panel 286 112,800 Inverter 1 24,000 Battery banks 465 204,600 Microturbine C30 1 39,000 Container 1 2,500 S 2.2 LNG cylinder 8 52,500 AGMD 1 4,800 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 22,000 Heat tank 1 3,000 Electrical appliance 1 1,400 Installation & Transportation 1 3,200 Solar thin film panel 429 123,200 Inverter 1 6,000 Battery banks 349 153,560 Gas generator 30 kW 1 25,000 Container 1 2,500 S 2.3 LNG cylinder 8 52,500 AGMD 1 4,800 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 22,000 Heat tank 1 3,000 Electrical appliance 1 1,400 Installation & Transportation 1 3,200 Solar thin film panel 429 123,200 Inverter 1 6,000 Battery banks 349 153,560 Microturbine C30 1 39,000 Container 1 2,500 S 2.4 LNG cylinder 8 52,500 AGMD 1 4,800 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 22,000 Heat tank 1 3,000 Electrical appliance 1 1,400 Installation & Transportation 1 3,200 Solar thermal 42 41,200 Gas generator 60 kW 1 36,000 S 2.5 Container 1 2,500 LNG cylinder 14 92,000 AGMD 1 4,800 1 cascade

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Quantity Scenarios Item 2 sets cost ($) Remarks per polyset Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 22,000 Heat tank 1 3,000 Electrical appliance 1 1,400 Installation & Transportation 1 3,200 Solar thermal 42 64,400 Microturbine C65 1 82,000 Container 1 2,500 LNG cylinder 15 98,500 S 2.6 AGMD 1 4,800 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 22,000 Heat tank 1 3,000 Electrical appliance 1 1,400 Installation & Transportation 1 3,200 CPV/T 70 64,400 Inverter 1 2,000 Battery 105 46,200 Gas generator 30 kW 1 25,000 Container 1 2,500 S 2.7 LNG cylinder 8 52,500 AGMD 1 4,800 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 22,000 Heat tank 1 3,000 Electrical appliance 1 1,400 Installation & Transportation 1 3,200 CPV/T 70 64,400 Inverter 1 2,000 Battery 105 46,200 Microturbine C30 1 82,000 Container 1 2,500 S 2.8 LNG cylinder 8 52,500 AGMD 1 4,800 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 21,500 Heat tank 1 3,000 Electrical appliance 1 1,400 Installation & Transportation 1 3,200

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Appendix V Polygeneration system technical drawing

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Appendix VI Designed polysets analysis Table 48. Analysis of designed polysets

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Gas gensets working hours 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.2 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.5 9.8 (hours) Heating and cooling system average daily water consumption Day time (m3) 10 5 58.5 65 78 78 78 78 78 78 45.5 10 Night-time (m3) 30 17.5 12.5 32.5 78 78 78 78 78 78 0 30 AGMD average daily hot water consumption Day time (m3) 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 Night-time (m3) 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 Polysets average daily hot water consumption Day time (m3) 24 19 73 79 92 92 92 92 92 92 60 24 Night-time (m3) 44 32 27 47 92 92 92 92 92 92 14 44 Daily Hot water 187 192 194 197 200 203 202 202 201 198 190 185 generation (m3) Day time hot water balance 163 173 121 117 108 111 110 109 108 106 130 161 (m3) Night-time hot water balance 118 141 94 70 16 18 17 17 16 13 116 117 (m3) Gas gensets electricity generation 1,164 1,134 1,122 1,104 1,080 1,062 1,068 1,068 1,080 1,104 1,140 1,176 (kWh) – 12 hours Solar PV electricity daily average 187 217 230 247 271 288 281 281 271 251 207 175 generation (kWh) Total daily average electricity 1,351 1,351 1,352 1,351 1,351 1,350 1,349 1,349 1,351 1,355 1,347 1,351 generation (kWh) Daily average electricity 1,103 1,103 1,103 1,103 1,103 1,103 1,103 1,103 1,103 1,103 1,103 1,103 consumption (kWh) Day time electricity 249 248 249 248 248 247 247 246 249 253 245 248 balance (kWh) Day time electricity stored 201 201 202 201 201 200 200 200 201 205 198 201 to battery banks (kWh) Night-time electricity 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 consumption (kWh) Night-time electricity 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 4 7 1 4 balance (kWh)

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Table 49. Cost of the designed polyset system Quantity per polyset 2 sets cost ($) Remarks Solar thermal collectors 53 52,000 Gas genset 60 kW 1 36,000 Synchronization panel 1 2,600 Control panel 0.5 600 Solar panel 71 28,000 Inverter 40 kW 0.5 3,000 Battery banks 72 32,000 Container 3 7,200 LNG cylinder 14 9,200 AGMD 1 4,800 1 cascade Absorption Chiller 35 kW 1 22,000 Heat tank 4 12,000 Electrical appliances 1 1,400 Water pretreatment 0.5 3,200 Installation Transportation & Maintenance 1 3,200 Total Cost ($) 300,000 Total Cost without LNG cylinder ($) 208,000

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Appendix VII Market research Market research questionnaire was made to construction projects contractors, 16 questions below about energy services on site, troubles and expectations of on-site energy services were listed in the questionnaire.  What is your position/role in the project?  The majority of the projects you involved are international projects or domestic projects.  Which industry are your projects in?  What is the most needed uninterrupted energy services on the project site?  In your past and present projects, how was/is the on-site project electrical demand satisfied?  In your past and present projects, how was/is the on-site project heat demand satisfied?  In your past and present projects, how was/is the on-site project cooling demand satisfied?  In your past and present projects, how was/is the on-site project drinking water demand satisfied?  In your past and present projects, how was/is the on-site project gas fuel (LNG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)) demand satisfied?  In your past and present projects, how long did you utilize the temporary electrical generation system?  Which way will you choose to get the temporary electrical generation system when there is no available grid connection?  What are the troubles bringing from the usage of temporary electrical generation system?  Is the temporary electrical generation system specifically designed for your projects?  For the genset rental or purchase, which option would you like to choose: oversized genset and small size genset?  Under what kind of circumstances you are willing to replace your current temporary electrical generation system.  The new polyset system can offer below energy services, which one/ones do you need most? Up to June 2016, 84 people from different construction contractors answered the questionnaire.

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