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East European Migrants and the Boundaries of Whiteness

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OTHER WHITES, WHITE OTHERS: EAST EUROPEAN MIGRANTS AND THE BOUNDARIES OF WHITENESS Julia Oktawia Halej School of Slavonic and East European Studies University College London (UCL) Thesis to be submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2014 Declaration I, Julia Oktawia Halej, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. .................................................................. 2 Abstract This thesis examines the integration experiences of East European migrants to England using the theoretical framework of Critical Whiteness Studies. ‘Whiteness’ in this research is conceptualised as a symbolic boundary that is articulated, redrawn, permeated and negotiated by members of both the ‘white’ English host society and by East European migrants to England. The findings of this thesis challenge the notion of ‘whiteness’ as ‘invisibility’, and contribute to an understanding of ‘whiteness’ as a fragmented identity, not solely tied to phenotype, but also to a set of cultural practices, so called ‘whitely scripts’, that migrants are expected to perform in order to be considered incorporated into white English society. The research comprised a media analysis and in-depth interviews with English respondents and East European migrants in high-migration and low-migration areas in England, namely Manchester, Norwich and Winchester. It reveals how references to culture, behavioural norms and manners inform discursive constructions which simultaneously position East Europeans at the center and at the margins of the symbolic boundary of ‘whiteness’ in the media discourse and individual narratives of English participants. At the same time, the analysis outlines the ways in which East European migrants themselves navigate and articulate this boundary, by constructing sameness with the English mainstream, how they negotiate experiences of racialization and discrimination, as well as the various strategies in terms of ‘passing’ and ‘taking a stance’ that they employ in order to avert or resist these experiences. Moreover, the analysis provides insights into how questions of socio-cultural in/visibility inform the integration experiences of East European migrants and shape their senses of belonging, further informing their understandings of ‘whiteness’. The thesis argues that ‘East European’ has in fact become a ‘boundary term’ in England, with East Europeans being ambivalently and partially incorporated into the mainstream society, featuring in the English imaginary simultaneously as ‘Other Whites’ and ‘White Others’. 3 Acknowledgements I am deeply grateful to the 79 participants in this research, who generously agreed to share their experiences and opinions, and whose accounts form the core of this thesis. Thank you to my supervisor, Dr Richard Mole, for providing invaluable guidance, patience and support throughout the doctoral project and beyond. I am also grateful to Professor George Kolankiewicz for many inspiring and interesting discussions in the initial stages of this project. This research would not have been possible without the help and kindness of those who assisted me in my fieldwork, whether by recruiting participants and/or by being generous hosts: Barry Allard and Katia Shulga, Helen Griffiths, Maryanna Rann, John Robb and Jessica Ballantine, and Amy and Richard Rowlatt. Thank you also to my fellow PhD colleagues — Dario Brentin, Costanza Curro, Sigrid Kleiva-Gramstad, Philipp Köker, Giorgos Monogioudis, Kristen Perrin and Erin Saltman — for your friendship and the privilege of working alongside you. Moreover, I would like to thank my students, past and present, whose inquisitive minds have been an invaluable source of inspiration and who have led me to discover my passion for teaching. I am also grateful to two library comrades: Panos Kratimenos, for pointing me towards new sources, and George Duncan, for reminding me about Steppenwolf and keeping me sociable while writing up my thesis. Thank you to my parents and my grandfather, for never doubting my life choices and for providing me with assistance and comfort when needed. I hope to be forever guided by the strength and determination that you have shown in your own migration story. Lastly, I shall always remain indebted to Jamie Rann, who encouraged and supported this project from the first research proposal until the final draft, for always being ready to discuss and challenge my ideas, for dedicating his time to proof reading this thesis, and for continually providing much needed reassurance. Jamie – you are brilliant, thank you! 4 Table of Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................... ….3 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 7 1.1.Researching East European Migrants in Britain ....................................... 11 1.2. Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................. 20 Chapter 2: Whiteness Studies. A literature review ..................................................... 22 2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 22 2.2. Gazing at the White Subject… Critically ................................................ 23 2.3. Whiteness Uncovered .............................................................................. 28 2.4. Whiteness Fragmented ............................................................................. 35 2.5. Facing the Critics ..................................................................................... 42 2.6. Summary .................................................................................................. 49 Chapter 3: Methods ..................................................................................................... 51 3.1. Boundary theory and research questions ................................................. 51 3.2. Data Collection and Analysis................................................................... 56 3.2.1. Media Analysis .......................................................................... 57 3.2.2. Qualitative Interviews ............................................................... 61 3.3. Summary .................................................................................................. 82 Chapter 4: Through the Prism of Whiteness: Perceptions of East European Migrants in England ................................................................................................................... 84 4.1. Valuable, Vulnerable and Villainous: Representations of East European Migrants in the British Media ......................................................................... 84 4.1.1. Introduction ............................................................................... 84 4.1.2. General Observations ................................................................ 87 4.1.3. The Valuable Eastern European................................................ 94 4.1.4. The Vulnerable Eastern European ............................................ 99 4.1.5. The Villainous Eastern European ........................................... 103 4.1.6. Summary ................................................................................. 110 4.2. ‘White’, but not Quite: English Respondents’ Perceptions of East European Migrants ........................................................................................ 114 4.2.1. Introduction ............................................................................. 114 4.2.2. English Perceptions of East European Migrants ..................... 118 4.2.3. English Respondents on Integration and Englishness ............ 119 4.2.4. Placing East Europeans at the Centre of Whiteness ............... 126 4.2.5. Placing East Europeans at the Margins of Whiteness ............. 130 4.3. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 139 Chapter 5: Navigating the Boundaries of Whiteness: Negotiations of Sameness, Difference, and Belonging among East European Migrants in England .................. 141 5.1. Introduction: The Politics of In/Visibility in Britain ............................. 141 5.2. Individual Migration Stories: of Tourists and Vagabonds ..................... 146 5.3. Whiteness as Invisibility, Invisibility as Sameness ............................... 152 5.3.1. ‘We don’t stand out…’ ........................................................... 153 5 5.3.2. ‘… unlike Others’ .................................................................... 158 5.3.3. Labelling Discrimination ......................................................... 161 5.3.4. Summary ................................................................................. 163 5.4. The Limits of Whiteness Encountered ................................................... 165 5.4.1. Accents .................................................................................... 165 5.4.2. Cross Discrimination ..............................................................
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